Novel Approach in Sampling and Tensile Strength Evaluation of Roots to Enhance Soil for Preventing Erosion

This paper presents novel approaches to address the complex issues associated with preservation, transportation, and tensile testing of the vegetation root samples needed for the enhancement of soil and prevent erosion. Readily availability of no equipment for in-situ assessment of the roots’ contribution to soil strength forces the researchers to transport the root samples to the lab for testing and estimating the contribution to the soil shear strength. Moreover, the standard procedures and apparatuses available in the public domain are regrettably suitable for testing of relatively stiffer materials. Therefore, conducting the tensile test of roots using off-the-shelf equipment often causes premature failure of the soft tissues and produces an erratic result, which ultimately leads to unrealistic soil shear strength. The experimental work replaced the traditional jaw type grips by innovative 3D-printed mold or metal ring with silicone, epoxy, and hot-glue to ensure a minimal degree of damage to the roots. Other scopes of the study include a comparison between fresh and refrigerated samples, the effect of sample storage temperature, pH, and Optimum Effective Root Area (OERA) per unit area of soil. Initial study conducted on the Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) roots involved comparison for different approaches based on the gripping technic to select the best method. Finally, the paper included the results of tensile strength test performed on Spartina alterniflora root samples following the suggested guidelines thus helping better evaluation of root embedded soil shear strength, enhancing the resistance against soil erosion, and conserving the ecosystem.

Evolution model of concrete failure surface under coupling effect of seawater freeze-thaw and erosion

In order to effectively assess the mechanical properties of concrete with freeze-thaw and seawater erosion, tests about basic mechanical properties of concrete after freeze-thaw and seawater erosion are conducted based on the large-scale static and dynamic stiffness servo test set. 50, 100, 200 and 300 cycles of freeze-thaw cycling are made on normal concrete, and the artificial seawater is produced. The reasonable wet and dry accelerate system is selected. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 cycles of wet and dry cycling are made to concrete after freeze-thaw cycling. The degeneration law of the concrete elastic modulus and compressive strength is studied. The Ottosen tri-axial strength criterion considering cycles of freeze-thaw and wet and dry cycling is deduced based on uniaxial mechanical properties of concrete and damage theory. Experimental results show that with the increase in the number of wet and dry cycles and freeze-thaw cycles, the concrete axial compressive strength and the elastic modulus decline gradually. Tensile and compressive meridians of concrete shrink gradually. The research can be referenced for anti-crack design of actual structures eroded by seawater at cold regions.

Experimental study on mitigating wind erosion of calcareous desert sand using spray method for microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation

Wind erosion is one of the significant natural calamities worldwide, which degrades around one-third of global land. The eroded and suspended soil particles in the environment may cause health hazards, i.e.allergies and respiratory diseases, due to the presence of harmful contaminants, bacteria, and pollens.The present study evaluates the feasibility of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation(MICP)technique to mitigate wind-induced erosion of calcareous desert sand(Thar desert of Rajasthan province in India). The temperature during biotreatment was kept at 36℃ to stimulate the average temperature of the Thar desert. The spray method was used for bioaugmentation of Sporosarcina(S.) pasteurii and further treatment using chemical solutions. The chemical solution of 0.25 pore volume was sprayed continuously up to 5 d, 10 d, 15 d, and 20 d, using two different concentration ratios of urea and calcium chloride dihydrate viz 2:1 and 1:1. The biotreated samples were subjected to erosion testing(in the wind tunnel) at different wind speeds of 10 m/s, 20 m/s, and 30 m/s. The unconfined compressive strength of the biocemented crust was measured using a pocket penetrometer. The variation in calcite precipitation and microstructure(including the presence of crystalline minerals) of untreated as well as biotreated sand samples were determined through calcimeter, scanning electron microscope(SEM), and energydispersive X-ray spectroscope(EDX). The results demonstrated that the erosion of untreated sand increases with an increase in wind speeds. When compared to untreated sand, a lower erosion was observed in all biocemented sand samples, irrespective of treatment condition and wind speed. It was observed that the sample treated with 1:1 cementation solution for up to 5 d, was found to effectively resist erosion at a wind speed of 10 m/s. Moreover, a significant erosion resistance was ascertained in15 d and 20 d treated samples at higher wind speeds. The calcite content percentage, thickness of crust,bulk density, and surface strength of biocemented sand were enhanced with the increase in treatment duration. The 1:1 concentration ratio of cementation solution was found effective in improving crust thickness and surface strength as compared to 2:1 concentration ratio of cementation solution. The calcite crystals formation was observed in SEM analysis and calcium peaks were observed in EDX analysis for biotreated sand.

