Sensitivity analysis of factors affecting gravity dam anti-sliding stability along a foundation surface using Sobol method

The anti-sliding stability of a gravity dam along its foundation surface is a key problem in the design of gravity dams.In this study,a sensitivity analysis framework was proposed for investigating the factors affecting gravity dam anti-sliding stability along the foundation surface.According to the design specifications,the loads and factors affecting the stability of a gravity dam were comprehensively selected.Afterwards,the sensitivity of the factors was preliminarily analyzed using the Sobol method with Latin hypercube sampling.Then,the results of the sensitivity analysis were verified with those obtained using the Garson method.Finally,the effects of different sampling methods,probability distribution types of factor samples,and ranges of factor values on the analysis results were evaluated.A case study of a typical gravity dam in Yunnan Province of China showed that the dominant factors affecting the gravity dam anti-sliding stability were the anti-shear cohesion,upstream and downstream water levels,anti-shear friction coefficient,uplift pressure reduction coefficient,concrete density,and silt height.Choice of sampling methods showed no significant effect,but the probability distribution type and the range of factor values greatly affected the analysis results.Therefore,these two elements should be sufficiently considered to improve the reliability of the dam anti-sliding stability analysis.

Research on Composite Slag Dam Cast with Magnesia Castables and Alumina Magnesia Castables

To enhance the serdice life of magnesia based slag dam, composite slag dam was designed to be cast with alumina magnesia castables in slag line and magnesia castables in molten steel zone. Workability of the magnesia castables for the slag dam was improved and a suitable vibration shaping method was adopted to combine it with alumina magnesia castables. The result shows： （1） workability and setting performance of magtwsia castables can be improved to match with alumina magnesia castables by adjusting setting retarder and water reducing agent, and adding proper silica fume ; （2） composite slag dam cart be prepared with alumina m,agnesia castables and the improved magnesia castables, whether by up - down composite method or right - left composite method; in order to get full vibration arrd make interface .fluctuation have proper amplitude, the vibration time oJ the two methods after two different castables contact with each other is 3 and 2.5 minutes, respectively; （3）the result of the on-site test proves that the design aims for reducing pollution to hot metal and improving corrosion resistance have been achieved.

Application of strength reduction method to dynamic anti-sliding stability analysis of high gravity dam with complex dam foundation

Considering that there are some limitations in analyzing the anti-sliding seismic stability of dam-foundation systems with the traditional pseudo-static method and response spectrum method, the dynamic strength reduction method was used to study the deep anti-sliding stability of a high gravity dam with a complex dam foundation in response to strong earthquake-induced ground action. Based on static anti-sliding stability analysis of the dam foundation undertaken by decreasing the shear strength parameters of the rock mass in equal proportion, the seismic time history analysis was carried out. The proposed instability criterion for the dynamic strength reduction method was that the peak values of dynamic displacements and plastic strain energy change suddenly with the increase of the strength reduction factor. The elasto-plastic behavior of the dam foundation was idealized using the Drucker-Prager yield criterion based on the associated flow rule assumption. The result of elasto-plastic time history analysis of an overflow dam monolith based on the dynamic strength reduction method was compared with that of the dynamic linear elastic analysis, and the reliability of elasto-plastic time history analysis was confirmed. The results also show that the safety factors of the dam-foundation system in the static and dynamic cases are 3.25 and 3.0, respectively, and that the F2 fault has a significant influence on the anti-sliding stability of the high gravity dam. It is also concluded that the proposed instability criterion for the dynamic strength reduction method is feasible.

Damming of Large River by Debris Flow: Dynamic Process and Particle Composition

The frequency and extent of debris flows have increased tremendously due to the extreme weather and the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008. Previous studies focused on the debris flow from gullies damming the mountain streams. In this paper, an equation for the run-out distance of debris flow in the main river is proposed based on the dynamic equation of debris flow at different slopes given by Takahashi. By undertaking field investigations and flume experiments, a new calculation method of the volume of debris flow damming large river is obtained. Using the percolation theory and the renormalization group theory it was deduced that the large particles should comprise more than 50% for forming a stable debris flow dam. Hence, the criteria of damming large river by debris flow is presented in terms of run-out distance and grain composition which was then validated through the event of damming river by debris flow at Gaojia gully, the upper reaches of the Minjiang River, Sichuan, China, on July 3, 2011.

