Herb pair of Huangqi-Danggui exerts anti-tumor immunity to breast cancer by upregulating PIK3R1

Background:According to traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),drugs supplementing the vital energy,Qi,can eliminate tumors by restoring host immunity.The objective of this study is to investigate the underlying immune mechanisms of anti-tumor activity associated with Qi-supplementing herbs,specifically the paired use of Huangqi and Danggui.Methods:Analysis of compatibility regularity was conducted to screen the combination of Qi-supplementing TCMs.Using the MTT assay and a transplanted tumor mice model,the anti-tumor effects of combination TCMs were investigated in vitro and in vivo.High content analysis and flow cytometry were then used to evaluate cellular immunity,followed by network pharmacology and molecular docking to dissect the significant active compounds and potential mechanisms.Finally,the anti-tumor activity and the mechanism of the active ingredients were verified by molecular experiments.Results:There is an optimal combination of Huangqi and Danggui that,administered as an aqueous extract,can activate immunity to suppress tumor and is more effective than each drug on its own in vitro and in vivo.Based on network pharmacology analysis,PIK3R1 is the core target for the anti-tumor immunity activity of combined Huangqi and Danggui.Molecular docking analysis shows 6 components of the combined Danggui and Huangqi extract(quercetin,jaranol,isorhamnetin,kaempferol,calycosin,and suchilactone)that bind to PIK3R1.Jaranol is the most important component against breast cancer.The suchilactone/jaranol combination and,especially,the suchilactone/kaempferol combination are key for immunity enhancement and the anti-tumor effects of the extract.Conclusions:The combination of Huangqi and Danggui can activate immunity to suppress breast cancer and is more effective than the individual drugs alone.

Extracellular vesicles in anti-tumor drug resistance: Mechanisms and therapeutic prospects

Drug resistance presents a significant challenge to achieving positive clinical outcomes in anti-tumor therapy.Prior research has illuminated reasons behind drug resistance,including increased drug efflux,alterations in drug targets,and abnormal activation of oncogenic pathways.However,there's a need for deeper investigation into the impact of drug-resistant cells on parental tumor cells and intricate crosstalk between tumor cells and the malignant tumor microenvironment(TME).Recent studies on extracellular vesicles(EVs)have provided valuable insights.EVs are membrane-bound particles secreted by all cells,mediating cell-to-cell communication.They contain functional cargoes like DNA,RNA,lipids,proteins,and metabolites from mother cells,delivered to other cells.Notably,EVs are increasingly recognized as regulators in the resistance to anti-cancer drugs.This review aims to summarize the mechanisms of EV-mediated anti-tumor drug resistance,covering therapeutic approaches like chemo-therapy,targeted therapy,immunotherapy and even radiotherapy.Detecting Ev-based biomarkers to predict drug resistance assists in bypassing anti-tumor drug resistance.Additionally,targeted inhibition of EV biogenesis and secretion emerges as a promising approach to counter drug resistance.We highlight the importance of conducting in-depth mechanistic research on EVs,their cargoes,and functional ap-proaches specifically focusing on EV subpopulations.These efforts will significantly advance the devel-opment of strategies to overcome drug resistance in anti-tumor therapy.

Treatment of primary nasal tuberculosis with anti-tumor necrosis factor immunotherapy:A case report

BACKGROUND Primary nasal tuberculosis(TB)is a rare form of extrapulmonary TB,particularly in patients receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor(TNF)immunotherapy.As a result,its diagnosis remains challenging.CASE SUMMARY A 58-year-old male patient presented to the ear,nose,and throat department with right-sided nasal obstruction and bloody discharge for 1 month.He was diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis and received anti-TNF immunotherapy for 3 years prior to presentation.Biopsy findings revealed chronic granulomatous inammation and a few acid-fast bacilli,suggestive of primary nasal TB.He was referred to our TB management department for treatment with oral anti-TB agents.After 9 months,the nasal lesions had disappeared.No recurrence was noted during follow-up.CONCLUSION The diagnosis of primary nasal TB should be considered in patients receiving TNF antagonists who exhibit thickening and crusting of the nasal septum mucosa or inferior turbinate,particularly when pathological findings suggest granulomatous inflammation.

