Effectof Film Force Nonlinearity on Unbalance Responseof a Jeffcot RotorJournal Bearing System

The effect of oil film force nonlinearity on unbalance response of Jeffcot rotor elliptical bearing system is studied. Linear analysis is done by linearizing the bearing oil film dynamic forces and expressing them with stiffness and damping constants. Nonlinear dynamic simulation is done by taking the nonlinearity of bearing oil film dynamic force into full consideration, with the latter being expressed by a special database which is generated beforehand, and based on non stationary Reynolds equation and Reynolds boundary condition of film rupture. The linear and nonlinear unbalance responses of a Jeffcot rotor supported on a pair of elliptical bearings is studied. The resulting dynamic characteristics and rotor and journal whirling orbits are compared. While good consistancy between nonlinear and linear predictions is found under very small unbalance, significant or even drastic differences are found whenever the unbalance is not small, indicating the necessity of including the nonlinearity of oil film dynamic forces, especially when response to large unbalance is to be predicted.

3D FE Analysis of Effect of Ground Subsidence and Piled Spacing on Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Piled Raft and Axial Force of Piles in Piled Raft

The effects of ground subsidence and piled spacing on axial force of piles in squared piled rafts were investigated using numerical analysis. Two cases of piled rafts in soft clay including case 1 (s = 2d) and case 2 (s = 4d) with s and d were piled spacing and piled diameter respectively were considered in this study. Undrained (without ground water pumping) and drained (with ground water pumping) conditions were applied in each case in order to evaluate variations of ultimate bearing capacity of piled raft and axial force of the piles in piled raft. The results showed that ultimate bearing capacity increased about 25% for undrained condition and about 32% for drained condition when piled spacing increased from 2d to 4d. In the same piled spacing, axial force of the piles increased about 9% for piled spacing of 2d and 7% for piled spacing of 4d when drained condition was applied. When piled spacing increased 2 times (2d to 4d), the axial force of piles increased about 7% for undrained condition and about 5% for drained condition.

Seismic stability of reinforced soil walls under bearing capacity failure by pseudo-dynamic method

In order to evaluate the seismic stability of reinforced soil walls against bearing capacity failure,the seismic safety factor of reinforced soil walls was determined by using pseudo-dynamic method,and calculated by considering different parameters,such as horizontal and vertical seismic acceleration coefficients,ratio of reinforcement length to wall height,back fill friction angle,foundation soil friction angle,soil reinforcement interface friction angle and surcharge.The parametric study shows that the seismic safety factor increases by 24-fold when the foundation soil friction angle varies from 25°to 45°,and increases by 2-fold when the soil reinforcement interface friction angle varies from 0 to 30°.That is to say,the bigger values the foundation soil and/or soil reinforcement interface friction angles have,the safer the reinforced soil walls become in the seismic design.The results were also compared with those obtained from pseudo-static method.It is found that there is a higher value of the safety factor by the present work.

Three-dimensional seismic isolation bearing and its application in long span hangars

Based on the seismic response characteristics of space frame structures,a new type of seismic isolation bearing defined as a three-dimensional seismic isolation bearing（3DSIB） is developed in this paper.The bearing offers excellent properties such as multi-dimensional seismic isolation,reasonable rotation capability,good ability to resist lifting load,uncoupled stiffness in horizontal and vertical directions,etc.In the 3DSIB,the horizontal dimension is designed by combining the Teflon sliding device and helical spring,while the vertical dimension is developed by introducing disk springs or helical springs.The mathematical model of the 3DSIB was established and its performance with the critical parameters was tested on a shaking table.Furthermore,the 3DSIB was applied in a 120 m span hangar structure and simulated using SAP2000 software to evaluate its performance in practical structures.The performance of the structures with and without 3DSIB was compared.It is shown that the hangar structure with 3D bearings achieves a better performance.The axial force and acceleration response of the structures with 3DSIB are effectively reduced,while the displacement response of the bearing is within the predetermined range.

Application of the Non-Stationary Oil Film Force Database

The technique of non stationary oil film force database for hydrodynamic bearing is introduced and its potential applications in nonlinear rotor dynamics are demonstrated. Through simulations of the locus of the shaft center aided by the database technique, nonlinear stability analysis can be performed and the natural frequency can be obtained as well. The easiness of 'assembling' the individual bush forces from the database to form the bearing force, makes it very convenient to evaluate the stability of various types of journal bearings. Examples are demonstrated to show how the database technique makes it possible to get technically abundant simulation results at the expense of very short calculation time.

