Ionic potency regulation of coagulation bath induced by saline solution to control over the pore structure of PBI membrane for highperformance lithium metal batteries

In this study,we have explored the use of water as a non-solvent for tuning the microstructure of poly-benzimidazole(PBI)membranes,which are potential separators for lithium metal batteries(LMBs).The traditional method for membrane synthesis called nonsolvent-induced phase separation(NIPS),usually relies on hazardous and costly organic non-solvents.By dissolving sodium chloride(Nacl)in water,we could adjust the water ionic potency and the exchange speed of the non-solvent with the DMAC solution to change the micropore structure of the PBI membrane.With increasing Nacl concentration,the micro-pores in the PBI membrane transitioned from finger-like to sponge-like morphology.Compared to com-mercial separators like the Celgard separator,the PBI membrane with sponge-like micropores exhibited better regulation of lithium deposition and improved Li^(+) transportation capability due to its good wetta-bility with the electrolyte.Consequently,the PBI membrane-based Li/Li symmetric cell and Li/LiFePO_(4) full cell demonstrated superior performance compared to the Celgard-based ones.This research proposes an eco-friendly and scalable synthetic approach for fabricating commercial separators for LMBs,addressing the issue of lithium dendrite growth and improving overall battery safety and performance.

Additive potential of ginger starch on antifungal potency of honey against Candida albicans

Objective:To evaluate the additive action of ginger starch on the antifungal activity of honey against Candida albicans(C.albicans).Methods:C.albicans was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)of four varieties of Algerian honey.Lower concentrations of honey than the MIC were incubated with a set of concentrations of starch and then added to media to detennine the minimum additive inhibitory concentration(MAIC).Results:The MIC for the four varieties of honey without starch against C.albicans ranged between 38%and 42%(v/v).When starch was incubated with honey and then added to media,a MIC drop was noticed with each variety.MAIC of the four varieties ranged between 32%honey(v/v)with 4%starch and 36%honey(v/v) with 2%starch.Conclusions:The use of ginger starch allows honey benefit and will constitute an alternative way against the resistance to antifungal agents.

Selection of appropriate analytical tools to determine the potency and bioactivity of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance

Antibiotics are the chemotherapeutic agents that kill or inhibit the pathogenic microorganisms.Resistance of microorganism to antibiotics is a growing problem around the world due to indiscriminate and irrational use of antibiotics.In order to overcome the resistance problem and to safely use antibiotics,the correct measurement of potency and bioactivity of antibiotics is essential.Microbiological assay and high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） method are used to quantify the potency of antibiotics.HPLC method is commonly used for the quantification of potency of antibiotics,but unable to determine the bioactivity;whereas microbiological assay estimates both potency and bioactivity of antibiotics.Additionally,bioassay is used to estimate the effective dose against antibiotic resistant microbes.Simultaneously,microbiological assay addresses the several parameters such as minimal inhibitory concentration（MIC）,minimum bactericidal concentration（MBC）,mutation prevention concentration（MPC） and critical concentration（Ccr） which are used to describe the potency in a more informative way.Microbiological assay is a simple,sensitive,precise and cost effective method which gives reproducible results similar to HPLC.However,the HPLC cannot be a complete substitute for microbiological assay and both methods have their own significance to obtain more realistic and precise results.

Photosynthetic Performance and Potency of <i>Cannabis sativa</i>L. Grown under LED and HPS Illumination

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be used as an energy efficient alternative to high-pressure sodium (HPS), which have historically been the standard for supplemental lighting in cannabis cultivation. However, there is a lack of scientific understanding in the cannabis industry regarding plant physiology, which has resulted in the adoption of cannabis cultivation methods based on hearsay rather than scientific research. The goals of this study were to 1) compare LED lighting options that are commonly used in the cannabis industry and 2) compare the top performing LED light with an industry standard HPS light. Specifically, three LED lights were compared (California Light Works ((SolarSystem 1100), BIOS Lighting (Icarus Gi2), and Fluence Bioengineering (now Fluence by Osram) (SPYDR xPLUS)), based on light distribution, leaf temperature, and photosynthetic performance indices. The LED versus HPS comparison was based on light response curves measured at photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) of (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750 and 2000 μmol∙m−2∙s−1), carbon assimilation rates (A) μmol CO2 m−2∙s−1 using a LiCor-6800 and resulting cannabinoid potency (THCA). The SPYDR xPLUS-Fluence by Osram had the highest performing LED light used in the LED comparison. At the suggested distance from bulb to canopy in the HPS versus LED comparison (6 inches for LEDs and 4 ft for HPS), carbon assimilation rates displayed a 142% percent increase in plants grown under LED vs. HPS with average photon flux densities of 795 and 298 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 for LED and HPS, respectively. All cultivars of Cannabis sativa L. showed increased cannabinoid potency when grown under LED illumination. The results of this study provide further insight regarding the selection of supplemental light to achieve maximum productivity of Cannabis sativa L.