An interface shear damage model of chromium coating/steel substrate under thermal erosion load

The Cr-plated coating inside a gun barrel can effectively improve the barrel’s erosion resistance and thus increase the service life.However,due to the cyclic thermal load caused by high-temperature gunpowder,micro-element damage tends to occur within the Cr coating/steel substrate interface,leading to a gradual deterioration in macro-mechanical properties for the material in the related region.In order to mimic this cyclic thermal load and,thereby,study the thermal erosion behavior of the Cr coating on the barrel’s inner wall,a laser emitter is utilized in the current study.With the help of in-situ tensile test and finite element simulation results,a shear stress distribution law of the Cr coating/steel substrate and a change law of the interface ultimate shear strength are identified.Studies have shown that the Cr coating/steel substrate interface’s ultimate shear strength has a significant weakening effect due to increasing temperature.In this study,the interfacial ultimate shear strength decreases from 2.57 GPa(no erosion)to 1.02 GPa(laser power is 160 W).The data from this experiment is employed to establish a Cr coating/steel substrate interface shear damage model.And this model is used to predict the flaking process of Cr coating by finite element method.The simulation results show that the increase of coating crack spacing and coating thickness will increase the service life of gun barrel.

Wind tunnel simulation of the effects of freeze–thaw cycles on soil erosion in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Intense freezing and thawing actions occur in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau because of its high elevation and cold temperature. The plateau＇s unique environment makes it easy to generate wind erosion under dry, windy weather conditions, resulting in the emergence ofdesertification. As a major form of freeze-thaw erosion, freeze-thaw and wind erosion is displayed prominently on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Therefore, in this study, soil samples were collected from the surface of the plateau to undergo freeze-thaw and wind erosion simulation experiments. Results show that wind erosion strength increases with an increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles, water content in the freezing-thawing process, and the difference in freeze-thaw temperatures. Therefore, in the conditions of water participation, the main reason for the freeze-thaw and wind erosion in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the damage to the soil structure by repeated, fierce freeze-thaw actions, and the sand-bearing wind is the main driving force for this process. The research results have theoretical significance for exploring the formation mechanism of freeze-thaw and wind erosion in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and provide a scientific basis for freeze-thaw desertification control in the plateau.

Soil Strength Characteristics Along an Arable Eroded Slope

Undisturbed soil cores were taken from different slope positions （upslope, backslope and footslope） and soil depths （0-15, 20-35 and 100-115 cm） in a soil catena derived from Quaternary red clay to determine the spatial changes in soil strength along the eroded slope and to ewluate an indicator to determine soil strength during compaction. Precompression stress, as an indicator of soil strength, significantly increased from topsoil layer to subsoil layer （P 〈0.05） and was affected by slope position. In the subsoil layer （20-35 cm）, the precompression stress at the footslope position was significantly greater than at the backslope and upslope positions （P 〈0.05）, while there were no significant differences at 0-15 and 100-115 cm. Precompression stress followed the spatial wriation of soil clay content with soil depth and had a significant linear relationship with soil porosity （r^2 = 0.40, P 〈 0.01）. Also, soil cohesion increased with increasing soil clay content. The precompression stress was significantly related to the applied stress corresponding to the highest change of pore water pressure （r^2 = 0.69, P 〈 0.01）. These results suggested that soil strength induced by soil erosion and soil management wried spatially along the slope and the maximum change in pore water pressure during compaction could be an easy indicator to describe soil strength.

