Anti-Competitive Effects of Discriminatory Licensing for Standards-Essential Patents and Antitrust Policymaking

Antitrust examination of discriminatory patent licensing fees imposed by companies who own standards-essential patents(SEPs) is a difficult issue in antitrust law enforcement. After studying Huawei's litigation against IDC and China's anti-monopoly investigation of Qualcomm, this paper creates a vertical oligopolistic game theory model to demonstrate that discriminatory licensing fees imposed by firms with patent monopoly will lead to the collection of high licensing fees from downstream low-cost firms, weaken their competitive advantage, reduce their output and market share, impede their follow-up innovations, and generally harm the social welfare. Therefore, charging high discriminatory licensing fees constitutes an act that harms competition and should be prohibited by antitrust law. Antitrust examination of discriminatory licensing fees should make assessments primarily on the basis of the FRAND principle. Antitrust examination may adopt a triple-structure method to assess the reasonableness of licensing fees, but antitrust authorities should avoid directly prescribing the level of licensing fees and should safeguard the effectiveness of transaction mechanisms based on free negotiations among micro-level entities. Antitrust remedies should follow the principle of "intervening in the price formation mechanism rather than prescribing the level of licensing fees."

实验动物福利伦理审查制度研究

随着生物安全被纳入国家安全体系,党和国家对加强生物安全管理提出新要求,亟需完善实验动物福利伦理审查制度,维护我国实验室生物安全。我国实验动物福利伦理审查制度面临着审查主体权责模糊、审查程序规范化不足以及审查监督框架缺失等现实问题。因此,为了完善我国实验动物伦理审查制度,我们应当以维护生物安全为导向,明确实验动物福利伦理审查主体权责,规范实验动物福利伦理审查程序,并建立健全实验动物福利伦理审查监督机制。

de Rham-Gabadadze-Tolley(dRGT)黑洞的热力学与弱宇宙监督假设

有质量引力理论作为修正引力理论之一,对探究宇宙加速膨胀,以及解释暗能量和暗物质问题等有重要意义.本文研究了在常规相空间中de Rham-Gabadadze-Tolley(dRGT)有质量引力下球对称黑洞的热力学第一定律、热力学第二定律与弱宇宙监督假设是否成立;并通过图像探究熵的微分变化量随事件视界r_(d)变化的影响,以及与dRGT黑洞无量纲自由参数α,β与引力子质量对该图像的影响.在研究过程中,通过引入标量粒子的能量G动量关系,来验证黑洞热力学第一定律是否成立,通过观察事件视界对熵的微分变化量的影响,来验证黑洞热力学第二定律是否成立.研究发现,黑洞在吸收粒子的同时,其视界半径始终存在,从而使奇点始终没有裸露出来.结果表明,在dRGT有质量引力下球对称黑洞的热力学第一定律,热力学第二定律与弱宇宙监督假设均成立.

何时为止:证据不足不起诉后重新追诉的法律控制

作出证据不足不起诉决定后,检察院重新发动追诉存在恣意倾向,可能对程序的安定性有所削弱。规范演进过程显示,恣意风险植根于规范价值定位、不起诉种类界分和司法解释越权续造等复杂因素。对重新追诉进路作类型划分,明确规制重心为“发现新的证据”和“不起诉决定确有错误”两类事由。对此,应遵循《人民检察院刑事诉讼规则》第369条确立的有限实质确定力,对“新的证据”和“确有错误”进行法解释学限缩,通过公诉审查程序实现过滤。其中,“新的证据”须同时符合崭新性和显著性特征:前者要求证据在决定不起诉前未被检察官发现,通过比对证据卷记载内容加以判断;后者强调证据必须足以推翻原不起诉决定,排除区分此罪与彼罪、证明量刑情节的证据。为保证独立要件不致被虚置,“确有错误”宜排除仅可归咎于检察官之事由。《刑事诉讼法》的第四次修改,应当秉持“以精细立法助推精密司法”的理念,对证据不足不起诉后重新追诉实现更进一步的法律控制。