Surrogate potency assays:Comparison of binding profiles complements dose response curves for unambiguous assessment of relative potencies

Surface plasmon resonance(SPR) systems are widely used for detailed characterization of antibody activities including antigen and Fc-receptor binding. During the later stages of development, where the focus is to ensure that established critical quality attributes(CQAs) are maintained during cell culture,purification and formulation processes, analysis is simplified, and relative potencies are often determined. Here, simulation of binding data revealed that relative potency values, determined via parallel line analysis(PLA) and half maximal effective concentration(EC50) analysis accurately reflect changes in active concentration only if binding kinetics remain unchanged. Changes in the association rate constant shifted dose response curves, and therefore relative potencies, in the same way as changes in analyte concentration do. However, for interactions characterized by stable binding, changes in the dissociation rate constant did not result in any shift, suggesting that this type of change may go unnoticed in the dose response curve. Thus, EC50 and PLA analyses of dose response curves obtained with an anti-TNF-α antibody were complemented with the Biacore functionality for sensorgram comparison analysis, whereby changes in antigen and Fc-receptor binding profiles could be detected. Next, analysis of temperature stressed TNF-α antibody revealed that calibration free concentration analysis(CFCA) data correlated perfectly with relative potency values. Together, these results demonstrate that combinations of SPR based dose response curves, sensorgram comparison and CFCA can be used to strengthen the confidence in relative potency assessments, and suggest that SPR can potentially be used as a surrogate potency assay in the quality control of biotherapeutic medicines.

A Semi-quantitative Serological Method to Assess the Potency of Inactivated Rabies Vaccine for Veterinary Use

Potency is one of the most important indexes of inactivated vaccines.A number of methods have been established to assay the potency,of which the NIH test and single-dose mouse protection test are the "prescribed methods".Here,we report a method to semi-quantitatively assay the potency of an inactivated rabies vaccine,which uses fewer animals and takes less time to complete.Depending on the quality requirements of a vaccine(e.g.minimum potency),a rabies reference vaccine is,for example,diluted to the minimum potency,and 50 μL of the dilution is taken to inoculate 10 mice.The same amount of the test rabies vaccine is inoculated into another 10 mice.After two weeks,all mice are bled and serum samples are assayed for viral neutralizing antibody by the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization(FAVN) test.By comparing the median and interquartile range of antibody titers of the reference vaccine with those of the test vaccine,the test vaccine potency can be semi-quantitatively judged as to whether it is in accord with the required quality.The reliability of this method was also confirmed in dogs.The procedure can be recommended for batch potency testing during inactivated rabies vaccine production.

Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Acid Secretion Potency in Gastric Parietal Cells

Gastric parietal cells are important in acid secretion, but it is unclear which cells throughout the gastric gland have the highest secretion potency. Here, we used immunohistochemical methods with anti-H+, K+-ATPase, phosphoryl ezrin and CD44 antibodies to study the distribution of gastric acid secretion activity. Stomach tissues from freely fed and starved rats were cryofixed for light microscopy or fixed by high-pressure freezing for electron microscopy. Parietal cells from freely fed animals corresponded to the active secretion phase and to the inactive resting phase from starved rats. Anti-H+, K+-ATPase and anti-phosphoryl ezrin labeling were observed on the membrane of the intracellular canaliculi and the tubulovesicle from freely fed rats, while cells from starved animals showed weak labeling with anti-phosphoryl ezrin antibody staining. Morphometrical analysis at the electron microscopic level was performed on active and inactive acid secretory phases between the upper and base regions of the gland. H+, K+-ATPase and CD44 were distributed on both sites of the microvillous and tubulovesicle membrane in the same cells, but phosphoryl ezrin localized predominantly on the microvillous membrane in active cells of the glandular neck and upper base. Therefore, the highest secreting potency appeared to be in cells of the glandular neck and upper base.