Spatiotemporal transformable nano-assembly for on-demand drug delivery to enhance anti-tumor immunotherapy

Induction of tumor cell senescence has become a promising strategy for anti-tumor immunotherapy,but fibrotic matrix severely blocks senescence inducers penetration and immune cells infiltration.Herein,we designed a cancer-associated fibroblasts(CAFs)triggered structure-transformable nano-assembly(HSD-P@V),which can directionally deliver valsartan(Val,CAFs regulator)and doxorubicin(DOX,senescence inducer)to the specific targets.In detail,DOX is conjugated with hyaluronic acid(HA)via diselenide bonds(Se-Se)to form HSD micelles,while CAFs-sensitive peptide is grafted onto the HSD to form a hydrophilic polymer,which is coated on Val nanocrystals(VNs)surface for improving the stability and achieving responsive release.Once arriving at tumor microenvironment and touching CAFs,HSD-P@V disintegrates into VNs and HSD micelles due to sensitive peptide detachment.VNs can degrade the extracellularmatrix,leading to the enhanced penetration of HSD.HSD targets tumor cells,releases DOX to induce senescence,and recruits effector immune cells.Furthermore,senescent cells are cleared by the recruited immune cells to finish the integrated anti-tumor therapy.In vitro and in vivo results show that the nanoassembly remarkably inhibits tumor growth as well as lungmetastasis,and extends tumorbearing mice survival.This work provides a promising paradigm of programmed delivering multi-site nanomedicine for cancer immunotherapy.

Mechanism of Anti-tumor Effects of Viola Medicinal Materials Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

[Objectives]To explore the relationship between anti-tumor components,targets,and pathways involved in Viola medicinal materials,study its main active components,and evaluate its inhibitory activity.[Methods]Through network pharmacological analysis,molecular docking simulation experiments and in vitro experiments,the main components and corresponding targets of Viola were screened out,and their anti-tumor signaling pathways were confirmed.MTT colorimetric assay was used to investigate the inhibitory effect of different extraction layers of Viola on the growth of tumor cells.[Results]18 anti-tumor active components such as 2α,19α-Dihydroxyursolic acid,Corlumine,Madolin U,Trifolirhizin and etc.,and 52 action targets such as PTGS2,PTGS1,P2RX7,MMP1,and GABRB3,and anti-tumor signaling pathways were confirmed.The results of molecular docking showed that all the selected Viola compounds had good binding activity.The results of MTT colorimetric assay showed that the petroleum ether layer and n-butanol layer had a good inhibitory effect on the growth of tumor cell lines.[Conclusions]Viola medicinal materials have the potential of anti-tumor,triterpenoids and flavonoids may be the main active components,and the petroleum ether layer and n-butanol layer have better inhibitory effect on the growth of tumor cells.

Preparation of kakkatin derivatives and their anti-tumor activity

BACKGROUND Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that plant-derived compounds from Puerariae flos(PF)has significant biological activities against liver damage,tumors and inflammation.Kakkatin is an isoflavone polyphenolic compound isolated from PF flower.However,the effect of kakkatin and its derivatives on anti-tumor has not been well explored.AIM To design and synthesize a kakkatin derivative[6-(hept-6-yn-1-yloxy)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-4H-chromen-4-one(HK)]to explore its anti-tumor biological activity.METHODS Hept-6-yn-1-yl ethanesulfonate was introduced to replace hydrogen at the hydroxyl position of kakkatin phenol,and the derivative of kakkatin was prepared;the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide was used to detect cell viability,a clone formation assay was adopted to detect cell proliferation,apoptosis,necrosis,and cell cycles were analyzed by Annexin V/propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry.Cell migration and invasion ability were evaluated by cell scratch assay and transwell assay.The potential mechanism of HK on hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)SMMC-7721 cells was explored through network pharmacology and molecular docking,and finally real-time PCR assays was used to verify the potential targets and evaluate the biological activity of HK.RESULTS Compared with kakkatin,the modified HK did not significantly increase the inhibitory activity of gastric cancer MGC803 cells,but the inhibitory activity of HCC SMMC-7721 cells was increased by about 30 times,with an IC50 value of 2.5μM,and the tumor inhibition effect was better than cisplatin,which could significantly inhibit the cloning,invasion and metastasis of HCC SMMC-7721 cells,and induce apoptosis and G2/M cycle arrest.Its mechanism of action is mainly related to the upregulation of PDE3B and NFKB1 target proteins in the cAMP pathway.CONCLUSION HK have a significant inhibitory effect on HCC SMMC-7721 cells,and the targets of their action may be PDE3B and NFKB1 proteins in the cAMP pathway,making it a good lead drug for the treatment of HCC.