高分子黄蜀葵胶基土壤抗水蚀材料的合成及性能研究

本论文阐述了一种环境友好型土壤抗水蚀乳液AMG-g-P(AA-co-HPMA)的合成,通过红外、热重、电镜等手段对其结构和形貌表征,重点研究了该乳液添加到土壤后,土壤抗水蚀性能及抗压强度的变化。结果表明:添加0.4%该乳液的黄土,抗冲刷时间可达32 h,是纯黄土的274倍,抗压强度为2.6 MPa,是纯黄土的4倍;添加0.4%该乳液的红土,抗冲刷时间可达4 h,是纯红土的20倍,抗压强度为3.50 MPa,是纯红土的3倍。

矿物掺合料在活性粉末混凝土(RPC)中应用研究

矿物掺合料作为一种重要材料在混凝土中应用,为研究矿物掺合料对活性粉末混凝土(RPC)性能影响,以及应用的可行性,将矿物掺合料复配到C120 RPC中,研究对RPC的性能影响规律及得到最佳胶凝材料体系。结果表明:(1)最小基本需水量、标准稠度需水量试验得到矿物掺合料最佳掺量,水泥∶超细矿粉∶硅灰∶粉煤灰=0.7∶0.1∶0.1∶0.1。(2)超细矿粉对RPC 3 d、7 d强度影响明显,分别最大提高6 MPa、13.5 MPa;硅灰对RPC 28 d强度影响明显,最大提高2.2 MPa;粉煤灰对RPC扩展度影响明显,最大提高71 mm。(3)研究确定RPC中四元胶凝体系,即水泥∶超细矿粉∶硅灰∶粉煤灰=0.7∶0.1∶0.1∶0.1,RPC坍落度370 mm,扩展度615 mm,28 d抗压强度128.47 MPa,抗硫酸盐侵蚀等级KS90。

盐冻循环作用下水泥稳定碎石混合料的宏细观性能

为研究盐分和冻融循环耦合侵蚀作用下水泥稳定碎石混合料的力学性能、疲劳特性及微细观空隙结构衰减规律,在冻融条件下对不同初始含盐量的水泥稳定碎石混合料开展无侧限抗压强度试验、弯拉强度试验、动态压缩模量试验和三分点加载疲劳试验。基于工业CT无损检测技术研究了盐冻耦合作用下水泥稳定碎石混合料微细观空隙结构衰减规律;提出了盐冻循环次数与盐溶液浓度对水泥稳定碎石混合料力学性能、疲劳性能和微细观空隙直径期望值的衰减公式;建立了微细观空隙结构与宏观力学性能、疲劳性能之间的拟合关系。结果表明:盐冻耦合侵蚀作用加速了水泥稳定碎石混合料力学性能与疲劳特性衰减,随着盐冻循环次数增加,水泥稳定碎石混合料的无侧限抗压强度与动态回弹模量呈指数模型衰减,弯拉强度与疲劳寿命呈三次函数模型衰减;盐冻损伤主要集中在集料边缘的原生空隙部位,微细观等效空隙直径期望值和空隙级配中小于0.1 mm3的空隙数量随着盐冻耦合侵蚀作用次数增加而增大;硫酸钠盐溶液浓度越大,经历相同盐冻循环后水泥稳定碎石混合料力学性能和疲劳性能损伤度越高,微细观等效空隙直径期望值随着硫酸钠盐溶液浓度增大呈线性关系增大;随着等效空隙直径期望值增大,水泥稳定碎石混合料的动态回弹模量、无侧限抗压强度和弯拉强度均呈线性关系减小,同时疲劳寿命呈指数函数关系降低;盐冻耦合侵蚀作用改变了水泥稳定碎石内部微细观空隙结构,是盐冻耦合侵蚀作用导致水泥稳定碎石混合料力学性能和疲劳性能下降的原因之一。

掺硅粉对普通硅酸盐水泥-硫铝酸盐水泥复合胶凝体系混凝土耐久性的影响研究

通过在m(普通硅酸盐水泥)∶m(硫铝酸盐水泥)=3∶7的复合胶凝体系(P·O-SAC)中掺入不同比例的硅粉,对复合胶凝体系的水化过程和混凝土的抗压强度、抗劈裂强度以及抗氯离子侵蚀进行试验,改善多元复合胶凝体系混凝土的耐久性能。研究表明:硅粉的掺入量越多,复合水泥的初凝和终凝时间越长;掺入适量的硅粉能有效提高P·O-SAC混凝土的抗压强度,改善P·O-SAC混凝土后期强度的发展;硅粉能提升P·O-SAC混凝土抗氯盐侵蚀的能力。