Determination of the Potency of Extracted, Purified and Formulated Insulin from the Pancreatic Organs of the Sudanese Beef Cattle

The treatment of type 1 diabetes is mainly dependent on insulin therapy and current formulated insulin formulations are used for its control all over the world. The presented study was designed to evaluate the potency of extracted, purified and formulated insulin from the pancreatic organs of the Sudanese beef cattle. Twenty healthy rabbits were used to conduct the study following subcutaneous administration of the sample insulin, to determine the hypoglycemic effect and to analyze the potency of the testing insulin by the hypoglycemic seizure method, blood sugar method and glucose enzymatic colorimetric test (GOD-PAP) respectively. The potency of the injected insulin samples was estimated by comparing the variation in blood glucose levels produced in the treated animals with that produced by a standard insulin preparation under the suitable conditions of the blood sugar method. The results revealed that the potency of the testing beef insulin samples was slightly higher (i.e., 2.2 USP units/ml, 9%) compared to the standard and assumed potency of the prepared insulin preparations (i.e., 1-2 USP units/ml) which indicated that the solvents and diluents used to prepare the assay dilution might be of higher potency and must be diluted to such an extent that the testing insulin potency must be compatible with the standard dilutions. Furthermore, to determine the choice of an assay to analyze the potency of insulin preparations, not only the accuracy of the result but also the purpose for which the test is to be used and the time limit must be taken into consideration.

The biological potency of benzapyrene in the humates composition

The aim of the paper was to determine benz(a)-pyrene in the preparations containing humates and study the benz(a)pyrene biological potency for the agricultural plants. The research methodology included the determination of the dependencies in the system “substance concentration (dose)—effect on the plant”. Concentrations of benz(a)pyrene in 12 samples of the humates preparations and fertilizers based on their trademarks “Irkutsk humates”, obtained from brown coal, varied in the range from 0.3 to 50 mcg/kg, which creates no soil contamination in conditions of the use of preparations. Between contents of benz(a)pyrene and humates there is a correlation (rxy = 0.95;α = 0.05). It is ascertained that the effects of stimulation and/or inhibition of the growth and yield of agricultural plants depend on the concentration of benz(a)pyrene and the method of plant processing. Optimal concentrations of benz(a)pyrene were 150-200 ng/dm3 for preplant way of processing of potato tubers, 3-10 ng/dm3—for top dressing (spraying) and 0.1-0.3 ng/dm3—for dressing under the roots (hydroponic). The obtained results allowed us to offer one of the possible mechanisms of biological potency of humates as the plant growth stimulants, and also a way testing of the preparations by screening of their benz(a)pyrene content.

Confidence limit calculation for antidotal potency ratio derived from lethal dose 50

AIM:To describe confidence interval calculation for antidotal potency ratios using bootstrap method.METHODS:We can easily adapt the nonparametric bootstrap method which was invented by Efron to construct confidence intervals in such situations like this.The bootstrap method is a resampling method in which the bootstrap samples are obtained by resampling from the original sample.RESULTS:The described confidence interval calculation using bootstrap method does not require the sampling distribution antidotal potency ratio.This can serve as a substantial help for toxicologists,who are directed to employ the Dixon up-and-down method with the application of lower number of animals to determine lethal dose 50 values for characterizing the investigated toxic molecules and eventually for characterizing the antidotal protections by the test antidotal systems.CONCLUSION:The described method can serve as a useful tool in various other applications.Simplicity ofthe method makes it easier to do the calculation using most of the programming software packages.

Effects of Different Enucleation Methods on Developmental Potency of Pig Handmade Clone Reconstructed Embryos

Effects of different enucleation methods on developmental potency of pig handmade clone（HMC）reconstructed embryo was investigated in the paper.We compared enucleation efficiency of blind cut method,first polar body（Pb1）positioning method and demecolcine（DM）assisted enucleation,as well as their effects on development of HMC reconstructed embryos.The results showed that overall enucleation efficiency of Pb1 positioning method was significantly higher than that of blind cut method（P〈0.05）.The protuberance rate and overall enucleation efficiency of 0.4μg/mL DM treated group for 60 min was significantly higher than that of other concentrations and time treatment groups（P〈0.05）.For effects on development of HMC reconstructed embryos,there was no significant difference between DM-assisted enucleation and Pb1 positioning method.In conclusion,appropriate addition of DM could enhance enucleation efficiency of HMC,which had no significant influence on developmental potency of reconstructed embryos.