Anti-Tumor and Anti-Diabetic Effects of Sarsasapogenin

In this paper,the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of sarsasapogenin,such as anti-oxidant,anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects,are reviewed in order to provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent development and clinical application of sarsasapogenin.

Advances in Research of Anti-tumor Effect of Aconiti Radix

In this paper,the anti-tumor effects of Aconiti Radix were reviewed and summarized,and the clinical feasibility of Aconiti Radix as a potential anti-tumor drug was analyzed,in order to provide a useful reference for the future research and development of new anti-cancer drugs of Aconiti Radix.

Screening for Anti-tumor Activity of Fractions from Buddleja officinalis Maxim

[Objectives]The anti-tumor activity of fractions from Buddleja officinalis Maxim.by petroleum ether,ethyl acetate,n-butanol and water solvent was studied.[Methods]The ethanol extract from B.officinalis Maxim.was extracted and then concentrated with petroleum ether,ethyl acetate,n-butanol and water,respectively,and the extracts were obtained.The inhibitory effects of the four different fractions on the growth of three tumor cell lines in vitro were detected by CCK-8 method,and the median inhibitory concentration(IC 50 value)was calculated.[Results]The four fractions inhibited the growth of the three tumor cell lines in vitro,among which the n-butanol fraction had the best anti-tumor activity.The IC 50 values of the n-butanol fraction on human gastric cancer(SGC-7901),human breast cancer(MCF-7)and human liver cancer(BEL-7404)cell lines were 0.08,1.58 and 0.12 mg/mL,respectively.[Conclusions]Petroleum ether,ethyl acetate,n-butanol and water fractions from the ethanol extract of B.officinalis Maxim.had certain anti-tumor effects,and the n-butanol fraction had the best anti-tumor activity.

Research progress on the anti-tumor effect of Codonopsis pilosula

Currently,the mortality rate of malignant tumors ranks second globally,surpassed only by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.The treatment of malignant tumors poses a formidable challenge to both modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).To date,TCM has developed a substantial foundational theoretical understanding and accumulated significant clinical experience in combating tumors.According to TCM foundational theories,"Qi deficiency"is a critical symptom associated with cancer,and"fortifying the body's vitality while expelling pathogens"is the cornerstone of TCM's approach to tumor treatment and bodily balance.Codonopsis pilosula(CP),a Qi-invigorating herb,is known to invigorat the spleen,benefit the lungs,nourish the blood,and promote bodily fluids.It is often employed as a substitute for ginseng in clinical settings.Prolonged clinical observations have identified key active constituents of CP,such as Codonopsis polysaccharides,isoimperatorin,saponins,lobetyolin,sesquiterpene lactones,and muscone.These ingredients exhibit various therapeutic properties,including anti-tumor,immunomodulatory,anti-infective,antioxidant,and hematopoiesis-enhancing effects.Additionally,when CP is combined with other TCM herbs like Astragalus and Atractylodes macrocephala,it bolsters the body's vital energy and rejuvenates both Qi and blood.CP can be used in combination with chemotherapy agents to mitigate the adverse effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Moreover,CP demonstrates potential in preventing precancerous lesions.This review summarizes recent research findings on the anti-tumor properties of CP,elucidates the anti-tumor effects and molecular mechanisms of its active components,provides a basis for promoting the utilization of CP resources and its active constituents,and offers insights for the research and development of new anti-tumor drugs.