红石岩堰塞坝新堆积体动三轴试验研究

牛栏江上的红石岩堰塞坝新堆积体以石灰岩和白云岩为主,级配和密度离散性较大。同时,已有研究结果表明,红石岩新堆积体具有黏性粗粒土性质,静力参数具有明显的离散性,需开展其岩土料的动力参数研究,以为将其利用改建为水利枢纽提供基础材料数据。采用GDS动三轴仪,对红石岩新堆积体进行了动剪切模量比与阻尼比试验,研究新堆积体动应力应变特性及其影响因素。试验结果表明:随着剪应变的不断增大,新堆积体动剪切模量比不断减小,阻尼比随之增大。新堆积体动力特性受围压影响较为明显,最大动剪切模量随着围压的增大而增大。在相同剪应变条件下,随着围压、干密度、粗颗粒含量的增大,动剪切模量比逐渐增大,阻尼比逐渐减小。另一方面,新堆积体细粒含量较多,颗粒岩性复杂,风化程度差异明显,导致其动力特性具有一定的离散性,与人工筑坝堆石料存在明显差异。

桑干河流域淤地坝沉积泥沙特征及其来源解析

[目的]为查明桑干河流域的泥沙主要策源地和侵蚀产沙变化。[方法]选取阳原县高墙乡典型淤地坝沉积泥沙为研究对象,利用复合指纹识别技术,测定沉积泥沙及其源地的土壤粒径、SOC、TN、137 Cs、低频质量磁化率等9种指纹因子,研究了不同淤积阶段的泥沙策源地及坝控小流域侵蚀产沙演变规律。[结果](1)沉积泥沙中137 Cs平均含量较低,与沟壁土壤无显著差异(p>0.05),但极显著小于林草地和耕地的137 Cs含量(p<0.01),这指示淤地坝沉积泥沙主要来源于沟壁;(2)由于沟壁中大部分137 Cs含量低于检出限,137 Cs较好地指示泥沙主要来源沟谷地中的沟壁,但难以用于小流域多种策源地的判别,经Kruskal-Wallis H非参数检验和多元逐步判别分析筛选,确定TN+X lfb+SOC构成最佳指纹因子组合,有效地判别小流域2006—2017年泥沙源地的平均贡献率为沟壁(82.68%±8.20%)>耕地(15.36%±8.46%)>林草地(1.96%±0.33%);(3)在小流域侵蚀产沙过程中,沟壁长期是主要的泥沙贡献区,林草地对侵蚀性降雨的响应较弱,耕地在极端暴雨发生时其泥沙贡献率显著上升。[结论]137 Cs核素示踪技术有效地适用于该区小流域主要泥沙策源地判别,复合指纹技术则可以更好地厘定多元泥沙策源地。沟蚀引起的沟壁崩塌是桑干河流域土壤侵蚀严重的主要原因。

铜车坝水库泥岩石渣坝复合土工膜与振冲碎石桩地基中混凝土防渗墙综合防渗体系的应力变形特性

铜车坝水库泥岩石渣坝综合防渗体系具有振冲碎石桩地基中设置混凝土防渗墙、柔性复合土工膜联结混凝土防渗墙等关键因素,为确保大坝防渗体系的安全性,采用大型三轴试验获得了坝料的邓肯模型参数,建立了准三维有限元模型,在土工膜与上、下垫层料接触部位均设置接触单元,反映土工膜与垫层料之间的接触特性,数值模拟了大坝施工与蓄水过程,阐明了复合土工膜与防渗墙综合防渗体系的应力变形特性。结果表明,泥岩石渣料属于低压缩性土,但其具有较为明显的强度非线性特性;防渗墙各时期的位移变形模式不同,围堰挡水期防渗墙水平位移偏向下游,竣工期逐渐向上游偏移,而蓄水期防渗墙在水压力作用下向下游发展,因此防渗墙上、下表面均存在一定的拉应力区域;土工膜的拉应变主要集中在防渗墙与土工膜的连接处,这是由于该地区刚度差异较大变形非协调所致。研究成果可为设计与施工提供重要的理论与技术支撑。