Developmental potency of mouse primitive ectoderm cells, embryonic ectoderm cells and primordial germ cells after blastocyst injection

Developmental potency of primitive and embryonic ectoderm cells from 4.50-day to 6.25-day post-coitum (p.c.) mouse embryos and primordial germ cells from 12.50-day p.c.male genital ridges of fetal mice were studied by direct introducing them into 3.50-day p.c.blastocysts.Sixteen (61.5) overt chimaeras out of 26(50%) offsprings were obtained after transfer of 52 blastocysts injected with 4.50-day primitive ectoderm cells;four (16.0%) overt chimaeras were obtained out of 25 (51.0%) offsprings with 4.75-day primitive ectoderm cells from 49 transferred blastocysts.However,no overt chimaera was obtained with either 5.25-day or 6.25-day embryonic ectoderm cells or 12.50-day male primordial germ cells.GPI analysis of mid-gestation conceptuses developed from injected blastocysts showedthat 5.25-day embryonic ectoderm cells could only contributed to yolk sac of conceptus.Results suggested that implantation acts as a trigger for the determination of primitive ectoderm cells,and their developmental potency becomes limited within a short period of time in normal development.

A “Potency-Act” Interpretation of Quantum Physics

Some considerations are presented on the so called “ontological interpretations” of quantum physics, starting from a remark by Werner Heisenberg on the relation between the probabilistic character of quantum states and the Aristotelian notion of “potency”. We show how an interesting revival of the original idea by Heisenberg can be found in the recent scientific and epistemological literature, in order to solve some paradoxical aspects emerging within some of the usual interpretations of quantum physics. Moreover a way seems to be open in order to rediscover the role of Aristotelian-Thomistic notion of “analogy” of “causal agents” operating even in the physical world. The “Potency-Act” interpretation of quantum physics appears aside the role of the Aristotelian notion of “Form” when it is compared with the recent notion of “information” in the context of the physics of “complex systems” and the biology of “living systems”.

Establishment of animal model for potency evaluationof inactivated SARS virus experimental vaccine

The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of source virus strain for the manufacture of the inactivated SARS virus vaccine, and establish an experimental method and preliminary standard for potency evaluation. Mice were divided into groups for being immunized with corresponding serially diluted experimental SARS virus inactivated vaccine. And the rabbits were immunized with undiluted vaccine. Challenge assay was conducted with a heterologous SARS virus. And the neutralization antibody was determined with plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), to which the neutralization antibody in the convalescent serum of SARS patients was compared. The experimental vaccine viral strains were proved to be suitable for manufacturing the vaccine. Mice immunized by vaccines of serial dilutions were able to elicit neutralizing antibody. The antibody titer from mice immunized with the undiluted vaccine could reach up to 1∶495.2, while those of rabbits immunized with the undiluted vaccine could reach a GMT of 55.0-79.9. The capability of the antibody to neutralize the virus from Guangdong is more efficient than that from Beijing. The GMT of neutralizing antibody in SARS convalescents living in south and north China ranged from 50.12 to 54.95, and the titers of convalescents from north China were higher than those from south China. Mice and rabbits used as the model for evaluation of potency are of sensitivity, and the test is of reproducibility. The candidate challenge viral strains showed a relatively consistent effect on evaluating antibodies produced by various batches and different vaccine-source strains, hence they can be used to evaluate potency of the vaccine. The method for testing the vaccine potency and the evaluation standard was established preliminarily.

