Soil anti-scourability enhanced by herbaceous species roots in a reservoir water level fluctuation zone

Revegetation is one of the successful approaches to soil consolidation and streambank protection in reservoir water level fluctuation zones(WLFZs).However,little research has been conducted to explore the impact of herbaceous species roots on soil anti-scourability during different growth stages and under different degrees of inundation in this zone.This study sampled two typical grasslands(Hemarthria compressa grassland and Xanthium sibiricum grassland)at two elevations(172 and 165 m a.s.l.)in the water level fluctuation zone(WLFZ)in the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)of China to quantify the changes in soil and root properties and their effects on soil anti-scourability.A simulated scouring experiment was conducted to test the soil anti-scourability in April and August of 2018.The results showed that the discrepancy in inundation duration and predominant herbaceous species was associated with a difference in root biomass between the two grasslands.The root weight density(RWD)values in the topsoil(0-10 cm)ranged from 7.31 to 13 mg cm^(-3) for the Hemarthria compressa grassland,while smaller values ranging from 0.48 to 8.61 mg cm^(-3) were observed for the Xanthium sibiricum grassland.In addition,the root biomass of the two herbs was significantly greater at 172 m a.s.l.than that at 165 m a.s.l.in the early recovery growth period(April).Both herbs can effectively improve the soil properties;the organic matter contents of the grasslands were 128.06%to 191.99%higher than that in the bare land(CK),while the increase in the water-stable aggregate ranged from 8.21%to 18.56%.Similarly,the topsoil antiscourability indices in both the herbaceous grasslands were larger than those in the CK.The correlation coefficients between the root length density(RLD),root surface area density(RSAD)and root volume density(RVD)of fine roots and the soil antiscourability index were 0.501,0.776 and 0.936,respectively.Moreover,the change in the soil antiscourability index was more sensitive to alternations in the RLD with diameters less than 0.5 mm.Overall,the present study showed that the perennial herbaceous(H.compressa)has great potential as a countermeasure to reduce or mitigate the impact of erosion in the WLFZ of the Three Gorges Reservoir.

巷帮煤体整体滑脱型冲击地压锚杆防冲支护原理及工程实践

冲击地压是目前严重影响煤炭安全有效开采的灾害之一,研究锚杆防冲支护原理和技术对防治巷道冲击地压灾害具有重要意义和价值。通过对巷帮煤体整体冲入型冲击地压发生的地质条件以及破坏特征进行总结分析,认为坚硬顶板与坚硬煤层是此类型冲击地压的重要地质特征,而巷帮煤体整体滑脱是其主要冲击破坏特征。在此基础上,以巷帮滑脱煤体为研究对象,建立了顶板-巷道-底板复合结构体力学模型,建立了巷帮煤体发生水平滑移的极限平衡方程,并对各个参数进行分析。结果表明:由于顶板反弹使巷帮煤体竖直方向压力降低,巷帮煤体被构造应力推入巷道发生冲击地压。基于该发生机制模型,认为目前的锚杆支护设计体系在防治巷帮煤体冲入型冲击地压存在不足,并基于其发生和破坏特征,建立了针对巷帮煤体整体滑脱型冲击地压的锚杆防冲支护设计原则,即将顶和底帮锚杆锚固端分别穿层打入稳定的顶底板内,并使用长锚索取代中部帮锚杆,提供锚杆支护的防冲作用。基于新建立的锚杆防冲支护设计方法,以大屯矿区孔庄煤矿7305工作面防冲支护为工程背景,在宽煤柱段巷帮锚杆支护采取了防冲设计,帮顶、底部锚杆及补强锚索均锚固于顶底板内部,能够有效吸收煤体滑动动能,提高安全性。