Dual-acceptor engineering of donor-acceptor type molecules for all-round boosting anti-tumor phototherapy

The integration of robust photon-absorption capacity,high reactive oxygen speciesyields and photothermal conversion efficiency(PCE)into a single phototheranosticnano-agents is ideal but rarely reported.This study employed a dual-acceptorengineering strategy utilizing isoindigo and selenium-substituted[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c]pyridine to augment the molar extinction coefficient and spin-orbitcoupling effect,respectively,resulting in a substantial enhancement of photonabsorptionability and non-radiative decay energy-release process of donoracceptortype phototherapy molecules.As the optimal phototherapy agent,IID-PSe exhibited a high molar extinction coefficient two times that of photosensitizer,excellent 1O2 yield(15%)and PCE(34%),exhibiting great potential forphototherapy.After encapsulating with DSPE-PEG2000,IID-PSe NPs showedexcellent anti-tumor phototherapy ability both in vitro and in vivo.This workprovides an effective idea for designing high-performance photosensitive dyeswith high efficiency phototherapy output.

基于数据挖掘的王兰英主任治疗肺癌组方规律分析

目的:应用现代数据挖掘技术总结常用的抗癌中药药对配伍规律,为临床应用提供参考。方法:共筛选整理王兰英主任医师治疗肺癌的方剂13664例,应用Microsoft Excel 2023、R语言进行频数统计和Apriori关联规则分析。结果:13664例方剂中共涉及中药448味,统计出太子参、山慈姑、白花蛇舌草等高频药30味,挖掘出支持度0.1以上、置信度0.7以上、提升度1.0以上的关联规则1647条,对这些规则进行高频药相关性分类及可视化展示。进一步结合中药学四气五味理论、方剂学君臣佐使理论分析,发现王兰英主任医师抗肺癌常用药物较为集中,且多以固定药对的形式配伍使用,如石上柏-石见穿、白花蛇舌草-半枝莲等。方剂主要遵循扶正祛邪原理,以扶正固本为基础,热毒壅肺则清热解毒,痰湿内阻则化痰散结。结论:运用数据挖掘统计分析近3年王兰英主任医师治疗肺癌的组方规律,为中医临床治疗肺癌提供参考。

Purification and Characterization of Flammulin,a Basic Protein with Anti-tumor Activities from Flammulina velutipes

Aim To purify and characterize flammulin, a basic protein with anti-tumoractivities. Methods Ammonium sulfate, ethanol fractionation and column chromatography were used forseparation and purification. Electrophoretic analysis, amino acid analysis, and MS of flammulin werecarried out. Results Flammulin was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and crystallized. With amolecular mass of 19891.13 Da, pI 8.9, λ_(max) = 276 - 278 nm, λ_(min) = 250 nm, flammulin wascharacterized by its lack of methionine. Fingerprint mapping of flammulin was determined by MALDI-MSfollowing in-gel protease digestion; no close matches were identified. Conclusion Flammulin waspurified to electrophoretic homogeneity, and its characteristics are discussed for the first time.

Anti-tumor Effect and Protective Effect on Chemotherapeutic Damage of Water Soluble Extracts from Hedyotis diffusa

Bai-Hua-She-She-Cao Hedyotis diffusa Willd. (Ru-biaceae) is a medicinal herbwidely distributed in northeast Asian countries. In traditional Chinese medicine, it has the effectof 'clearing away heat and toxic material, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis'.It is a well known Chinese folk-medicine used for the treatment of appendicitis, sore throat, mumps,acne, sebo-rheic dermatitis and various kinds of tumors, such as tumors of digestive tract,carcinoma of liver. It was reported that the MeOH extract of H. diffusa demonstrated a significantantitumor activity and ursolic acid succeeded in being isolated from the MeOH extract as an activecomponent . Shan BN, et al suggested that the direct aqueous extract of H. diffusa hadimmuno-modulating activity and antitumor activity in vitro through stimulating the immune system tokill or engulf tumor cells. But regarding anti-tumor activity in vivo of water soluble extracts fromH. diffusa, no detail was reported. Therefore, we prepared water soluble extracts (H_1 and H_2)from H. diffusa and evaluated their anti-tumor property in vivo experiments as well as protectiveeffect on chemo-therapeutic damage.