“一个军事民族”:杰克·伦敦日俄战争书写与帝国焦虑

杰克·伦敦以日俄战争为背景的新闻报道和文学作品中,有关日本新闻审查、武士道规训和“黄祸”问题频频出镜。结合近代日本国家主义、美国主流意识以及同时期太平洋地区的国际格局不难发现,杰克·伦敦的战争书写与美国的地缘政治战略桴鼓相应。这也为探绎伦敦启示录般的预言——日本是“一个军事民族”提供了重要线索。事实上,伦敦频频告诫国人警惕日本“军事黄祸”,一方面,折射出俄国在战争中的失利引发西方白人普遍的焦虑心理;另一方面,则体认出杰克·伦敦对战后日本极端民族主义情绪高涨和太平洋地区国际格局演变的准确预判。

面向匿名网络的审查规避技术研究综述

面对日益严峻的网络安全现状与层出不穷的网络安全事件,互联网用户对自身的隐私安全提出更高要求,因此,以洋葱路由(Tor)为代表的匿名网络因其具备反溯源和抗审查能力,受到学术界和工业界的广泛关注。首先,对匿名网络的定义和分类进行归纳,介绍Tor网络的演进历程和基本原理,分析匿名网络当前面临的严重安全威胁;其次,分别从基础设施安全和服务安全两个层面,总结端到端、端到中和端到云3种不同通信架构的审查规避技术的核心机制和研究现状;最后,引出未来研究方向。

我国动画内容监管的法律完善

我国立法和行政机关素来严格监管动画作品的内容,此类公权力行为限制观看和创作动画的自由,本质上限制了公民的文化活动权,却并非于法无据。国家可以为保障公共安全、精神文明、未成年人身心健康等法益,合法地监管动画作品内容。但现有的动画内容监管仍存在一定的合法性瑕疵,违背了比例原则。应当予以合法性调整,包括以动画内容监管法治化、精细化、专业化为目标的一系列具体措施。

NFT数字藏品交易平台承担更高注意义务研究——基于国内首例“NFT数字藏品”侵权案

国内“NFT侵权第一案”引发了关于NFT数字藏品交易平台注意义务承担的问题。作为一种新型网络服务提供者,其采用了创新的技术架构支撑去中心化的数字藏品交易,在内容制作和交易中拥有更高控制力,能够直接影响藏品的展示、销售与传播,也带来了前所未有的透明度与安全需求。NFT数字藏品交易平台承担起更高注意义务的诉求被提出,对此,应确立事前审查提示、事中监管和事后处理的全方位审查机制,有效防止侵权行为的发生,从而促进整个行业的健康发展。

A NOTE ON OSCILLATION MODULUS OF PL-PROCESS AND ITS APPLICATIONS UNDER RANDOM CENSORSHIP

The strong limit results of oscillation modulus of PL-process are established in this paper when the density function is not continuous function for censored data. The rates of convergence of oscillation modulus of PL-process are sharp under week condition. These results can be used to derive laws of the iterated logarithm of random bandwidth kernel estimator and nearest neighborhood estimator of density under continuous conditions of density function being not assumed.

Local Influence Analysis of Varying-Coefficient Model with Random Right Censorship

For this model, this paper studies the method and application of the diagnostic mostly. Firstly, the primary model is transformed to varying-coefficient model by using a general transformation method. Secondly, a simple estimation form of the coefficient functions is obtained by employing the B spline. Then, local influence is discussed and concise influence matrix is obtained. At last, an example is given to illustrate our results.