重庆四面山不同林分土壤抗蚀抗冲特征

为探讨重庆四面山地区不同林分土壤抗蚀抗冲特征,采用水浸试验和冲刷试验,计算土壤抗蚀指数与抗冲系数,对四面山4种林分类型(针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林和楠竹林),共9个不同植物组成的林地土壤抗蚀抗冲特征进行研究。结果表明:1)阔叶林的抗蚀指数最大,楠竹林抗蚀指数最小,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤抗蚀性能减弱,天然针阔混交林土壤抗蚀指数上下层差异最大(1.92倍)。2)二次多项式函数能高度拟合不同林分土壤抗蚀指数与水浸时间的关系(R2>0.95),随着水浸时间的增加,不同林分土壤抗蚀性能下降。3)土层越深,土壤抗冲系数越大,抗冲性能越强,坡面上层土壤抗冲系数为下层的1.05~5.79倍。阔叶林的抗冲性优于其他林分。4)≤1和>1~3 mm根径的根系总根长与根长密度与土壤抗蚀指数显著正相关(P<0.05),与土壤抗冲性呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。土壤抗蚀性和抗冲系数与总根质量、根质量密度呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。研究结果可为重庆四面山水土保持措施布设、选择合理的植被恢复模式及配置方式提供理论依据。

冰盖下桥墩局部冲刷新型防冲组合结构试验研究

河流冰盖的形成改变了桥墩周围的水力特性,导致桥墩局部冲刷加剧。基于动床冲刷,在冰盖及明流条件下进行了螺纹式减冲索与钩环式护圈组合的新型防冲结构室内模型试验,探究其对桥墩局部冲刷的防冲效果。试验结果表明:新型防冲组合结构改变了桥墩的局部冲刷模式,延缓了冲刷过程;通过极差分析与方差分析可知,螺纹直径为6.0 mm、螺纹角为15°、螺纹排数为3的新型防冲组合结构的防护效果最优;与无防护工况相比,在粗糙冰盖条件下新型防冲组合结构桥墩最大冲刷深度减小了59.03%;螺纹式减冲索增大了桥墩表面的粗糙度,可以更好地削弱下潜流和分离墩前迎面水流,从而达到有效防冲的目的。

Soil Anti-Scouribility Enhanced by Plant Roots

The magnitude of soil anti-scouribility depends on the physical condition of the soil. Plant roots can greatly enhance soil stability and anti-erodibility. A scouring experiment of undisturbed soil was conducted to investigate the effects of roots on soil anti-scouribility and its distribution in the soil profile. At the end of each erosion test, plant roots were collected from soil samples and root surface area was calculated by means of a computer image analysis system (CIAS). Root surface area density (RSAD), the surface area of the roots per unit of soil volume, was related to soil anti-scouribility. More than 83% of root surface area was concentrated in the 0 - 30 cm soil layer. Soil anti-scouribility increased with an increase in RSAD and the value of intensified soil anti-scouribility (ΔAS) can be expressed by exponential equations, depending on the plant species. These equations were ΔAS =9.578 6 RSAD0.8321 (R2= 0.951) for afforested Pinus tabulaeformis Carr, ΔAS = 7.808 7 RSAD0.7894 (R2= 0.974) for afforested Robinia pseudoacacia L., and ΔAS= 9.256 6RSAD0.8707 (R2= 0.899) for Bothriochloa ischemum L.

EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANT ROOTS TO INCREASE THE ANTI-SCOURABILITY OF SOIL ON THE LOESS PLATEAU

The recent study results show that the intensification ability of plant roots to the anti-scourability of soil mainly depends on the distribution and twining of effective root density in the soil profile, and the physical basis of effective root density is the number of

水泥稳定再生碎石物理力学性能研究进展

再生集料的使用对交通基础设施建设的可持续发展具有重要意义,将其用于集料占比大而强度要求低的水泥稳定碎石基层具有较大的推广价值,但目前相关研究及应用较少,缺乏系统总结。本文对水泥稳定再生碎石物理力学性能研究进行综述,统计了再生集料基本性能指标,总结了再生集料、水泥、龄期和外掺物等因素对水泥稳定再生碎石物理力学性能的影响,得到以下结论:再生集料性能较低,应进行表面处理并合理掺配,当掺量小于40%时,水泥稳定再生碎石各项性能降幅均较小,掺量较大时性能降低显著;再生集料替代粒径越大,干燥收缩性能越高,但强度、刚度和抗冲刷等性能降低;水泥掺量的增加提高了水泥稳定再生碎石的强度、刚度、抗冲刷和疲劳等性能,但其收缩性能降低,因此在满足基层强度和刚度的基础上,应适当减少水泥掺量以有效降低收缩;水泥稳定再生碎石的强度和收缩等均在28 d龄期达到稳定,因此其应进行适当龄期的养护,以满足后续面层施工要求;添加适当的外掺物虽然降低了水泥稳定再生碎石的强度和刚度,但提高了其收缩和疲劳性能,因此可缓解基层开裂。然而,不同粒径的再生集料对水泥稳定再生碎石物理力学性能的影响机理不明确,可将其作为今后研究的切入点,为其在路面工程设计和施工中的应用提供理论和技术支撑;此外,不同来源的再生集料对水泥稳定再生碎石性能的影响不同,今后研究应以吸水率和压碎值等作为修正系数控制指标,对其掺量与水泥稳定再生碎石性能模型进行修正。