水利工程项目堤坝复合混凝土防渗与加固施工技术

为了提高水利工程项目堤坝防渗与加固施工水平,确保水利工程长期稳定运行,提出了堤坝复合混凝土防渗与加固施工技术研究。首先,设计复合混凝土防渗墙,在堤坝地基中形成一道稳固性较高的防渗墙体;其次,采用双排布孔的布置形式,在堤坝两岸坡段上布设灌浆孔;在此基础上,利用劈裂灌浆加固技术,对水利工程项目堤坝复合混凝土进行加固施工。实验结果表明,该施工技术应用后,堤坝段落的渗透系数始终小于1×10^(-6)cm/s,满足水利工程项目堤坝防渗要求,能够提高防水性能与加固效果。

依据物质组成分布特征的堰塞坝溃决特征

通过模型试验,考虑堰塞坝内部物质分布特征的不同,探讨均匀混合型堰塞坝(UM)、上粗下细型堰塞坝(TCBF)、叠瓦堆积粗叠细型(PCPF)堰塞坝和叠瓦堆积细叠粗型(PFPC)堰塞坝的溃决特征。结果表明:在坝体材料整体颗粒级配相同的情况下,具有不同内部物质分布特征的堰塞坝溃决过程基本可分为渗流侵蚀阶段、溯源侵蚀阶段、溃口发展阶段及粗化平衡4个阶段,但不同坝体在不同阶段呈现明显的差异性。PCPF型堰塞坝渗流侵蚀历时最短,TCBF型堰塞坝渗流侵蚀阶段最长,后者是前者的2.5倍。UM型和TCBF型堰塞坝的溃决过程早于PFPC和PCPF型堰塞坝,UM型堰塞坝溃口下切速率最小,下切过程较匀速;PFPC型堰塞坝在溯源侵蚀阶段形成的侵蚀槽窄而深,在溃口发展初期下切速率最大,可观察到频繁的岸壁崩塌-堵塞溃口-溃决现象;PCPF型堰塞坝在溯源侵蚀阶段形成的侵蚀槽宽而浅,溃口发展阶段后期下切速率最大,下游坡面局部区域易产生滑移。不同堰塞坝条件下溃决洪峰流量放大系数也不同,大小顺序为PCPF<TCBF<UM<PFPC。研究成果表明堰塞坝内部物质组成分布特征对堰塞坝的溃决时间、溃决过程、溃决流量等都有不同程度的影响,在稳定性分析时需要考虑。

基于复合模型沙的大比尺尾矿库漫顶溃决模型试验

尾矿库是重大危险源且存在溃坝危险,为了更真实地预测尾矿库溃坝造成的影响,定量掌握尾矿库的溃坝过程及其对下游的影响程度,利用细粒尾砂与膨胀珍珠岩按照体积比尺1.5∶1进行混合制作复合模型沙,通过室内试验和水下休止角试验确定复合模型沙的基本可行性;并在满足相似条件的基础上,开展极端状态下的复合模型沙大比尺尾矿库漫顶溃坝试验,分析其溃坝过程、流量过程、断面形态演变过程、浸润线、淹没高程和范围等变化规律。试验结果表明:物理模型试验历时140 min,复合模型沙下泄量占总库容的10.76%,下游区域淤积量占下泄量的95.21%,基本符合漫顶溃坝的实际情况,设计选配的复合模型沙合理,说明该复合模型沙能够更真实有效地还原尾矿库溃坝过程。研究结果为尾矿库漫顶溃坝试验中模型沙的选择提供了新思路。

