Real-time quantitative optical method to study temperature dependence of crack propagation process in colloidal photonic crystal film

A real-time quantitative optical method to characterize crack propagation in colloidal photonic crystal film（CPCF）is developed based on particle deformation models and previous real-time crack observations. The crack propagation process and temperature dependence of the crack propagation rate in CPCF are investigated. By this method, the crack propagation rate is found to slow down gradually to zero when cracks become more numerous and dense. Meanwhile, with the temperature increasing, the crack propagation rate constant decreases. The negative temperature dependence of the crack propagation rate is due to the increase of van der Waals attraction, which finally results in the decrease of resultant force. The findings provide new insight into the crack propagation process in CPCF.

Development of Drone Cargo Bay with Real-Time Temperature Control

In order to deliver medical products (medicines, vaccines, blood packs, etc.) in time for needed areas, a method of transporting goods using drones is being studied. However, temperature-sensitive medical products may decay due to outside temperature changes. The time required to transport over the distance may vary a lot as well. As a result, the likelihood of the goods deteriorating is very high. There is a need for a study on cargo bay to prevent this and to protect the medical goods. In this paper, in order to protect the temperature sensitive medical goods, the inside cargo bay is equipped with the cooling fan device and the electric heating elements. These elements can be monitored and controlled according to the user’s discretion. By using the web server built inside the cloud server, the temperature can be controlled in real-time from anywhere without the limitation of distance. We built the proposed device, and installed it on the drone cargo bay. The test results show that the cargo bay can be temperature-controlled, and the setting can be maintained over a great distance. The user can watch the temperature variations during the transport and ascertain the goodness of the medical supply with the data. It is expected that such development can greatly enhance the utility of the drone operations, especially for the medical supply transport applications.

Gene Expression and Activities of SOD in Cucumber Seedlings Were Related with Concentrations of Mn^(2+),Cu^(2+),or Zn^(2+) Under Low Temperature Stress

Effects of increasing Mn^2＋, Cu^2＋, or Zn^2＋ on SOD expressions were studied in cucumber seedlings under low temperature stress. Both gene expressions and activities of Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD in cucumber seedling leaves were induced by increasing Mn^2＋, Cu^2＋, or Zn^2＋ under low temperature stress, especially 48 h afterwards. The activities of Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD at 0 and 48 h after treatment were in accordance with their gene expression levels, which implied that the transcriptional regulation plays key roles in regulating their activities at the early stage of low temperature stress. Gene expressions of Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD declined at 96 h, but Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD activities still remain high, which suggested that Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD activities might be regulated by other factors after transcription at the later stage of low temperature stress. Therefore, we concluded that the increasing Mn^2＋, Cu^2＋, or Zn^2＋ could increase the capacity of scavenging ROS in cucumber seedlings under low temperature stress by inducing gene expressions of Cu/ Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD, elevating activities of Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, or regulating other factors after transcription.

Measuring luminal esophageal temperature during pulmonary vein isolation of atrial fibrillation

AIM:To investigate the luminal esophageal temperature(LET) at the time of delivery of energy for pulmonary vein isolation(PVI).METHODS:This study included a total of 110 patients with atrial fibrillation who underwent their first PVI procedure in our laboratory between March 2010 and February 2011.The LET was monitored in all patients.We measured the number of times that LET reached the cut-off temperature,the time when LET reached the cut-off temperature,the maximum temperature(T max) of the LET,and the time to return to the original preenergy delivery temperature once the delivery of energy was stopped.RESULTS:Seventy-eight patients reached the cut-off temperature.It took 6 s at the shortest time for the LET to reach the cut-off temperature,and 216.5 ± 102.9 s for the temperature to return to the level before the de-livery of energy.Some patients experienced a transient drop in the LET(TDLET) just before energy delivery.Ablation at these sites always produced a rise to the LET cut-off temperature.TDLET was not observed at sites where the LET did not rise.Thus,the TDLET before the energy delivery was useful to distinguish a high risk of esophageal injury before delivery of energy.CONCLUSION:Sites with a TDLET before energy delivery should be ablated with great caution or,perhaps,not at all.

Temperature Stress at Grain Filling Stage Mediates Expression of Three Isoform Genes Encoding Starch Branching Enzymes in Rice Endosperm

An early-maturity indica rice variety Zhefu 49, whose grain quality and starch structure are sensitive to environmental temperature, was subjected to different temperatures （32℃ for high temperature and 22℃ for optimum temperature） at the grain filling stage in plant growth chambers, and the different expressions of three isoform genes （SBEI, SBEIII and SBE/V） encoding starch branching enzyme （SBE） in the endosperms were studied by the real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR （FQ-PCR） method. Effects of high temperature on the SBE expression in developing rice endosperrns were isoform-dependent. High temperature significantly down-regulated the expressions of SBEI and SBEIII, while up-regulated the expression of SBEIV. Compared with SBEIV and SBEIII, the expression of SBEI gene in Zhefu 49 rice endosperms was more sensitive to temperature variation at the grain filling stage. This study indicates that changes in weather/climate conditions especially temperature stress influence rice grain formation and its quality as evidenced by isoform expression.