金属有机骨架材料光热/光动力联合治疗的策略及进展

背景:金属有机骨架(metal-organic frameworks,MOFs)是一种由金属节点和有机配体组成的新型多孔材料。部分MOFs自身即具备光热转化能力或光动力效应,亦可作为载体负载光热剂或光敏剂,在激光诱导下产生活性氧或升高温度发挥光疗作用,被广泛应用于抗菌及抗肿瘤等生物医学领域。当MOFs同时具有这两种光疗作用时,可发挥协同治疗的效应,以弥补单独使用一种光疗方法的不足。目的:按照不同的结构总结目前提出的MOFs光热/光动力联合治疗策略,以期为联合治疗材料MOFs的结构设计、功能负载及临床应用场景提供新的思路。方法:以“金属有机骨架/金属有机框架,光动力治疗,光热治疗”为中文检索词,“Metal-organic frameworks,photodynamic therapy,photothermal therapy,phototherapy”为英文检索词,检索了PubMed、Web of Science、ScienceDirect、中国知网和万方数据库的文献,最终纳入76篇进行综述分析。结果与结论:①光热/光动力联合治疗可发挥相互增强的协同作用。②现有光热/光动力联合治疗策略主要包括了改性MOFs骨架赋予其光热、光动力效应,将光疗剂封装于MOFs,光疗剂与MOFs形成核壳结构,光疗剂在MOFs内原位还原,将光疗剂附着于MOFs表面以及热解MOFs以形成MOFs衍生的碳材料等其他特殊改性方法。③要构建特定的光疗MOFs结构,必须综合考虑光疗剂和MOFs的种类、尺寸、结合方式,选择不同的合成策略。封装结构合成过程简单,但仅适用于小粒径光疗剂;核壳结构稳定,但合成过程繁复;原位还原对光疗剂尺寸无特殊限制,但难以精确控制光疗剂在MOFs内部的生长;表面附着结构的合成步骤简便,但不能避免光疗剂提前聚集猝灭;热解MOFs合成条件要求高,且只有特定的MOFs才能实现。④现有的光热/光动力联合治疗策略主要被应用于抗菌、抗肿瘤治疗并表现出优异性能,具体的应用领域与光疗剂和MOFs自身的性质有关,还有部分用于类风湿性关节炎、抗凝溶栓治疗,其潜在应用场景十分广阔。⑤光热剂和光敏剂的临床转化目前仍处于起步阶段,其面临的关键挑战包括生物安全性评估激光照射参数的优化以及高效大规模合成方法的开发。

天然产物川陈皮素的成分差异及抗肿瘤作用机制研究进展

随着天然药物化学不断地发展,植物中具有良好活性的天然产物逐渐受到人们的关注,但大多由于含量较低等限制了进一步开发,如何提高含量,确保天然来源的质量,成为了迫在眉睫的问题。川陈皮素是一种天然的多甲氧基黄酮类成分,主要存在于芸香科柑橘属植物中,具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、保护及改善神经系统等广泛的生物活性,因其可通过多途径抗多种癌细胞的广谱抗癌作用,逐渐成为抗肿瘤新药开发的热点。通过查阅文献,总结近年来国内外对于川陈皮素的研究,概括研究现状,从不同来源、产地、贮藏、炮制等方面对川陈皮素含量的影响因素及其抗肿瘤作用机制进行总结归纳,明确天然来源的质量控制方法,旨在为川陈皮素的进一步研究开发及抗肿瘤新药研发提供参考。

核糖核酸酶A表面原位聚合构建抗肿瘤纳米胶囊研究

通过原位聚合策略,在核糖核酸酶A(RNaseA)表面构建聚合物外壳,制备了纳米胶囊n(RNaseA).表征结果表明,n(RNase A)呈现均一的球形结构,流体力学直径和zeta电位分别为(118.9±14.1)nm和(7.3±1.5)mV.通过荧光显微镜和流式细胞术对纳米胶囊n(RNaseA)的肿瘤摄取能力进行表征,发现该体系能够被非小细胞肺癌细胞系A549高效摄取.以此为基础,纳米胶囊n(RNaseA)能够切割细胞质中的RNA分子,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,显著抑制肿瘤细胞增殖.本研究利用表面原位聚合技术构建了能够实现RNaseA胞内递送的纳米制剂,为其它医用酶分子纳米胶囊的构建与评价提供了借鉴思路.