Nonlinear dynamic behaviors of ball bearing rotor system

Nonlinear forces and moments caused by ball bearing were calculated based on relationship of displacement and deflection and quasi-dynamic model of bearing.Five-DOF dynamic equations of rotor supported by ball bearings were estimated.The Newmark-β method and Newton-Laphson method were used to solve the equations.The dynamic characteristics of rotor system were studied through the time response,the phase portrait,the Poincar?maps and the bifurcation diagrams.The results show that the system goes through the quasi-periodic bifurcation route to chaos as rotate speed increases and there are several quasi-periodic regions and chaos regions.The amplitude decreases and the dynamic behaviors change as the axial load of ball bearing increases;the initial contact angle of ball bearing affects dynamic behaviors of the system obviously.The system can avoid non-periodic vibration by choosing structural parameters and operating parameters reasonably.

Analysis of bearing capacity of pile foundation in discontinued permafrost regions

Piles are the main building foundation in permafrost regions. Thawing the permafrost foundation would have a negative effect on a pile, and may cause damage to the building. This paper focuses on the effects of negative friction force due to the melt of permafrost, and presents four calculated methods for bearing capacity of a pile. An engineering station was taken as an example, where the lengths of a pile were compared based on four methods. Finally, quick field load tests were carried out, and some meaningful conclusions are presented. Thus, these analytical results can be used to design a pile for permafrost regions.

A COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH FOR PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AND ROTORDYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS OF JOURNAL BEARINGS WITH COMBINED RADIAL AND MISALIGNMENT MOTIONS

A computational approach is presented to handle an enlarged linear rotordynamic model whichsimultaneously includes both radial and misalignment motions.The interactive force and momentbetween the rotating and non-rotating members are modeled using an adaptation of the classicalReynolds lubrication equation for incompressible laminar isoviscous films.First,the governingequation is derived and the method of solution is introduced based on a 2-dimension,9-point cen-tral difference.Second,force and moment components are computed by numerical integration ofthe film pressure distribution.Finally,the rotordynamic coefficients are yielded according to thegeneralized force gradients.

An Experimental Investigation on the Quasi-Static Flotation Transport of a Glass Substrate Using Vortex Bearing Elements

In this paper, we build an air conveyor with newly developed vortex bearing elements, and study the flotation precision of the front-end of the substrate in quasi-static flotation transport. We experimentally discuss the three influential factors: air supply pressure, thickness of the substrates and installing direction of the vortex bearing element. We find that during the process of transport the movement of the substrate leads to the variation of flotation height. The amplitude of variation (e.g. flotation precision) is dependent upon the bearing stiffness and the suction force of the vortex bearing elements. Increasing air supply pressure properly can improve the flotation precision, but an excess pressure can cause over-suction due to high negative pressure and result in a poor flotation precision. We also know that the flotation precision of thin and light substrates are easily affected by the suction force of vortex flow because they float with a high flotation height and are more susceptible to deformation. Finally, we investigate four installing directions of the vortex bearing element. Different installing direction can lead to different variation of flotation height.

Study of nonlinear dynamic characteristics of rotor-bearing systems

Based on the short-bearing model, the stability of a rigid Jeffcott rotor system is studied in a relatively wide parameter range by using Poincaré maps and the numerical integration method. The results of the calculation show that the period doubling bifurcation, quasi-periodic and chaotic motions may occur. In some typical parameter regions, the bifurcation diagrams, phase portrait, Poincaré maps and the frequency spectrums of the system are acquired with the numerical integration method. They demonstrate some motion state of the system. The fractal dimension concept is used to determine whether the system is in a state of chaotic motion. The analysis result of this paper provides the theoretical basis for qualitatively controlling the stable operating states of the rotors.

A combined experimental and analytical method to determine the EHL friction force distribution between rollers and outer raceway in a cylindrical roller bearing

Friction force is a crucial factor causing power loss and fatigue spalling of rolling element bearings.A combined experimental and analytical method is proposed to quantitatively determine the elastohydrodynamic lubrication(EHL)friction force distribution between rollers and outer raceway in a cylindrical roller bearing(CRB).An experimental system with the instrumented bearing and housing was developed for measuring radial load distribution and friction torque of bearings.A simplified model of friction force expressed by dimensionless speed,load,and material parameters was given.An inequality constrained optimization problem was established and solved by using an experimental data-driven learning algorithm for determining the uncertain parameters in the model.The effect of speed,load,and lubricant property on friction force and friction coefficient was discussed.