蚀坑尺寸对高强钢绞线应力集中影响研究

使用有限元软件ABAQUS 6.14-1建立1860级七丝高强钢绞线的实体模型,并在其上预设蚀坑,针对应力集中现象做仿真分析。通过改变半圆球蚀坑和三轴椭球体蚀坑的尺寸参数,研究其对应力集中的影响,并在椭球蚀坑中综合比较长宽深对高强钢绞线应力集中系数的影响程度。结论如下:在半圆球蚀坑中,逐步增大半径尺寸,应力集中系数也随之增大。在蚀坑半径较小的时候,增长速度较快,当尺寸增大到一定值后,增长速度变缓。在椭球蚀坑中,长度增加,应力集中系数随之不断减小,而宽度和深度增加,应力集中系数则随之增大,对各尺寸变化所对应的应力集中系数进行拟合,都表现出明显的线性关系。其中,深度对应力集中影响最大,而宽度因子和长度因子差异不大。对比蚀坑对钢丝的影响规律并结合吊杆疲劳试验结果,验证了模型的可靠性。

复掺铁尾矿和粉煤灰掺量对混凝土性能和微观结构性的影响

这是一篇陶瓷及复合材料领域的论文。采用不同掺量作用下混凝土的电阻率、抗压强度和氯离子迁移系数的变化规律,来评价混凝土的耐久性能。对不同铁尾矿掺量和不同粉煤灰掺量作用下混凝土的抗渗性能、力学性能、抗氯离子侵蚀性能进行了研究,以及分析了同时掺加不同比例铁尾矿砂和粉煤灰对混凝土性能的影响。结果表明:铁尾矿和粉煤灰掺量为30%时混凝土的抗压强度达到极大值。而粉煤灰掺量比例越大、铁尾矿掺量比例越小,混凝土的抗压强度、抗渗性能和抗氯离子侵蚀性能就越差,故在实际制备混凝土时应该采用大掺量铁尾矿砂、少掺量粉煤灰的配合比。随着铁尾矿掺量和粉煤灰掺量的增大,在同一水化时间作用下铁尾矿的水化放热速率和总放热量也呈现出不断减小的趋势,这说明了掺加铁尾矿和粉煤灰很大程度上降低了混凝土的水化放热速率和总放热量。随着铁尾矿掺量和粉煤灰掺量的增大,混凝土孔径分布曲线峰值点对应的孔径值也是不断增大的,但是增大的幅度却越来越小。

不同火灾强度下兴安落叶松林土壤抗剪强度变化及影响因素

【目的】揭示火灾引起的土壤抗剪强度和理化性质变化以及对土壤侵蚀过程的响应,以便林区管理者更有效地对那些易受火灾干扰的区域进行火后的规划与管理。【方法】选取大兴安岭森林生态系统中的典型兴安落叶松Larix gmelinii纯林林地土壤,以未火烧样地(CK)为对照,经过调查后选取发生过轻度火烧的林地(L)和发生过重度火烧的林地(H)作为不同处理样地,测定各处理样地中土壤的抗剪强度和土壤理化性质,并挖取土壤剖面。【结果】1)单因素分析结果表明,与未火烧对照样地相比,重度火烧样地土壤内聚力显著增加了17.32%,内摩擦角显著增加了29.28%,轻度火烧样地较未火烧样地无显著变化;2)Mantel分析结果表明,土壤容重、孔隙、含水率和有机质是影响轻度火烧和重度火烧土壤抗剪强度大小的主要因素;3)随机森林结果表明,不同火烧强度下土壤理化性质对土壤内聚力与内摩擦角影响贡献度不同。对照样地土壤内聚力:含水率(P<0.05)>有机质(P<0.05)>容重>孔隙度,对照样地土壤内摩擦角:含水率(P<0.001)>容重(P<0.05)>有机质>孔隙度,轻度火烧样地土壤内聚力:孔隙(P<0.001)>容重(P<0.001)>含水率>有机质,轻度火烧样地土壤内摩擦角:容重(P<0.001)>含水率(P<0.05)>有机质>孔隙度,重度火烧样地土壤内聚力:含水率(P<0.001)>孔隙度>有机质>容重,重度火烧样地土壤内摩擦角:容重(P<0.001)>孔隙度(P<0.001)>含水率>有机质。【结论】重度火灾导致土壤侵蚀量激增,从而引起土层分布发生变化;轻度火灾未导致土壤侵蚀量激增,且土层分布没有发生显著变化。