DESIGNOFMULTI┐SLOTANDUNEQUAL┐TEMPERATUREPIDCONTROLLERBASEDONSINGLECHIPMICROCOMPUTER

Taking a specific production process as an example, this paper introduces the design of multi slot and unequal temperature PID controller based on single chip microcomputer. The mathematical implementation method of PID algorithm and the design method of the hardware and software are discussed, The principle diagram of the hardware circuit implementing the control algorithm and the features of the software possessed are also presented.

Influence of Condensing Temperature on Heat Pump Efficiency

The thermodynamic aspect of a compression type heat pump （HP） is briefly described and special attention is given to investigation of condensing temperature influence on heat pump efficiency in heating mode, expressed by its coefficient of performance （COP）. Heat pumps are usually applied for the purposes of heating and cooling of energy efficient buildings where they have advantages in low-temperature systems, as it is well documented in the paper. The comparison of real thermodynamic processes with thermodynamically most favorable Camot＇s process is made. The results in the paper show that COP is diminishing with increasing of condensing temperature and also depends on real properties of working fluids. The impact of compressor efficiency for two real working media is also analyzed in the paper. There is significant diminishing of COP with diminishing of compressor efficiency. The intension of the paper is to help better understanding of this very effective and prosperous technology, and to encourage its development, production, and efficient application.

Impedance Spectroscopic Study on Room Temperature Ionic Liquid-Water Mixtures

AC impedance spectroscopy in pure room temperature ionic liquids （RTILs） and RTIL-water mixture was measured at the temperature of range from 30 ℃ down to -30 ℃. The cations of RTILs are N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-（2-methoxyethyl） ammonium （[DEME]）, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium （[C2mim]） and l-butyl-3-methylimidazolium （[Camim]）, the anions are tetrafluoroborate （[BF4]） and bis（trifluoromethanesulfonyl）imide （[TFSI]）. In all pure RTILs, there are two kinds of local minima in real part of the AC impedance Zreal. By adding water to [DEME][BF4] （0 mol% 〈 x 〈 94 mol%） at room temperature, the local minimum value at higher frequency decreased remarkably at the fixed frequency with increasing water concentration. Above 94 mol% H20, a quite different profile of the AC impedance spectroscopy was obtained. In addition to Zreal. temperature dependence of an imaginary part of the impedance Zimag had an isosbestic point below 94 mol%. The isosbestic point disappeared above 94 mol%. The isosbestic point in Zing reveals an interaction between [DEME][BFa] and H2O.

基于温度原位监测的微反应器在HNS微流道制备过程中的应用

针对含能材料微流道制备过程中缺乏温度原位监测手段的问题,提出一种集成薄膜温度传感器的微反应器系统;微反应器由包含薄膜温度传感器的玻璃基片与包含微流道的硅基片键合组成;微流道的上游、中游、下游分别放置了3个温度传感器,以实现微反应过程中高空间分辨率的温度测量;基于该微反应器,搭建了六硝基茋(HNS)连续化微流道制备系统,实时监测了HNS微纳米化及球形化过程中的温度变化。结果表明,微反应器具有精度高、耐腐蚀、可观测的优点;HNS微纳米化是一个放热反应,流体最大温升为6.4℃,由于HNS的逐渐析出,流体中的固体含量增大,流速变慢,流体温度的分布发生变化;在HNS球形化过程中,两相流体的混合是一个放热过程,流体最大温升为2.3℃;微流道中游处的温度明显高于上游与下游,说明当液滴流动至中游时,HNS微球已经制备完成。

