Experimental study of pavement performance of basalt fiber-modified asphalt mixture

To discuss the pavement performance of basalt fiber-modified asphalt mixtures,the optimum dosages of asphalt and fibers are studied by the Marshall test and the rutting test.The results demonstrate that the optimum dosages of asphalt and fibers are 4.63% and 0.3%,respectively.Then the pavement performances of basalt（polyester,xylogen）fiber-modified asphalt mixtures are investigated through high temperature stability tests,water stability tests and low temperature crack resistance tests.It indicates that the pavement performances of the fiber-modified asphalt mixtures such as rutting dynamic stability,freezing splitting tensile strength,low temperature crack resistance and so on are improved compared with control asphalt mixture.The results show that the pavement performances of asphalt mixtures can be improved by fiber-modifiers.Besides,the improvement effects of basalt fiber are superior to polyester fiber and xylogen fiber.

Characterizing uncertainty in pavement performance prediction

Taking variability and uncertainty involved in performance prediction into account, in order to make the prediction reliable and meaningful, a distribution-based method is developed to predict future PSI. This method, which is based on the AASHTO pavement performance model, treats predictor variables as random variables with certain probability distributions and obtains the distribution of future PSI through the method of Monte-Carlo simulation. A computer program PERFORM using Monte Carlo simulation is developed to implement the numerical computation. Simulation results based on pavement and traffic parameters show that traffic, surface layer material property, and initial pavement performance are the most significant factors affecting pavement performance. Once the distribution of future PSI is determined, statistics such as the mean and the variance of future PSI are readily available.

Evaluation of Mixture Performance Recycled Asphalt Pavement Materials as Base Layer with or without Rejuvenator into the Asphalt

The binder properties were determined in accordance with Chinese standard such as ductility test, which allowed to measure the distance in centimeters that a standard briquette of asphalt had been stretched before breaking. Then, penetration test was carried out in order to know some properties of the asphalt, which are the hardness and the softness. Finally, softening point test was carried out in order to determine the temperature at which the bitumen attains a particular degree of softening under the specification of the test. According to Chinese standard for performance tests, firstly, Marshall test was carried out in order to measure the theoretical density, air voids, voids filled with asphalt, stability, flow, and voids in mineral aggregate of asphalt specimens. Secondly, Freeze-thaw splitting test was carried out in order to determine Splitting strength ratio. Finally, dynamic stability (rutting) test was carried out to determine average dynamic stability. Beside the tests carried out, the gradation of the extracted aggregate in accordance with American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials was carried out to determine the dimensions of the particles weight distribution. Furthermore, both the percentage of recycled asphalt pavement materials and binder in mixture were determined to know how much of the new material during the mixture was needed. However, two specimens were used to evaluate the performance of recycled asphalt pavement materials. One specimen of recycled asphalt pavement materials was ten years old, and another one of recycled asphalt pavement materials was five years old. The results show that the conditions of the environment such as moisture, temperature, and age, decrease the ductility and penetration properties of binder when increase the softening point property of binder. Then the gradation of recycled asphalt pavement aggregate is of the required values to reuse in the mixture, while the flow ratio, the splitting strength ratio, and the dynamic stability ratio, are less than the required value test. With regard to the properties of mixture of recycled asphalt pavement material binder with rejuvenator, the results show that when the penetration and ductility versus percentage of rejuvenator increase, softening point versus percentage of rejuvenator decreases. Also, when the bitumen and rejuvenator percentage increase, the air voids decrease. Consequently, voids filled with asphalt and voids in the mineral aggregate increase. Moreover, the theoretical density and stability values decrease in a mixture containing four-point fifty percent to six percent of bitumen and rejuvenator, whereas the flow values increase. More interestingly, with four percent to four-point fifty percent mixture ratio of bitumen and rejuvenator, density, stability, and flow values increase. The splitting strength ratio values of mixtures and the dynamic stability test (rutting test) values of mixtures with forty percent of specimen one and specimen two respectively are greater than the required value of the standard test. In addition, the high percentage of rejuvenator increases the rut of pavement, in the same manner, the low percentage of rejuvenator induces low rut. In conclusion, the binder content from recycled materials without rejuvenator seems not be sufficient to be reused on the new pavement while the aged recycled material seems to be performed better than no aged recycled material with rejuvenator into bitumen. Then, the rejuvenator can influence the bitumen properties and performance of the pavement. Finally, the pavement made by only recycled pavement materials as a base layer appears to be more economical but cannot be more effective than the pavement made by mixture of new and recycled pavement materials as a base layer.