Nb微合金化对Cr-Co-Ni-Mo系超高强度不锈钢腐蚀疲劳性能的影响

为探讨超高强度不锈钢的应力腐蚀开裂行为,采用Cr-Co-Ni-Mo系超高强度不锈钢为研究对象,利用OM、XRD、TEM等测试手段,结合腐蚀疲劳试验,研究了Nb微合金化对Cr-Co-Ni-Mo系超高强度不锈钢腐蚀疲劳性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中具有一定的应力腐蚀敏感性,其应力腐蚀开裂机理为氢致开裂和阳极溶解的混合机制。Nb微合金化提高了钢的腐蚀疲劳性能,钢中添加0.11%的Nb后,钢的腐蚀疲劳强度由440 MPa提高至495 MPa,其主要原因是,Nb微合金化可以细化钢的晶粒尺寸,促进钢中不可逆氢陷阱NbC的析出,增加了钢中原奥氏体晶界总量、小角晶界所占比例、Σ3晶界数量、奥氏体体积分数等。

硫酸盐环境下BFFC侵蚀试验及强度预测模型

开展不同纤维掺量的玄武岩纤维增强泡沫混凝土(BFFC)在硫酸盐环境下的侵蚀试验,探究BFFC的破坏形式、无侧限抗压强度、质量及微观结构的演变特性。根据试验结果提出不同纤维掺量及硫酸盐循环侵蚀次数下BFFC无侧限抗压强度的预测模型。研究结果表明:纤维体积掺量为0.18%、0.36%、0.48%、0.60%的BFFC无侧限抗压强度分别比无纤维掺入的混凝土抗压强度提高了58%、85%、88%、94%,BFFC合理纤维掺量约为0.36%;在质量分数为10%的硫酸盐溶液中,BFFC试件进行干湿循环试验的侵蚀稳定时间约为15 h;BFFC无侧限抗压强度和质量随着侵蚀循环次数增加均表现为先增长后衰减的趋势;纤维体积掺量为0、0.18%、0.36%、0.48%、0.60%的BFFC试块经过30次循环时的质量损失至原始质量的55%、60%、70%、72%、80%,其强度降低至初始强度的35%、40%、42%、48%、50%。

淹没式移动射流对黏性底床开沟试验研究

以试验方法研究双喷式射流结构对软质黏性底床上可沉降管道移动射流开挖规律。通过黄土、高岭土、水泥配置低剪切强度试验黏土,揭示喷嘴射流速度、喷嘴平移速度对冲坑特征尺寸影响规律。以边界层剪应力分析冲坑形态变化,并引入低射流靶距下反映侵蚀能力强度的回归侵蚀特征值Z进行无量纲化分析。结果表明:双喷式垂直射流形成的冲坑断面轮廓具有中心对称性,移动射流形成的冲坑纵向剖面线具有几何相似性。冲坑特征尺寸随射流速度呈近似线性变化,随喷嘴平移速度增加呈减小趋势。剪切强度增加使得黏土抗侵蚀能力增强,冲坑稳定断面曲线由V形向U形逐渐过渡变化。