加热-冷却过程中花岗岩细观热破裂机制

由于高温试验设备的限制,在实验室中研究岩石真实热破裂规律通常需要依据冷却后试样的细微观结构观测结果来进行分析推断,无法获得热破裂的实时动态演化过程。为此,基于考虑温度和裂纹滑移效应的节理本构关系,构建花岗岩热力耦合UDEC晶粒模型,以深入探究加热和冷却过程中花岗岩的实时热破裂行为。研究发现,在加热状态下,花岗岩热诱导微裂纹在75℃左右开始萌生,随着温度的升高,微裂纹数量在α→β石英相变温度附近快速达到峰值,但微裂纹密度在600℃降温到25℃的冷却过程中并没有明显变化。虽然冷却效应引起的裂纹数量变化可以忽略不计,但会导致裂纹开度的增加或减少。在加热过程中,微裂纹的萌生主要是由于相邻晶粒的热膨胀不同导致局部应力累积造成的。而石英高温相变引起的细微观结构变化可以增强不同晶粒之间的相互作用,导致晶粒尺度上的压缩和剪切运动加剧,使得热应力裂纹继续变形拓展。在冷却过程中,由于加热过程中热破裂导致的细微观应力释放和冷却效应导致的不同矿物晶体收缩,使得微裂纹的数量虽然不变,但其形态却能发生较为明显的变化,从而使得冷却后花岗岩的宏观应力-应变行为受到很大影响。基于离散元数值模拟对花岗岩热力耦合试验结果作出了细微观阐释,揭示了加热和冷却过程中花岗岩的实时热破裂机制,进一步加深了对高温岩石热力耦合规律的理解。

钬离子掺杂氟氧钇亚微米晶的荧光量子化表征与温度传感特性研究

采用水热合成法和高温煅烧法相结合制备了Ho^(3+)/Yb^(3+)共掺杂三方晶系的YOF亚微米晶体,该晶体具有较强的量子产率和良好的灵敏度。在977 nm激光泵浦下对晶体颗粒的上转换发光性能进行表征,利用荧光光谱测试系统绘制出样品的光谱功率分布。计算了光量子数分布和量子产率等绝对荧光参量。展示了在303~433 K温度范围内的荧光上转换发光性能并计算了灵敏度。测试结果表明,在977 nm激光激发下泵浦功率密度为73 m W/mm~2时,总光通量达到3.35 mlm,Ho^(3+)的绿光和红光的量子产率分别为2.97×10^(-5)和1.40×10^(-5),较高的量子产率确保了足够的荧光强度来实现温度反馈。在303 K时有最大相对灵敏度为0.437%K^(-1),当温度升至433 K时相对灵敏度仍能保持在0.331%K^(-1)。因此Ho^(3+)/Yb^(3+)共掺杂YOF亚微米晶体作为一种高效发光和高温度灵敏度材料为温度传感领域提供了一种潜在的选择。

草地贪夜蛾的冷识别温度及低温胁迫下Hsp70和Hsp90基因的响应

为了探明草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)幼虫和蛹的抗寒能力,室内测定了草地贪夜蛾1~6龄幼虫和蛹在低温条件下的死亡率,拟合线性回归方程,统计各发育阶段的冷识别温度,得到1~6龄幼虫和蛹的冷识别温度分别为-7.80℃、-9.70℃、-9.61℃、-8.78℃、-8.29℃、-8.05℃和-9.51℃。通过实时荧光定量PCR对常温饲养和低温处理的草地贪夜蛾的Hsp 70基因(GenBank登录号:NC_064223.1)和Hsp 90基因(GenBank登录号:MN832694)进行表达分析,结果表明2种处理的草地贪夜蛾的Hsp 70基因和Hsp 90基因在不同发育阶段表达量均不同,经过低温处理后,Hsp70基因在1龄幼虫中表达量显著降低(P<0.05),在2~6龄幼虫和蛹中表达量极显著增加(P<0.01);Hsp90基因在1~6龄幼虫中表达量极显著增加(P<0.01),在蛹中表达量极显著降低(P<0.01)。

电主轴热补偿及轴承故障检测在热辐射测温方面的研究

针对电主轴轴体的热变形以及重要零部件轴承在加工中心上的常见故障,提出基于收集电主轴温度变化的热误差实时补偿计算方法与轴承常见故障的诊断方法。热误差补偿方法可以通过对轴体上测温点数据的处理对电主轴单元进行实时的热误差补偿提高加工精度。故障诊断方法是对不同的温度节点设置不同的阈值,阈值对应着电主轴单元内部某些重要零件的故障特征,当节点温度变化超出阈值即进行报警以诊断具体零件的故障。促进了电主轴的智能化进程,为接下来的研究打下基础。

计及实时交通特征的电动公交车备用率与充电桩联合优化

为了提高电动公交车及充电站总投资和运营的经济性,需综合考虑公交车和充电桩的购置成本以及充电成本。以道路特征、实时交通特征、环境温度为主要影响因素,计算电动公交车的行驶时间和能耗;在满足公交车运营基本需求和保证车内温度的前提下,以日公交车购置成本、日充电桩建造成本、日充电成本之和最小为目标进行优化,建立电动公交车备用率与充电桩的联合优化模型,并采用改进的离散型自适应粒子群优化算法进行计算,得到公交车和充电桩的最优购置方案以及各季节和全年的日均投资及运营成本。以某公交线路上电动公交车年内多种运营条件为算例,验证所建优化模型的正确性。