Anti-scourability of purple soil on hillslopes with different land uses

A large-scale flume (40 cm×10 cm×10 cm) was used to determine soil anti-scourability of 4 different land uses of purple soil in hilly areas of Sichuan, China under artificial removal of vegetation to examine the effects of land uses on sediment production by runoff. The results showed that soil anti-scourability declined with the increase of slope gradients in the form of power function, but there was a significant difference in the effects of slope gradients on anti-scourability between different land uses. The ratio of the mean values of soil anti-scourability was 1︰2.2︰2.5︰3.6 for forest land, new waste pasture, old waste pasture, crop land respectively, indicating that forest and grass use can significantly improve soil anti-scourability. Compared with the observations from the runoff plots located at the same sites in this region, an inconsistent result was found between anti-scourability and anti-erodibility in hilly areas of Sichuan. Essential causes of the differences in soil anti-scourability were further discussed based on analyzing the influence of inherent soil characteristics induced by different land uses on soil anti-scourability.

黄河泥沙固化材料抗冲特性分析

为了分析黄河泥沙基坝体材料的抗冲刷性能及影响因素,试验研究了固化剂掺量和冲刷时长对黄河泥沙基坝体材料抗冲刷性能的影响规律,并设置了不同固化剂掺量及不同冲刷时长的对照组。本次试验对比不同固化剂掺量及冲刷时长对试块抗冲刷性能的影响,对试验数据进行函数拟合。从拟合后的函数图像分析,随着固化剂掺量的增加,试块的抗冲刷性能提升,但考虑到建设成本问题,固化剂掺量为30%最为符合工程需求。

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON MECHANISM OF SOIL ANTI-SCOURABILITY ON THE LOESS PLATEAU

The resistance of soil to erosion by water can be classified into anti-washability and antiscourability. The former refers to the resistance of soil to dispersion and suspension caused by runoff, and the latter refers to the resistance of soil to mechanical disruption and the downward pushing caused by runoff. A systematic research on soil anti-scourability, however, is still lacking. The relationships between the anti-scourability, profile structure and physical properties of the soil on the Loess Plateau have been systematically studied in this note.

碾压沙漠砂贫混凝土的物性特征及工程应用研究

将沙漠砂用于土木工程具有潜在的工程应用价值,而水泥的掺入量则影响其强度和经济指标,为了探索这两个指标之间的平衡,寻求符合强度和刚度要求的最低水泥掺入量,制备了不同配合比下的碾压沙漠砂贫混凝土试块,结果表明:(1)单轴抗压强度和弹性模量随着水泥掺入量增大而近似线性增大,但弹性模量的增速要小于强度的增速;(2)从强度角度可将其归于软岩一类,而从刚度角度可将其归入硬土一类;(3)与传统的压实土路基相比,其具有更高的强度和刚度,水稳性好、抗冲刷能力强,并且高孔隙率高透水性的特点有利于界面水的排放,较高的空间刚度和整体性能可以减缓软弱等不良地基的不均匀沉降。

透平机械新型叶片材料表面强化处理研究

为了比较新型双金属、渗氮、喷涂Al2O3、喷涂Ni-Al、SERMETEL-W涂层等5种表面处理强化方法的强化效果,分别对1Cr11Ni3W2MoVNb、1Cr11Ni2W2MoV、2Cr13等材质叶片试样采用上述5种强化方式进行处理,然后进行吹砂试验及盐雾试验,研究透平机械新型叶片材料的耐腐蚀性及耐冲蚀性能。结果表明,1Cr11Ni3W2MoVNb新型叶片材料与传统的2Cr13、1Cr11Ni2W2MoV叶片材料相比,具有更优的耐冲蚀性及耐腐蚀性能。采用新型双金属强化工艺处理的叶片,具有最佳的耐腐蚀性以及较好的抗冲刷能力。