A case study of performance-based pavement maintenance and rehabilitation needs assessment in Pennsylvania

This paper presents the theory,method,and application of performance-based pavement needs assessment at a state level,using the Pennsylvania Interstate System as an example.First,a general framework is presented for the pavement asset management and a general optimization model is established for the pavement maintenance and rehabilitation needs assessment.Also,the bundling of pavement segments for the project implementation is discussed.Using the examples of Statewide Transportation Improvement Plan and Long Range Transportation Plan for Pennsylvania Interstate System,the application of performance-based pavement needs assessment is demonstrated.It is shown that unconstrained analysis can help decision-makers investigate the real maintenance and rehabilitation needs;financially-constrained analysis can help decision-makers select projects for implementation and examine the corresponding future pavement conditions.Trade-off analysis can help decision-makers investigate the outcomes of different investment levels on pavement maintenance and rehabilitation and make the final decision on the investment level.The proposed case study provides a good example of performance-based pavement needs assessment for developing countries.

Technical development and long-term performance observations of long-life asphalt pavement: A case study of Shandong Province

Based on the investigation of long-life asphalt pavement at home and abroad,the development of long-life asphalt pavement technology in Shandong Province,China is reviewed in this paper.The structural combination char-acteristics of typical long-life asphalt pavement in Shandong Province and their popularization and application are introduced.The application effect of combined base long-life asphalt pavement,which has been widely promoted,is evaluated.At the same time,taking the Binda perpetual pavement test road in Shandong Province as an example,the dynamic response and long-term performance evolution of long-life asphalt pavement are analyzed over a period of more than 17 years.Sections S1,S2,and S3 present information about full-depth asphalt pavement.Section S4 describes combined base asphalt pavement.The results show that the maximum strain of S1–S4 is within the endurance strain limit.S1,S2,S3 and S4 are all expected to be long-life asphalt pavements.In the current study,Sections S1–S4 were maintained in good condition during a service period of more than 17 years with no structural cracks and good deflection,rutting,and IRI indexes.The deflection index was stable without growth,and the IRI was also relatively stable following the opening to traffic.The rutting depth un-derwent a slight cumulative increase within 8 years of opening,and then stabilized.The average rutting depth over the 17-year period was less than 15 mm.Therefore,S1–S4 meet the design standards required for use as long-life pavements.From the perspectives of resource saving,energy saving,and emission reduction and service performance,full-depth asphalt pavement can be considered to represent a new generation of green and durable pavement structures with great future promotion potential.

The Influential Factors of Semi-Flexible Pavement Cracking Performance

The cracking performance of semi-flexible pavement(SFP) was investigated by using the semi-circular bending(SCB) test in this paper. Thirteen grouting slurries were prepared. The compressive strength of these materials ranges from 3 to 100 MPa. The relationship between the compressive strength of the grouting slurry and the cracking property of SFP was obtained at different loading rates and different temperatures. The peak load, fracture energy(E), flexible index(FI), and cracking resistance index(CRI) were calculated to determine the material performance. The results show that the compressive strength of the grout influences the cracking behavior. With a higher comprehensive strength grouting slurry, the FI value of SFP decreased initially and then increased slightly at 25 ℃ in 50 mm/min. The CRI value decreased at the same time. E values changed just according to the test temperature and loading rate. The damage paths of SFP are different. The damage path of the SFP sample appears as diffuse damage at 1 mm/min at 60 ℃ or clean damage at 50 mm/min at 25 ℃. These findings indicate that there is a correlation between the compressive strength of grouting slurry and SFP cracking behavior. The cracking form is influenced by loading rate and temperature.

Analysis of Historic Pavement and Bridge Conditions and Alternative Funding Levels for the Michigan Department of Transportation

In 1997 the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) established an ambitious set of condition targets for its pavements and bridges, and the Department received increased revenue from a 4-cent-per-gallon increase in the state motor fuels tax to help meet its targets. However, over time, actual revenue was less than both what was initially estimated as needed to meet the targets and what was projected from the tax increase. Consequently, actual conditions were projected to fall short of the target levels, so the department issued bonds to address the shortfall through 2012. To support deliberations on future funding, in 2013 MDOT performed an analysis of historic conditions to determine what additional fuel tax revenues would have been required beginning in 1997 to: replace bond revenues used to fund pavement and bridge projects from 1997 to 2012;and enable MDOT to meet its condition targets. The analysis was performed using data on actual pavement and bridge funding and conditions;as well as predicted funding and conditions for different hypothetical increases in fuel taxes. The analysis concluded that, in addition to the actual increase of 4 cents per gallon, a fuel tax increase of another 10 cents per gallon would have been required in 1997 to replace bond revenue used for pavement and bridges and allow MDOT to meet its condition targets. The analysis results were used to help inform the discussion of Michigan’s target asset conditions and funding, and demonstrate application of MDOT’s pavement and bridge management systems for performing historic analyses.