Thermodynamics and weak cosmic censorship conjecture of charged AdS black hole in the Rastall gravity with pressure

Treating the cosmological constant as a dynamical variable,we investigate the thermodynamics and weak cosmic censorship conjecture(WCCC)of a charged AdS black hole(BH)in the Rastall gravity.We determine the energy momentum relation of charged fermion at the horizon of the BH using the Dirac equation.Based on this relation,it is shown that the first law of thermodynamics still holds as a fermion is absorbed by the BH.However,the entropy of both the extremal and near-extremal BH decreases in the irreversible process,which means that the second law of thermodynamics is violated.Furthermore,we verify the validity of the WCCC by the minimum values of the metric function h(r)at its final state.For the extremal charged AdS BH in the Rastall gravity,we find that the WCCC is always valid since the BH is extreme.While for the case of near-extremal BH,we find that the WCCC could be violable in the extended phase space(EPS),depending on the value of the parameters of the BH and their variations.

On Modern Censorship in Public Service Broadcasting

The paper focuses on the manifestations, causes, and consequences of the failure of so-called public service media, especially in the field of news and journalism. Those media that, unlike private media, are funded from public sources. The public service, which citizens are obliged to pay through taxes or direct fees, is supposed to provide quality information, to produce and to disseminate content that satisfies the democratic, cultural, and social needs of the society, with a task at hand to preserve media pluralism. The major obligation of public service media is usually for them to provide objective, validated, and balanced information for people, so they can choose freely where they stand on any given issue. However, examples of the failures of two public service media operating in the Central European Czech Republic, Czech Radio （？Ro）, and Czech Television （？T）, as well as the failures of the statutory control boards of these media, show that the required high quality public service prescribed by law, especially in the field of news and journalism and other programs, is not always kept. Public service media may be partisan and apply elements of modern censorship. This is a censorship that the law of the public service media does not impose and does not allow to carry out. Such censorship, which is a result of unilateral subordination of the influence of specific political parties, interest groups, and opinion streams, is reflected in information manipulation, purposeful agenda development, selection of information and information sources, spiral of silence, in the preference of some political parties, partisan, interest interpretation, and adaptation of reality in broadcasting.

Phoenix Rising ——The Early Censorship of William Tyndale＇s New Testament and Its Influence on The King James Bible

The early censorship of the English Bible was imposed during the sixteenth century. One example is William Tyndale＇s pocket-size New Testament translation, which underwem destruction including the burning of its manuscript, the published translation texts, and even the printers and possessors of these materials. This article reviews the legal history and the religious significance of the censorship, which further influences the appearance of the Authorized Version （1611 ）. Related facts are parliamentary policies concerning imports of foreign priming, book licensing and the use of the Bible. The latter part of this paper reviews evems organized by Wolsey, Tunstall and Warham, and the launch of scholarly based Bible-translation. This paper concludes by re-emphasizing the significance of these parties in sustaining the divine preservation and development of Biblical literature-readers, translators, printers, traders, clergy and legislators. They made the Phoenix rise from the heap of ashes to heaven, and inspired the work of the King James Bible.

马克思早期政论文章对学术写作规则的批评

为一切哲学家、学者提供思想言论和出版自由,是启蒙和哲学的自由探究一直梦想却又无法实现的一个人权神话,其显见的原因之一是哲学和政治之间有着明显的理念冲突。体制也一直认为它的敌人就是观念和具有观念批判能力的人。书报检查制度以及有关写作的规训是体制应对它的敌人的一种方法。马克思对普鲁士书报检查制度的批判是对体制的批判。这一任务的主要思想包含在哲学和政治的关系论述里,也包含在对学术写作规则的批判里。马克思以“自由的自然规律”为出发点来批评书报检查制度,以此透过对思想语法、表达和写作潜规则的批判,将作者置于真理、言论自由者的地位。透过马克思对书报检查的批评,我们也许可以明白为什么马克思最富有哲学激情的作品是“政治的”。

公平竞争审查例外规定适用的困境与纾解

公平竞争审查例外规定兼具平衡公共利益追求与维护市场竞争秩序双重功能。然而当下自我审查模式存在审查意愿不强、审查质量不高、审查监督欠缺的逻辑悖论,无法真正防范例外规定滥用。对适用例外规定的外部审查模式探索也因可操作性不强、权责配置不清、规制实效不足难担实践重任。从现实可行性、科层逻辑性、规制实效性三维度审视,例外规定适用的审查模式完善应回归行政体系内部上下级双重审查逻辑,构建政策制定机关初步审查+适用例外规定时上一级行政机关再审查模式,以彰显例外规定运行的规范性与审慎性。