1,2,4-苯并噻二嗪-1,1-二氧化物的生物活性研究进展

1,2,4-苯并噻二嗪-1,1-二氧化物的代表性药物氯噻嗪被广泛应用于临床治疗,具有利尿和降压作用。近年来,以1,2,4-苯并噻二嗪-1,1-二氧化物为母核的化合物展现出改善认知功能、抗肿瘤、抗菌和抗病毒等多种药理活性,因此该类化合物已成为当前研究的热点。本文系统总结了近年来1,2,4-苯并噻二嗪-1,1-二氧化物衍生物的国内外研究成果,重点综述了其结构改造和活性研究进展,总结发现1,2,4-苯并噻二嗪-1,1-二氧化物可以作为α-氨基-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异恶唑丙酸(AMPA)和红藻氨酸(KA)受体变构调节剂改善神经功能;对PI3K等癌症相关靶点具有较好的抑制活性;通过抑制HCV NS5B聚合酶发挥抗病毒活性;对糖尿病相关疾病靶点如醛糖还原酶、丙酮酸脱氢酶具有较高抑制活性;此外,该类化合物在抗菌、抗虫和抗氧化等方面也有新的研究进展。本文汇总了这些研究成果并分析了其构效关系,旨在为广大研究人员提供研究依据和思路。

2019—2022年中国121家医院呼吸系统新型抗肿瘤药物使用情况分析

目的 了解2019—2022年中国121家医院呼吸系统新型抗肿瘤药物的使用情况和变化趋势,探讨国家抗肿瘤药医保谈判相关政策落地后,医院新型抗肿瘤药物的发展趋势,为临床用药和政策优化提供参考。方法 根据《新型抗肿瘤药物临床应用指导原则2022版》中呼吸系统抗肿瘤药物品种,运用描述性统计分析方法,调取2019—2022年在中国121家医院的呼吸系统新型抗肿瘤药物使用数据,对药品剂型、金额、用药频度(DDDs)、日均费用(DDC)及药品排序比(B/A)进行统计分析。结果 2019—2022年中国121家医院呼吸系统新型抗肿瘤药物使用人数和使用金额所占比例呈逐年上升趋势。不同地区中,广州、北京、杭州及郑州的使用量较大。不同类型的呼吸系统新型抗肿瘤药物使用量和使用金额占比仍以小分子靶向药物为最高,大分子靶向药物呈下降趋势,免疫治疗药物呈逐渐上升趋势。在单个品种方面,4年间使用量排名靠前的药物分别为埃克替尼、阿来替尼、吉非替尼及奥希替尼。纳入国家医保谈判品种的大部分小分子靶向药物使用量升高,用药金额逐渐下降。大部分呼吸系统新型抗肿瘤药物的DDDs排名基本稳定,个别品种存在波动。小分子靶向药物的DDC值下降显著,免疫治疗药物DDC值较高。2021—2022年多数药品B/A值接近于1,位于0.8~1.2间的品种占总药物总数的61.5%。结论 中国呼吸系统新型抗肿瘤药物应用上目前仍以小分子靶向药物为主,免疫治疗药物日趋增加,多数药物用药金额与频次同步性有所提高。医保目录的调整及国家谈判政策的实施有效促进用药金额下降和用药趋势改善。

异黄腐酚药理作用及机制的研究进展

异黄腐酚(IXN)是一种天然植物提取物,来源于啤酒花和苦参。研究表明,IXN具有抗糖尿病、抗肥胖、抗肿瘤、抑制血管生成及调节炎症等药理活性。在抗糖尿病和抗肥胖方面,IXN不仅可直接作用于细胞,影响相关细胞因子及通路靶点等抵抗糖尿病和肥胖症,还可通过影响肠道微生物间接影响这两种疾病的发生。IXN还具有广泛的抗肿瘤活性,包括结肠癌、卵巢癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、黑色素瘤等,通过阻断细胞周期,诱导细胞自噬或凋亡等机制抑制肿瘤。此外,IXN在抗血管生成及调节炎症方面也具有重要意义,涉及的相关信号通路影响着多种疾病的发展。本文全面梳理了IXN在药理方面的研究进展,以期为深入研究IXN提供参考。