Performance prediction of expressway pavement in high maintenance level areas based on cosine deterioration equation: A case study of Zhejiang Province in China

Accurate prediction of performance decay law is an important basis for long-term planning of maintenance strategy.The statistical regression prediction model is the most widely employed method to calculate pavement performance due to its advantages such as the small amount of calculation and good accuracy,but the traditional prediction model seems not applicable to the high maintenance level areas with excellent pavement conditions.In this paper,the service life and the cumulative number of the axle load were determined as the independent variables of prediction models of pavement performance.The pavement condition index(PCI)and rutting depth index(RDI)were selected as maintenance decision control indexes to establish the unified prediction model of PCI and RDI respectively by applying the cosine deterioration equation.Results reveal that the deterioration law of PCI presents an anti-S type or concave type and the deterioration law of RDI shows an obvious concave type.The prediction model proposed in this study added the pavement maintenance standard factor d,which brings the model parameterα(reflecting the road life)and the deterioration equations are more applicable than the traditional standard equations.It is found that the fitting effects of PCI and RDI prediction models with different traffic grades are relatively similar to the actual service state of the pavements.

Evaluation of modification effect of epoxy resin based on performance of asphalt mixtures

Based on the analysis of the main failures discovered in pavement on steel deck plate and the demanding service condition of the pavement on steel deck, high-temperature rutting test, low-temperature bending test and controlled stress flexural fatigue test are used to study the performance of asphalt mixtures modified by epoxy resin including high-temperature stability, low-temperature cracking-resistance, and fatigue cracking-resistance, which are served to evaluate the modification effect of epoxy resin of different contents. With the addition of epoxy resin, all the three performances are improved greatly. However, when the amount of epoxy resin added is over a certain value, the modification effect will be stable with no extra benefit detected. Finally, in terms of the properties of the three respects, 20%, 30%, 30% are given separately as the proposal adding contents.

INFLUENCE OF AIRCRAFT DEICER ON FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY OF HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

The influence of glycol,the main composition of the most frequently used aircraft dicer,on the freeze-thaw durability of high performance concrete（HPC）is investigated.Freeze-thaw durability of HPC is tested by accelerated freeze-thaw test.Four kinds of the solution,i.e.,tap water,3.5% NaCl solution,glycol solutions,and a LBR-A type commercial aircraft deicer are employed.Results show that freeze-thaw durability of HPC exposed to glycol solutions is closely related to the solution concentrations.The failure of HPC exposed to 3.5% glycol solution is similar to that of those exposed to 3.5% NaCl solution,i.e.,serious surface scaling.While the damage of HPC exposed to 12.5%—25% glycol solutions is postponed.Compared with glycol solution,the commercial aircraft deicer has much more negative effects on HPC freeze-thaw durability compared with 3.5% NaCl solution.In the presence of commercial aircraft deicer for HPC subjected to freeze-thaw cycles,the deterioration is mainly due to scaling and spalling.

Study on Air-Purifying Performance of Semi-Flexible Asphalt Samples Coated with Titanium Dioxide Using Different Methods

Titanium dioxide(TiO_(2))was recently employed to apply onto road surfaces to degrade the harmful compounds from vehicle emissions.However,it remains a challenging task to find a highly compatible pavement type for TiO_(2)application to achieve durable and efficient air-purifying performance.This study proposed to coat TiO_(2)particles onto semi-flexible pavement surface and tried to investigate an optimum coating method.Three coating methods,including direct mixing TiO_(2)(MT)with asphalt mixture,spraying dry TiO_(2)(ST)coating and watersolution-based TiO_(2)(WT)coating on semi-flexible pavement surface.To achieve this objective,semi-flexible samples were prepared to evaluate and compare the performances of three coating methods by employing resistance to wearing,NO removal efficiency tests and residual texture depth tests.It was found that the ST method not only provided better NO degrading efficiency but also improved the resistance to wearing than the other two methods.