地基改良技术对基底抗冲刷稳定性的有限元分析

为了提高土工织物管系统整体的稳定性,本文使用Plaxis对四个方法案例进行有限元分析,模拟土工织物管系统的外部故障,评估预防措施的性能。分析结果表明:与传统土工织物管的施工方法相比,采用地基改良技术后,极限水平位移相对较小,但整体稳定安全系数没有显著提高。应用凹陷基底结构法和砾石改良地基法之后,能在一定程度上改善土工织物管系统支撑路堤的整体性能和稳定性。但两种方法的组合却不能提高土工织物管系统的整体性能,反而会增加施工成本,耽误施工进度。整体而言,凹陷基底结构法在降低极限水平位移和提高整体稳定安全系数方面是一个相对更好的选择。

冲击地压煤层如何实现安全高效智能开采

冲击地压煤层如何实现安全高效智能开采是一项重大的产业技术难题,系统分析了我国冲击地压矿井分布特征、开采现状及冲击地压发展趋势,深入剖析了冲击地压矿井面临的主要开采难题。从区域地应力监测反演、矿井开拓布局优化、煤柱尺寸优化、井上下联合卸压、置换充填开采、高层位离层注浆等方面,全面阐述了冲击地压矿井全生命周期防控技术发展现状。针对巷道冲击地压防治难题,研发了冲击地压巷道全巷协同智能自适应抗冲击支护技术与装备,利用吸能防冲液压支架实现了正常状态对巷道围岩进行强支护、冲击过程迅速让位吸能的效果,结合支架智能运移装置、支架监测预警系统及全巷协同自适应抗冲击支护智能设计方法,构建了冲击地压巷道智能化吸能支护防控体系。分析了采煤工作面智能开采系统防冲原理,提出通过对围岩采动应力、覆岩断裂结构等进行监测分析,基于三维地质模型、大数据算法等对冲击地压发生位置、概率进行预测预警,并通过智能开采系统对液压支架的支护姿态与支护力、采煤机割煤速度等进行智能联动控制,实现采煤工作面智能开采与冲击地压智能防治。从采场应力与覆岩结构智能监测、冲击地压灾害数据库构建、冲击地压灾害分类预测预警等方面,分析了冲击地压智能防控技术的研发重点,提出了煤矿冲击地压监测预警系统组成及总体架构。从顶层设计、关键技术、智能精准解危与效果评价等方面提出了我国煤矿冲击地压煤层实现安全高效智能开采的技术路径与研发方向。

含砂量对黄原胶复合黏性土抗裂和抗冲刷性能的影响

为增强黏性土的抗裂和抗冲刷性能,对掺加不同含量砂土的黄原胶复合黏性土开展了一系列室内蒸发、干缩开裂和抗冲刷试验,通过测算试样含水率和土体抗冲刷系数,结合图形分析软件定量分析了土体表层裂隙的发育情况,以研究复合黏性土体内部水分变化规律及其抗裂和抗冲刷性能。结果表明:随着黏性土中砂土颗粒的掺入,试样的裂隙率、裂隙宽度和受冲刷破坏程度呈现先增大后减小的趋势;当含砂量为30%时,素土及黄原胶复合试样的裂隙率、裂隙宽度和受冲刷破坏程度均为各含砂量下的最大值;当含砂量为50%左右时,对于黄原胶复合黏性土,黄原胶胶体与砂土颗粒形成具有一定强度的稳定结构,其抗冲刷性能得到显著提高。

水下基础防冲刷袋装干混料配制技术的试验研究

针对东海大桥水下基础防冲刷的技术要求,开展袋装干混料配制技术研究。采用水泥和骨料等原材料,研究了水泥用量、砂率和骨料粒径对干混料表观密度和抗压强度的影响,并选用编织土工袋,在东海海域进行干混料现场验证试验。试验结果表明,水下硬化干混料7 d的表观密度大于2200 kg/m^(3),7 d抗压强度大于5 MPa;随着干混料水泥用量的增加,干混料抗压强度不断增加,水泥用量为260 kg/m^(3)时,干混料的30 d抗压强度可达到10 MPa;试块法测试的抗压强度与钻芯法测试的抗压强度偏差小于10%,可用于测试干混料的抗压强度;水泥用量、砂率和骨料粒径对干混料的性能产生明显影响,提出了干混料的水泥用量、砂率和粗骨料级配等配合比参数。现场验证试验结果与室内试验结果是一致,可满足工程设计要求。