鼠棒状杆菌层析免疫检测方法的建立及应用

本研究对制备出的单克隆抗体进行鉴定,并以此为基础构建鼠棒状杆菌免疫层析检测方法,制备检测试纸。试验结果表明:试验获取的单克隆抗体效价高(1.6×10^(3)~1.28×10^(4)),特异性和灵敏度好。免疫层析胶体金试纸最低检出限为10^(-6)CFU/mL,与大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌等无交叉反应,具有一定的临床意义。

管碟法测定硫酸新霉素效价的方法优化

目的优化硫酸新霉素含量管碟法测定方法,增大新霉素抑菌圈直径大小,提高检测结果的准确性。方法按照《中国兽药典》2020版一部附录1200抗生素微生物(检定法)的实验基本要求,设置菌液麦氏浊度(0.5、1、2、3和>4 mcf)、培养基pH(7.6、7.8、8.0、8.2和8.4)、磷酸盐缓冲液中NaCl添加比例(0、3%、4%、5%、7%和9%)等变量进行含量测定,比较抑菌圈直径大小和可信限率等指标。结果在添加0.5%的菌液麦氏浊度为3 mcf的金黄色葡萄球菌液、培养基p H为8.0、缓冲液添加5%的Na Cl条件下,高剂量抑菌圈直径扩大至20 mm左右,抑菌圈边缘清晰,且符合《中国兽药典》可信限率的要求(不大于5%)。通过多产品多厂家的实样验证此条件稳定可靠。结论优化后的方法可用于硫酸新霉素常规效价含量的测定。

牛多杀性巴氏杆菌病疫苗效力检验用攻毒菌的研究

为提高我国牛多杀性巴氏杆菌病疫苗效力评价方法的稳定性、可靠性及检验效率,研究制备了活菌数定量的攻毒用牛多杀性巴氏杆菌C45-2株的冻干菌。对其性状、纯粹、真空度、剩余水分、均一性、活菌数稳定性及毒力稳定性进行了检验和评价。冻干攻毒菌在疫苗效力检验中进行应用,并与-70℃冻存的攻毒菌液进行了比较研究。结果表明,定量冻干菌的性状、纯粹、真空度和剩余水分均符合冻干制品的要求;均一性检查变异系数与低温冻存菌液变异系数均小于6%,均一性良好;保存15个月活菌数稳定性良好,较冻存菌液有明显的优势;保存12个月内毒力略有下降,但不影响疫苗的效力检验,可有效评价疫苗质量。试验表明冻干菌株能满足牛多杀性巴氏杆菌效力检验使用,且简化了细菌培养步骤,提高了检验结果的稳定性和工作效率。

那屈肝素钙中N-NO的去除方法研究

分别采用氧化法、加热法、微波照射法、紫外照射法处理那屈肝素钙粗品,比较了不同方法对N-NO的去除效果;并进一步研究了紫外照射时间对那屈肝素钙产品关键指标的影响,进行了3批工艺验证和N-NO含量测定的方法学验证。结果表明,氧化法、加热法、微波照射法仅能去除50%左右的N-NO,而紫外照射20~60 min可以去除95%以上的N-NO,使那屈肝素钙产品符合欧洲药典(EP)标准要求(N-NO含量≤0.25μg·g^(-1));紫外照射对那屈肝素钙产品的分子量、效价等关键指标无影响;方法学验证结果表明,热能分析仪适用于那屈肝素钙中N-NO含量的测定。

危险现实化理论的生成:缘起、构造及其界限

危险现实化理论肇端自相当因果关系理论的危机。以预见可能性判断为核心的传统相当因果关系理论,不能妥当评价行为后因果流程,是造成相当因果关系理论的危机之本质原因。为妥当评价行为后的因果流程,结果归责评价的重点应由危险创设转向危险实现。对于危险实现的判断,应当实现由形式判断向实质判断的转向。危险现实化理论,在因果力大小的比较标准、因果力较小的行为的评价等问题上,仍然存在完善的必要性。

复方制霉菌素软膏中新霉素微生物检定法研究

为了提高复方制霉菌素软膏中新霉素微生物检定法的准确性和可靠性,对其进行了细化和完善。通过试验菌株制备、抗生素浓度范围及双碟制备等方面明确了复方制霉菌素软膏中新霉素微生物检定法各检测指标,并对所得方法进行了验证。结果显示复方制霉菌素软膏中新霉素微生物检定法在4.58~21.84 U/mL范围内线性关系良好,高中低三个浓度的准确度在97.07%~102.63%之间,方法重复性及中间精密度良好(RSD分别为1.5%、1.4%),且方法耐受性和稳定性较优。因此该方法可以作为复方制霉菌素软膏常规质量控制方法。