基于惯性环节的光伏组件实时热模型

提出一种基于一阶惯性环节的光伏组件温度的实时计算方法,首先,对光伏组件进行传热特性分析,基于一维非稳态导热分析解,推导基于一阶惯性环节的光伏组件温度简化计算模型;然后,使用遗传算法与拟牛顿法串行优化方法,通过数据驱动方式快速确定模型中的参数;最后,使用该文提出的模型,基于BP、LSTM的温度预测模型和传统经验公式对某光伏场站的组件温度进行分析和预测。对比结果表明:该方法表现出良好的预测精度,均方根误差<2℃,且部署模型所需的计算规模更小,运算速度可达神经网络的10倍以上,方便应用于实际控制系统中,且与神经网络方法相比更具可解释性,可作为一种实时计算光伏组件温度的有效方法。

实时温度和磨粒条件下氟橡胶密封圈摩擦磨损特性研究

橡胶密封件的磨损失效严重影响了其使用寿命,而井下钻进时地层温度导致的密封件力学性能衰减和岩屑侵入导致的材料磨损失效都是加剧橡胶密封件失效的重要因素。为探讨氟橡胶(FKM)密封件在实时温度环境和磨粒条件共同作用下的磨损失效机制,通过模拟井下实际工况,研究实时温度对氟橡胶密封件力学性能的影响,开展实时温度下氟橡胶密封件与SS304钢配副的磨粒磨损实验,探究橡胶力学性能变化导致温度和磨粒条件下FKM/SS304配副接触形式转变的原因,并分析氟橡胶密封件磨损机制变化以及对摩擦因数、磨损量以及配副表面磨损形貌等的影响。结果表明:氟橡胶硬度、弹性模量等力学性能指标在实时温度升高至60℃时发生明显衰退,力学性能的衰退使密封副之间的接触形式由三体接触转变为二体接触;橡胶表面磨损形貌由60℃之前的三体磨损导致的凹坑转变为二体磨损时的表面材料剥离,金属表面磨损形貌也由犁沟为主转变为划痕损伤;橡胶磨屑形貌也因磨损机制变化逐渐转变成条状磨屑。研究结果为井下钻进机具密封件材料的选择及性能优化提供依据。

尾矿库的渗流流速检测技术研究

渗流是指流体在孔隙介质中的流动。当降雨量过大或尾矿库附近有大型水源就会易形成渗流,使尾矿库存在溃坝的危险。为了能够检测尾矿库渗流的真实流速,在进行渗流检测时不改变渗流的流动状态,设计了一种基于热式温差原理的渗流检测仪,当流体流经加热模块表面时会带走一部分热量,并将该部分热量继续通过热传递的形式传递到下游的温度传感器外壁,封装在内部的温度传感器对温度进行采集,上下游两端的温度传感器采集到的温差信号经过采集电路转换为电信号,并发送给MCU进行数据处理,通过相应数值换算,可在阿里云端及上位机端观测到当前渗流流速。该检测仪装置体积小,安装方便,无需接过多的外部设备,可掩埋在尾矿库中进行长期实时监测,且不会对周围环境造成污染。

发动机旋转部件温度实时无线测试系统设计

为了在航空发动机试验时,对旋转部件的温度状态进行实时监测,利用铂(Pt)薄膜热电阻温度传感器和STM32,设计了多通道温度实时无线测试系统。该系统以STM32控制多路选择开关和放大器等元器件,并使用其片内模/数转换器(ADC)对多路电信号进行转换,通过无线技术将温度数据发送到上位机。在涡桨发动机试验台完成了对桨叶的温度实时无线测量,解决了旋转部件无法引出信号线进行实时温度监测问题。实验结果表明,该系统的测量精度优于0.1℃,分辨率达到0.01℃。

“双碳”背景下岩石力学教学改革——基于岩石实时高温剪切实验系统

为让学生深入理解“双碳”目标,探索岩石力学中蕴含的“双碳”问题,该文基于岩石实时高温剪切实验系统,创新性地将“双碳”战略实施过程中涉及到的地热资源开发、干热岩开采等问题融入岩石力学教学中。岩石力学课程中该实验系统的引入,可以帮助学生更好地理解地热资源的特性和行为,熟悉高温高压下岩石的物理特性和力学行为,掌握高应力环境下节理岩体的剪切力学特性及破坏特征。同时,以新的实验系统为载体,可以激发学生的学习兴趣,培养学生的动手能力和创新思维,进而加深学生对理论知识的理解。另外,通过实验可提高学生的实践水平,将所学知识充分应用到工程实际中。