A systematic review of steel bridge deck pavement in China

As an important part of steel bridge deck,the engineering quality and service condition of steel bridge deck pavement(SBDP)directly affects the capacity and operational efficiency of the bridge.This paper reviews the history of the development of SBDP in China over the past 20 years from the exploration stage,rapid development stage and prosperity stage.The development and application of SBDP at different stages are discussed in terms of materials,structure,design,performance evaluation,maintenance and rehabilitation,respectively.The advantages and disadvantages of different pavement materials and structures,and the application of different research methods are summarized.The review shows that the improvement of pavement materials and structures and the development of new materials should be further studied on the multi-scale to enhance the durability of pavement materials,so as to extend the service life of pavements.The design method of SBDP related to the synergistic effect of vehicle,pavement and bridge should be established,and the design concept and method standard of rigid base pavement structure should be improved and formulate a complete design standard.In addition,multi-disease intelligent identification system and equipment should be studied to track the entire course of disease development in real time.And it is necessary to develop appropriate algorithms to select and classify the complex data of disease and maintenance history.

吸波沥青混合料的制备及微波自愈合特性

吸波材料具有良好的微波传热能力,可用于沥青路面微裂缝自修复。本研究选取了炭黑粉、羰基铁粉和镍锌铁氧体粉3种吸波材料替换部分矿粉制备了SMA-13吸波沥青混合料。通过车辙试验、低温弯曲破坏试验和冻融劈裂试验对比分析了不同吸波沥青混合料的路用性能,并采用半圆弯曲(SCB)试验研究了吸波材料类型、掺量、微波加热时间等因素对吸波沥青混合料表面温度分布和自愈合性能的影响。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析吸波材料的微观特性。结果表明,随吸波材料掺量从10%增至30%,炭黑粉沥青混合料的动稳定度和冻融劈裂强度比都呈现出逐渐上升趋势,而低温弯曲应变则表现出先增加后减小的特征;羰基铁粉沥青混合料动稳定度和低温弯曲应变均呈现先增加后减小的趋势,而冻融劈裂强度比表现出逐渐减小的特征;镍锌铁氧体粉沥青混合料动稳定度和低温弯曲应变均呈现逐渐减小趋势,而冻融劈裂强度比则与之相反。吸波沥青混合料的表面温度随着吸波材料掺量和微波加热时间的增加而逐渐上升,能够快速达到沥青混合料裂缝面的愈合温度,从而增强沥青混合料的微波自愈合性能。

改性彩色沥青路面色彩耐久性与抗滑性能研究

为提高彩色沥青路面色彩耐久性并研究其抗滑性能,采用有机硅-聚丙酸酯(silane-modified polyacrylate,SMP)对彩色沥青玛蹄脂碎石混合料(color stone mastic asphalt,CSMA)和彩色开级配抗滑表层(color open graded friction course,COGFC)2种混合料改性,借助小型加速加载设备进行对彩色沥青路面进行色彩耐久性评价,并通过三维扫描仪进行路面纹理信息采集,分析路面三维参数与其抗滑性能之间的关系。结果表明,SMP改性剂可有效提高CSMA、COGFC两种混合料的抗磨耗能力,提升彩色沥青色彩耐久性;CSMA及COGFC路面抗滑性能受到不同三维参数的影响,路面的摩擦系数模型由各自相关因子控制,增加路面暴露的集料数量和使用尖角集料能使彩色沥青路面的抗滑性能得到提升。

基于粒子群优化-熵权无偏灰色马尔可夫模型的沥青道面性能预测

为提高沥青道面使用性能的预测精度,针对道面性能数据累积年限少、波动大的特点,采用熵值法对多个道面单元进行赋权,并利用粒子群算法(PSO)和马尔可夫模型对传统无偏灰色模型残差序列的状态区间和白化系数进行优化,构建可准确预测沥青道面性能的PSO-熵权无偏灰色马尔可夫模型.结合西北某机场沥青道面6个检测单元前7年的道面状况指数进行模型精度检验,结果表明:与传统无偏灰色模型相比,经马尔可夫模型划分残差序列空间并使用PSO算法寻找最佳白化函数后,优化模型第1年~第5年各单元残差和相对误差均减小,且整体预测精度分别提高0.05%、0.28%、0.05%、0.03%和0.14%,第6、7年的整体预测精度分别提高12.9%和19.2%,说明优化后的模型对实际沥青道面的预测结果更具有效性和针对性.