滚动球轴承局部故障引起滚珠负载振荡性分析

为深入剖析滚动球轴承局部故障对轴承整体振动特性的影响,利用Hertz接触理论构建了转子偏心力激励下的球轴承-转子系统动力学数字仿真模型,并结合深沟球轴承外圈、内圈、滚珠的局部故障引起的轴承间隙变化,推演了滚珠与各类故障区域间的冲击激励响应方程。在此基础上通过分析单点损伤引起的滚珠内部接触负载变化,揭示了单个滚珠接触应力对相邻滚子负载与系统整体振动特性的影响规律。通过分析轴承转动过程中有效承载滚珠个数的变化情况,建立了的滚珠负载占比时间对故障冲击振荡幅值的影响关系。分析结果表明,滚珠与故障区域的接触分离会使其负载发生振荡,且各故障状态下的振荡频率都为系统共振频率;在2个等效承载滚珠上的运转时间占比越大,故障冲击振荡的强度越大;各类型早期故障状态下的Poincaré映射点的保持在相同幅值附近;当局部故障程度增大到一定程度时,系统振动混沌特性增强,振动幅值相应增大。

钢管输电塔挂线节点足尺模型失效模式与承载力提升分析

针对特高压钢管输电塔挂线位置节点在极端荷载下的安全性,提出了挂线节点双侧挂线板协同受力的构造改进措施,并对比研究两种挂线节点的极限承载力与失效模式。通过足尺挂线节点处的承载力试验与有限元分析,比较挂线节点在单侧板受力、双侧板受力情况下的应力分布与承载能力,分析传力螺母与挂线板之间的合理初始间距。结果表明:双侧受力时两侧挂线板均发生弯曲破坏,受力形式更加合理,节点板应力分布更加均匀,挂线点的屈服承载力可以提升一倍以上,传力螺母与挂线板之间的合理初始间隙为2~4 mm。

锚杆钻车运行中支护承载结构及围岩受力变形分析

目的针对单轨液压锚杆钻车运行过程中支护承载结构及围岩受力变形难以观测分析的问题。方法利用研发的CMMD4-35煤矿用单轨液压锚杆钻车,结合长城五矿1902S回风巷巷道现场情况综合分析钻车在大断面大倾角巷道动态运行的支护、承载及围岩协同受力变形特征。结果研究表明,钻车运行过程中吊挂板的受力变形在悬吊点处均达到峰值,工字钢在悬吊点的部分位移最小,与钻车直接接触的部分受力最大;锚索中部主要受到拉应力,靠近巷道一侧主要受到剪应力,而巷道两帮的锚杆拉应力主要分布在靠近巷道内部一侧;巷道顶板悬吊点处位移最大,两帮靠近顶板位移高于底板处,而巷道偏向低帮处底板的位移大于高帮处;以单轨液压锚杆钻车为核心的新型配套工艺可以有效控制围岩变形,支护效果良好,比传统以掘锚一体机为中心的机器化工艺掘进效率更高。结论研究明确了CMMD4-35煤矿用单轨液压锚杆钻车在实际应用的可行性,解决了现有掘锚一体机难以在复杂地质条件下大断面煤巷自动化掘进支护的问题,提升了煤巷支护效果掘进效率,为CMMD4-35煤矿用单轨液压锚杆钻车的现场应用提供了理论依据。

气浮空气循环机密封轴向气动力研究

针对传统空气循环机双侧高速转子端的轴向力理论经验公式精度偏低,数值计算耗时长的问题,建立包含双侧高速转子的窄缝间隙计算域几何模型,并通过试验校核了模型的准确性。对含双侧高速转子的窄缝间隙内部流场进行数值计算,探讨窄缝间隙对轴向气动力的作用规律,并对传统机械轴向气动力的计算公式进行修正,提出适用于气浮ACM轴向气动力计算公式。结果表明:提出的公式在压气机端的最小误差由原来的59%降低到13%,最大误差由原来的261%降低到75%,在涡轮端最小误差由原来的63%降低到2%,最大误差由原来的98%降低到8%,表明修正后轴向气动力公式减小了轴向力的计算误差,因此提出的公式更加适用于气浮空气循环机的轴向气动力计算。