新型改性水玻璃固沙剂制备与研究

为了解决市场上现有化学固沙剂存在的抗水性相对较差、固沙效果不理想等问题,通过在水玻璃中加入一些有机和无机改性材料,制备了一种具有高强度、耐久性和稳定性的新型复合固沙剂,研究了水玻璃浓度、不同改性剂添加量对其性能的影响。结果表明:1)按照水玻璃模数为3.0,改性剂四硼酸钠、碳酸锂、山梨醇、聚丙烯酰胺的添加量(占水玻璃质量的百分比)分别为1.5%、2.5%、0.2%、0.3%,助黏剂羧甲基纤维素钠的添加量为0.3%配置的新型改性水玻璃固沙剂,对沙土固化层的强度可达14.1 MPa;2)新型改性水玻璃固沙剂稳定性和耐久性优良,经70℃高温和-20℃低温7 d老化后,无侧限抗压强度损失率分别为11.8%和19.5%,在700℃高温条件下质量损失率仅为8.6%;3)新型改性水玻璃固沙剂的固沙效果良好,固结层在风速≤20 m/s的净风条件下表现为无风蚀或轻微风蚀,在含沙气流冲击下风蚀量较净风条件下略有增加。

风化残积砂土相对密实度及含水率对抗剪强度的影响

全风化花岗岩回填土的抗剪强度受其含水率与相对密实度的影响。优化回填土含水率与相对密实度来提高土体抗剪强度是实现中缅油气管道龙陵段管道作业边坡坡面侵蚀治理的手段之一。以管沟回填的全风化花岗岩回填土为研究对象,通过室内直剪试验和人工降雨模型试验,研究该类土体抗剪强度参数随着含水率和干密度的变化规律以及其抗冲刷能力。结果显示:1)干密度为1.30 g/cm^(3)的土样的最佳含水率为15%,此时其黏聚力和内摩擦角分别为20.33 kPa和34.59°,当土体含水率增加至25%时,其黏聚力降低至3.63 kPa,内摩擦角减小到32.42°;2)通过击实方式将土体的相对密实度从0.06提高至0.83,土体的黏聚力和内摩擦角分别提高53%和18%,相对密实度为0.50时,对土体抗剪强度参数的改善效果最佳;3)人工模拟降雨实验结果显示,坡面侵蚀模数与土体的抗剪强度有关,尤其与内聚力呈负相关关系。综上,相同含水率条件下,提高土体的相对密实度,能有效改善土体的抗侵蚀能力。

硫酸盐作用下掺纳米SiO_(2)/CuO混凝土强度及质量变化研究

为了研究硫酸盐侵蚀下掺纳米材料混凝土的强度及质量变化问题,开展2种纳米材料(纳米CuO和纳米SiO_(2))及质量百分浓度分别为纳米材料1.0%、5.0%、10.0%的硫酸盐溶液侵蚀下的混凝土盐侵蚀试验。结果表明:随侵蚀时间增加,混凝土试件表面逐渐剥落,抗压强度先升高后下降。混凝土中掺入一定量纳米材料能有效提高其抗压强度,但随着纳米材料掺量的增大,纳米材料会团聚而降低活性,进而导致混凝土抗压强度降低。此外,硫酸盐浓度也会影响混凝土的抗压强度。硫酸盐浓度为10.0%时,掺入0.1%的纳米CuO或0.1%的纳米SiO_(2)均能提高混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能;相较于纳米CuO,纳米SiO_(2)对于提高混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能更佳。

长江中游荆江河段河道深泓纵剖面时空演变规律

深泓线的演变规律对于揭示冲积河流河床演变与河势调整具有重要意义。为探明三峡水库蓄水运用后荆江河段深泓纵剖面的变化规律,基于2002—2020年173个观测断面的深泓高程资料,对比分析18年内深泓线高程的时空变化,并结合来水来沙情况剖析其变化原因。结果表明,2002年以来荆江河段河道深泓纵剖面普遍冲刷下切,2008年之后深泓高程下切幅度进一步加大,但在来水来沙较多时会出现回淤现象。2002—2020年上荆江枝城至新厂河段平均冲刷深度达4.62 m,下荆江河道冲淤交替频繁,然而上荆江相对冲淤强度为10%,小于下荆江,其主要原因是枝江河段河床组成为粗沙和卵石,在一定程度上限制冲刷的发展,下段为沙质河床,较易受到冲刷。