复合土工膜防渗斜墙在碾压土石坝工程中的应用与质量控制

碾压土石坝因其技术简单、取材方便等特点,常作为矿山开采水利工程设施的流行坝型,为避免因有色金属渗漏而导致水源污染和生态破坏的潜在风险,采取有效的防渗措施对水坝的设计与施工至关重要。旨在探讨复合土工膜防渗斜墙解决方案,通过多层次结构的组合,包括长丝无纺土工布、双糙面HDPE膜、钠基膨润土毯等,形成可靠的防渗屏障,锚固于坝脚30 m外的截渗齿槽中,通过与土体的紧密结合,成功构建有效的防渗系统,以期为类似矿山建设水利工程设施的设计与施工提供有益的经验借鉴。

茶林寨水库大坝防渗加固设计应用探究

茶林寨水库经过多年的运行,坝体和坝基严重渗漏,需对其进行防渗加固处理。分析了大坝防渗加固的常用措施,基于当地实际工程地质情况,初步选择了可控复合膏浆灌浆+帷幕灌浆、高压喷射灌浆+帷幕灌浆、黏土固化剂灌浆+帷幕灌浆3种防渗加固方案。从技术、经济方面,对这3种方案进行比较,确定坝体采用可控复合膏浆灌浆,坝基采用帷幕灌浆的防渗加固方案。探讨了该方案的具体实施步骤和关键技术问题。

基于坝体安全评价模型的复合地基坝体质量安全分析

针对混凝土坝质量安全进行研究,提出一种渗流量概化评价方法。考虑到水位以及时间对地基坝渗透风险的影响,结合工程类比法与贝叶斯法,提出一种综合安全评价方法,实现对复合地基坝渗透破坏风险的评价。在复合地基坝不同位置渗流量预测中,综合法能准确监测坝体渗流量,准确率为94.65%;传统材料系数法准确率仅为64.56%。同时,在年均渗透破坏损失效率监测中,综合法与实际结果接近。研究结果可为对水利工程的质量监管提供重要参考价值。

基于探地雷达技术的堆石坝组合防渗体检测方法

当前针对堆石坝组合防渗体检测,主要依托于弹性波CT技术,但该方法存在缺陷响应能量值计算不准确的问题,导致检测准确度较低。为此,提出基于探地雷达技术的堆石坝组合防渗体检测方法。根据工程地质条件与防渗体施工方案,采用探地雷达技术,通过分析与预处理接收到的高频电磁波信号,完成对防渗体基本参数的采集,结合有限元分析软件,以堆石坝典型断面为研究对象,建立防渗体数值计算模型,基于此,采用波形振幅与波形峰度相结合的方法计算缺陷处的缺陷响应能量值,并利用拖曳式检波器实现防渗体缺陷检测。结果表明:将所提方法应用于堆石坝组合防渗体检测中,能够得到更为准确的检测结果。

水库大坝不同防渗体ABAQUS有限元模拟分析

坝体防渗加固是当前地方性水利工程面临的主要问题之一。以山东临沂河西水库为分析对象,利用ABAQUS有限元模拟分别对黏土心墙和复合土工膜心墙在应用后的各项参数进行了对比分析。经对比,发现复合土工膜心墙在抗变形、防渗效果、降低浸润线高度等关键参数中均表现较好,其中防渗效果更是出现了一个数量级的差距。

基于水利枢纽工程坝体安全评价模型的复合地基坝体质量安全分析

近年来,江西抚州水利坝体的安全及稳定性受到严重威胁。针对坝体内外部水流的共同作用,提出一种基于层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)的复合地基坝体安全评价模型,采用时间、观测点对水利坝体某断面进行测量和监控试验,以期防止可能发生的灾害。结果显示,通过对复合地基大坝位移监测的观测数据进行分析发现,被测点在侧向的位移基本稳定。研究表明,基于AHP的安全评价模型是进行水利复合地基大坝安全评价的一种有效方法。

可控复合膏浆高压脉动灌浆技术在银坑水库防渗加固的应用

本文以珠海市银坑水库坝体渗漏治理为背景,论述了膏浆状灌浆材料在复杂土层条件下大坝防渗加固中的应用及其成效。针对水库坝体渗漏的实际情况,文中分析了渗漏产生的原因及其特点,提出了一种膏浆状灌浆材料的大坝防渗处理技术,并详细阐述了该技术的施工工艺、材料参数以及操作要点。通过实际工程应用,验证了可控复合膏浆高压脉动灌浆技术在大坝防渗加固中的有效性和可靠性。该技术的应用不仅解决了银坑水库坝体渗漏问题,还提高了大坝的整体安全性和稳定性,为类似工程提供了借鉴和启示。