基于加州承载比试验的隧道弃渣颗粒接触力场形状影响因素分析

对级配碎石而言,不同的颗粒表面性质会影响颗粒接触力场形状、大小及梯度,进而改变试样所受约束力。分析加州承载比(California bearing ratio,CBR)试验过程中试样侧板及底板的受力演变,探究试样颗粒细观参数对试样颗粒接触力场及试样约束力的影响。通过对比不同刚度比、摩擦系数与黏结强度(设定其比值为1下)对试样接触力场形状的影响。结果表明:以刚度比值6为界,随法向刚度的增大,颗粒接触力场长细比先增加后减小;随摩擦系数或黏结强度增大,接触力场长细比相应减小。考虑颗粒相对运动中黏结强度比中法向及切向参数作用不同,以黏结强度比4为界,随法向黏结强度增大,其接触力场长细比先增加后减小;随切向黏结强度增大,所得接触力场长细比变化趋势则为先减小后增加。研究成果可为研究隧道弃渣制成的级配碎石颗粒细观参数与其接触力场形状间关联性提供一定参考。

偏载作用下RV减速器主轴承启停动态特性研究

为了获得RV减速器启停工况下主轴承的动态响应特性,以某型RV减速器主轴承为研究对象,分析轴承的径向和轴向偏载作用情况;在此基础上建立轴承多刚体动力学仿真模型,结合工况设置载荷、转速和接触参数,并验证模型有效性;仿真分析了RV减速器主轴承启动和减速停止工况对轴承滚子与保持架、内外圈接触力的影响规律。结果表明,RV减速器主轴承滚子与保持架接触力受启停工况的影响,启动加速阶段碰撞最为激烈,平稳时次之,减速时最小;在启动加速和减速停止阶段,滚子与内圈接触力波动范围为平稳运行时的15倍,为研究RV减速器主轴承的动态特性及寿命试验提供了理论基础。

基于全模型谐波减速器轴承受力状态分析

针对柔性薄壁轴承在谐波减速器中的受力问题,分析了以往单因素分析轴承的不足;为探究其他部件对轴承受力的影响,通过整机模型进行理论分析,探究了柔轮受力变形及滚道滚子变形协调过程,整体得到薄壁柔性轴承的受力状态;并通过Workbench软件对整机模型进行了应力和变形的验证。结果表明,轴承的仿真受力状态与理论计算一致。

基于μ分析的鲁棒控制器在磁悬浮轴承中的应用

针对磁悬浮轴承电磁力线性化和位移传感器温漂现象等不确定性,建立了考虑参数不确定性的磁悬浮轴承-转子系统的摄动模型,基于该模型设计了一种基于结构奇异值μ分析的鲁棒控制器并进行仿真分析,结果表明控制器降阶前后转子能稳定悬浮在平衡位置,且对正弦干扰有一定抑制作用。在转子试验台上进行了悬浮和激振试验,结果表明:与传统PID控制方法相比,μ综合控制下转子起浮调节时间缩短了95%,稳定时抵抗内部激振扰动的能力均有较大改善,且在0.5 mm,40 Hz和0.5 mm,60 Hz正弦干扰下,μ综合控制下转子位移幅值分别降低了36.4%和40%,说明考虑模型参数不确定性情况下设计的μ综合控制器使系统具有良好的鲁棒性和抗干扰能力。

考虑轨道不平顺激励的轴箱轴承振动特性分析

轴箱轴承在运行工况下的振动特性对于保障行车安全具有重要意义。首先,基于Ansys与Simpack联合仿真平台,分别建立了轨道-车辆系统动力学模型和考虑外圈局部故障的轴承座-轴承有限元模型;其次,对动力学模型施加轨道不平顺激励,输出轴箱径向载荷作为有限元模型的外载荷;然后,将仿真值与理论值进行对比,证明了所建立的轴箱轴承联合仿真模型的有效性;最后,基于此模型分析了轨道不平顺激励时不同宽度故障以及不同故障边缘对轴承振动特性的影响。结果表明:随着故障宽度的增加,轴箱轴承整体振动加速度RMS逐渐变大,故障冲击的幅值以及包络谱的特征能量值先增大后减小;随着故障边缘平缓程度的增加,轴箱轴承整体振动加速度RMS值、故障冲击的幅值以及包络谱的特征能量值逐渐降低;轨道不平顺激励增加了轴承的振动。