网络暴力法律界定的问题审视及治理进路

“网络暴力”在不同学科有不同的含义,法律上的网络暴力是指发生在网络公共空间的针对特定个人的人身侵权行为。在现行法律下,信息发布平台既不对网络暴力的发生和传播负有事先审查义务,也不负有向受害人披露侵权者身份信息的义务,而是按照“通知—删除”规则消极应对,这是网络暴力背后的主要原因。同时,公司法规范缺乏系统性、法律责任过轻等也不利于网络暴力问题的有效治理。因此,立法应该从以下维度进行优化:适应网络时代信息传播的客观规律,贯彻“事先预防+事后救济相结合”的理念;让信息发布平台承担事先审查义务和侵权行为人身份信息披露义务;协调公私法的有关规范;加大网络暴力行为的法律责任。

数字版权时代下短视频平台义务范围研究

【目的/意义】近年来,短视频版权侵权问题日益凸显。短视频平台义务范围的确定既是理论界和实务界争论的焦点,也是治理短视频侵权问题的关键着力点。【设计/方法】总结归纳理论界和实务界就短视频平台义务范围的争论焦点,并在此基础上对短视频平台的义务范围进行重新界定。【结论/发现】就主动审查义务,应要求平台运用版权过滤技术对用户上传的短视频进行主动筛查,但须就义务的履行方式、条件等进行调适以缓解技术的局限性和成本问题。就通知审核义务,应要求平台对通知内容进行实质性审查,对二创短视频的合理使用情形进行着重审查。就事后保障义务,应规定平台须采取必要措施防止重复侵权,并根据具体情形界定必要措施的范畴。

韩国整治非法金融广告的主要做法及对我国的启示

近年来,韩国金融监管当局通过制定出台《非法贷款广告电话号码迅速停止使用制度》、及时删除网络非法贷款广告帖子、设立平台广泛受理举报、集中全面检查非法视频贷款广告、依法加大监管和处罚力度、加强对网络贷款广告的审查等一系列措施整治非法贷款广告并取得成效。我国可借鉴韩国的相关实践经验,进一步加强对非法金融广告的整治力度。

The Reissner-Nordström black hole surrounded by quintessence may not be destroyed

In the study of weak cosmic censorship conjectures(WCCC),some research finds that the Reissner-Nordström black hole might be destroyed by a test particle with particular mass and charge under some conditions,which means that the naked singularity of the black hole could be observed.This is not allowed in WCCC.We have never observed such naked singularities which should not exist in theory,so we need to find a proper way to protect the black hole from being destroyed by such particles.In this paper,we study a Reissner-Nordström black hole that is surrounded by quintessence(RN-Q)and find that the black hole would be stable and safe because of the effective potential barrier induced by the quintessence term.This result may also show in a sense that the quintessence might have more potential value.

Modified White Hole Enthalpy Coupled to Quantum Bose-Einstein Condensate at Extremely Low Entropy

We model the universe as a white hole, and in the process we perform detailed analysis of the enthalpy equation of the modified white hole, and we get a much detailed picture of when and how did;quantum gravity (cosmology) phase, inflationary phase, and the acceleration phase of the universe happened. We determine the field equations of the modified white hole and evolve the scale factor and compare the evolution to the thermodynamic properties of the universe. We also illustrate that the strong energy condition is violated, but both the null energy condition and the strong cosmic censorship are not violated. Lastly, we couple the enthalpy to the Bose-Einstein condensate at extremely low entropy at the quantum gravity (cosmology) regime. Thereafter, we determine the unstable condition of the Bose-Einstein quantum equation which we interpret as the moment when the big bang occurred.