Emerging and Innovative Materials for Hydropower Engineering Applications:Turbines,Bearings,Sealing,Dams and Waterways,and Ocean Power

The hydropower sector is currently experiencing several technological developments.New technologies and practices are emerging to make hydropower more flexible and more sustainable.Novel materials have also been recently developed to increase performance,durability,and reliability;however,no systematic discussions can be found in the literature.Therefore,in this paper,novel materials for hydropower applications are presented,and their performance,advantages,and limitations are discussed.For example,composites can reduce the weight of steel equipment by 50%to 80%,polymers and superhydrophobic materials can reduce head losses by 4%to 20%,and novel bearing materials can reduce bearing wear by 6%.These improvements determine higher efficiencies,longer life span,waste reduction,and maintenance needs,although the initial cost of some materials is not yet competitive with respect to the costs of traditional materials.The novel materials are described here based on the following categories:novel materials for turbines,dams and waterways,bearings,seals,and ocean hydropower.

Damming effects on dissolved inorganic carbon in different kinds of reservoirs in Jialing River,Southwest China

To assess the effects of river damming on dissolved inorganic carbon in the Jialing River, a total of 40 water samples, including inflow, outflow, and stratified water in four cascade reservoirs(Tingzikou, Xinzheng,Dongxiguan, Caojie) were collected in January and July,2016. The major cations, anions, and δ^(13)C_(DIC) values were analyzed. It was found that the dissolved compositions are dominated by carbonate weathering, while sulfuric acids may play a relatively important role during carbonate weathering and increasing DIC concentration. Different reservoirs had variable characteristics of water physiochemical stratification. The DIC concentrations of reservoir water were lower in summer than those in winter due to the dilute effects and intensive aquatic photosynthesis, as well as imported tributaries. The δ^(13)C_(DIC) values in Tingzikou Reservoir were higher during summer than those in winter,which indicated that intensive photosynthesis increased the δ^(13)C_(DIC) values in residual water, but a similar trend was not obvious in other reservoirs. Except for in Xinzheng Reservoir, the δ^(13)C_(DIC) values in inflow and outflow reservoir water were lower than those in the surface water of stratified sampling in summer. For stratified sampling, it could be found that, in summer, the Tingzikou Reservoir δ^(13)C_(DIC) values significantly decreased with water depthdue to the anaerobic breakdown of organic matter. The significant correlation(p<0.01 or 0.05) between the DIC concentrations, the δ^(13)C_(DIC) values and anthropogenic species(Na^++K^+, Cl~–, SO_4^(2-) and NO_3^-) showed that the isotope composition of DIC can be a useful tracer of contaminants. In total, Tingzikou Reservoir showed lacustrine features, Xinzheng Reservoir and Dongxiguan Reservoir had "transitional'' features, and Caojie Reservoir had a total of "fluvial'' features. Generally, cascade reservoirs in the Jialing River exhibited natural river features rather than typical lake features due to characteristics of reservoir water in physiochemical stratification, spatiotemporal variations of DIC concentrations and isotopic compositions. It is evident that the dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics of natural rivers had been partly remolded by dam building.

Pre-Stressed Rope Reinforced Anti-Sliding Pile

Pre-stressed rope reinforced anti-sliding pile is a composite anti-sliding structure. It is made up of pre-stressed rope and general anti-sliding pile. It can bring traditional anti-sliding pile＇s retaining performance into full play, and to treat with landslide fast and economically. The difference between them is that the pre-stressed rope will transfix the whole anti- sliding pile through a prearranged pipe in this structure. The working mechanics, the design method and economic benefit are studied. The results show that the pre-stressed rope reinforced anti-sliding pile can treat with the small and middle landslides or high slopes well and possess the notable advantage of technology and economic.