河岸陡峭度对冲积河流平衡河道形态的影响

河岸抗冲性对河流横断面形态影响显著。以水力半径分割方法为基础,采用等腰梯形过水断面,以河岸陡峭度代表河岸的抗冲性,利用变分方法研究冲积河流达到平衡状态时,河岸抗冲性对河道横断面形态以及输沙能力的影响。研究结果表明:河岸陡峭程度减缓时,平衡河道形态变得宽浅,相反变得窄深;河岸陡峭度变化对水力几何形态关系式中的相关变量指数几乎没有影响,仅仅影响水力几何形态关系式中的系数。随着河岸陡峭度增加,河流达到平衡状态时横断面形态变得窄深,河道最大输沙率增大。

基于生态无砂混凝土护岸的植物抗冲刷性能

生态无砂混凝土因透水透气性强、可联通水陆域生态环境等优点,已被广泛应用于河道人工生态护岸工程。然而,生态无砂混凝土在满足河道岸坡稳定的同时,在其上生长的植物还需满足一定的抗冲刷能力。为揭示生态无砂混凝土植物壅水机理及降低水流流速效果,探究基于生态无砂混凝土护岸的植物抗冲刷性能,概化设计了室内冲刷试验,通过控制不同流速,分析生态无砂混凝土上生长的不同植物对水位及流速的影响。研究结果表明:受植物高度和易倒伏程度影响,狗牙根植草壅水效果优于马尼拉草皮;受植物密度对水流紊动强度的影响,马尼拉草皮降低水流流速效果优于狗牙根植草;同一断面处,距离植物层越近的区域,植物降低水流流速效果越明显,流速降低率最高达75.24%;马尼拉及狗牙根可承受的水流流速为5 m/s。研究成果可为江河岸坡生态无砂混凝土施工工艺完善及植物选配提供参考。

大型导流隧洞不同体型封堵体的设计方法及结构安全性分析

导流洞封堵体是水利水电工程蓄水后确保过流安全的关键性工程,目前针对柱形封堵体的计算方法成果较多,但对工程中应用较多的楔形封堵体,设计方法尚不多见。以Karot电站导流洞封堵体设计方案为例开展理论和数值模拟分析,通过楔形体受力分析,提出了楔形封堵体水压承载能力的计算方法,并采用三维弹塑性数值模拟方法,对比分析了扩挖楔形和柱状封堵体,结果表明扩挖楔形封堵体校核水位下最大变形0.8 mm,其超载安全系数是圆柱形封堵体的1.08倍。并通过数值模拟结果与公式计算结果的对比,验证了楔形封堵体承载力计算方法的合理性和准确性,对于楔形封堵体的设计具有重要的指导作用。

基于生态护坡射流试验的抗冲刷特性研究

植物根系对土体的力学效应是提高边坡抗冲刷性能的重要因素,为了解植物根系在成片水流下的抗冲性能,以常见的水土保持植物高羊茅和狗牙根为例,对植物模型边坡进行射流冲刷试验,对比探讨了不同种类植物根系边坡的冲刷破坏机理。结果表明,各工况下高羊茅边坡、狗牙根边坡及素土边坡的平均侵蚀深度ΔDAE的变化规律具有相似性和一致性,随冲刷流速增加均呈指数函数增加,随冲刷角度增加均呈线性函数增加;各工况下平均侵蚀深度大小普遍为高羊茅<狗牙根<素土;各流速下高羊茅的平均侵蚀深度降低值ΔDAE略大于狗牙根;当冲刷角度一定时,两种植物边坡均在流速为1.6 m/s时各角度的ΔDAE最大,流速高于1.6 m/s后逐渐降低;当冲刷流速一定时,随冲刷角度的增加,ΔDAE有减小趋势。