用于微波除冰的吸波骨料选择及路面吸波功能层设计

相比传统除冰方式,微波可穿透冰层并选择性加热路面,进而破坏冰对路面的粘附性。针对现有吸波混凝土应用于整个面层,进而导致吸波骨料利用率不足的问题,本工作设计了一种具有吸波功能层的路面结构。首先综合对比分析了三种吸波骨料与石灰岩的微波升温特性、微波耐久性、骨料与水泥石粘附性以及经济性能,选择综合性能较好的吸波骨料;然后探究了不同粒径的吸波骨料的升温速率和替代石灰岩后其对混凝土力学性能的影响程度,以及不同厚度的吸波混凝土上、下表面温度及上下表面温度差变化规律,推荐了最佳的吸波骨料替换粒径及功能层厚度;最后研究了石墨掺量对微波均匀性及力学强度的影响,推荐了最佳石墨掺量。结果表明:在四种骨料中,磁铁矿的综合性能较好;磁铁矿的粒径为16~19 mm时升温速率最快,且其替换相应粒径的石灰岩所制备的吸波混凝土结构强度比普通混凝土高50%,吸波混凝土功能层设计厚度为5 cm可保证材料的最优利用率。同时,3%的石墨掺量可改善微波加热的均匀性并满足力学要求。研究结果可为微波除冰应用于道路及机场路面提供参考。

基于响应面法的半柔性路面材料低温性能研究

为提高半柔性路面材料(SFPM)低温抗裂性能,采用橡胶粉与硅烷偶联剂对水泥砂浆进行改性,制备复合半柔性路面材料(R&S-SFPM)。基于响应面分析法以劈裂抗拉强度、抗弯拉强度、最大弯拉应变、弯曲蠕变速率以及平均线收缩系数作为评价指标分析胶粉目数、掺量及硅烷偶联剂用量对SFPM低温性能的影响,并确定了可获得最优低温性能表现的R&S-SFPM掺配比例。结果表明:橡胶粉可提高SFPM的应力松弛能力,使其具有更好的柔韧性;硅烷偶联剂可提高SFPM力学强度。此外,橡胶粉及硅烷偶联剂掺量、胶粉目数均对SFPM低温性能改善效果有较大影响。当胶粉目数为60目、掺量为14%,硅烷偶联剂用量为0.72%时,R&S-SFPM综合低温效果最佳;与普通半柔性路面材料(O-SFPM)相比,R&S-SFPM的劈裂抗拉强度、抗弯拉强度、最大弯拉应变以及弯曲蠕变速率分别提高23.7%、7.6%、29.9%和15.2%。

高性能混凝土在路面结构中的力学性能分析

高性能路面混凝土在普通混凝土原材料的基础上,通过改变配制技术来提高力学性能和耐久性。本文通过室内试验对高性能混凝土在路面结构中的力学性能进行分析,为路面结构的可持续发展提供参考。

复合改性沥青高模量热再生混合料性能研究

通过添加大比例布敦岩沥青(BRA)和苯乙烯丁二烯共聚物(SBR)改性沥青,实现热再生沥青混合料综合路用性能、动态回弹模量和抗疲劳性能的提高,基于室内试验和试验段铺筑经验,验证BRA热再生高模量沥青混合料的技术可行性。结果表明:使用3%SBR改性沥青和添加2%~8%BRA可使热再生沥青混合料的车辙试验动稳定度不小于5 000次/mm,且加载60分钟后的车辙变形量不大于2.0 mm,低温弯曲破坏应变不小于2 800με;推荐复配方案的热再生沥青混合料满足高模量沥青混合料技术指标要求。

基于组合模型的沥青路面使用性能预测研究

为精确预测沥青路面性能的衰减趋势,以便合理确定道路养护的时机和方案,综合灰色模型与马尔科夫模型的优势,构建灰色马尔科夫链的组合模型,对不同沥青路面的性能指标进行预测,并以某实际道路为例,探讨两种模型的预测特性和适用范围,同时比较两种模型的预测精度差异.研究结果表明:灰色理论模型在具备历史路面性能数据的情况下,对PCI的预测精度达到一级,预测结果可靠;对于性能较好的路段,预测精度更高;在预测性能较差的路段时,精度提升显著,表明组合模型适用范围更广,更适合长期预测.