Fall cone tests considering water content, cone penetration index, and plasticity angle of fine-grained soils

This paper analyzed the consistency of some parameters of soils in the literature and experimental results from fall cone test and its application to soil plasticity classification.Over 500 data from both literatures and experiments using fall cone and Casagrande methods were compiled to assess the relationships among specified water content,cone penetration index ebT,and plasticity angle eaT of finegrained soils.The results indicate that no unique correlation exists among b,liquid limit of the fall cone test(LLc)and a.The water content at 1 mm cone penetration eC0T correlates well with b,plasticity ratio eRpT(i.e.the ratio of plastic limit to liquid limit),and a.Finally,the potential of using the btan a diagram to classify soil plasticity was also discussed.

Water coning mechanism in Tarim fractured sandstone gas reservoirs

The problem of water coning into the Tarim fractured sandstone gas reservoirs becomes one of the major concerns in terms of productivity, increased operating costs and environmental effects. Water coning is a phenomenon caused by the imbalance between gravity and viscous forces around the completion interval. There are several controllable and uncontrollable parameters influencing this problem. In order to simulate the key parameters affecting the water coning phenomenon, a model was developed to represent a single well with an underlying aquifer using the fractured sandstone gas reservoir data of the A-Well in Dina gas fields.The parametric study was performed by varying six properties individually over a representative range. The results show that matrix permeability, well penetration(especially fracture permeability), vertical-to-horizontal permeability ratio, aquifer size and gas production rate have considerable effect on water coning in the fractured gas reservoirs. Thus, investigation of the effective parameters is necessary to understand the mechanism of water coning phenomenon. Simulation of the problem helps to optimize the conditions in which the breakthrough of water coning is delayed.

Progress and prospects of EOR technology in deep,massive sandstone reservoirs with a strong bottom-water drive

The Triassic massive sandstone reservoir in the Tahe oilfield has a strong bottom-water drive and is characterized by great burial depth,high temperature and salinity,a thin pay zone,and strong heterogeneity.At present,the water-cut is high in each block within the reservoir;some wells are at an ultrahigh water-cut stage.A lack of effective measures to control water-cut rise and stabilize oil production have necessitated the application of enhanced oil recovery(EOR)technology.This paper investigates the development and technological advances for oil reservoirs with strong edge/bottom-water drive globally,and compares their application to reservoirs with characteristics similar to the Tahe oilfield.Among the technological advances,gas injection from the top and along the direction of structural dip has been used to optimize the flow field in a typical bottom-water drive reservoir.Bottom-water coning is restrained by gas injection-assisted water control.In addition,increasing the lateral driving pressure differential improves the plane sweep efficiency which enhances oil recovery in turn.Gas injection technology in combination with technological measures like channeling prevention and blocking,and water plugging and profile control,can achieve better results in reservoir development.Gas flooding tests in the Tahe oilfield are of great significance to identifying which EOR technology is the most effective and has the potential of large-scale application for improving development of deep reservoirs with a strong bottomwater drive.

Analysis of Factors Influencing Shut in Pressure Cone in Offshore Strong Bottom Water Reservoir

X oilfield is an offshore strong bottom water reservoir with water cut up to 96% at present, and liquid extraction has become one of the main ways to increase oil production. However, the current liquid production of the oilfield reaches 60,000 m3/d due to the limitation of offshore platform, well trough and equipment, the oilfield is unable to continue liquid extraction. In order to maximize the oil production of the oilfield, it is necessary to study the strategy of shut in and cone pressure. Through numerical simulation, this paper analyzes the influence of different factors, such as crude oil density, viscosity, reservoir thickness, interlayer, permeability and so on, on the drop height of water cone and the effect of precipitation and oil increase after well shut in. At the same time, the weight of each factor is analyzed by combining the actual dynamic data with the fuzzy mathematics method, and the strategy of well shut in and cone pressure is formulated for the offshore strong bottom water reservoir. It provides the basis and guidance for the reasonable use of shut in pressure cone when the reservoir with strong bottom water meets the bottleneck of liquid volume.

Numerical Simulation of High-Speed Water Entry of Cone-Cylinder

Numerical method by solving Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations is presented to solve the vertical high-speed water entry problem of a cone-cylinder. The results of the trajectory and cavity shape agree well with the results obtained by the analytical model from literatures. The velocity of the projectile decays rapidly during the penetration,which is about 90% losing in 80D penetration depth. Pressure distributions are also discussed and the results show that the largest pressure appears on the tip of the cone and the lowest pressure occurs inside the cavity and causes vapor generation. For inside the cavity,there is always a supplement of air from outside before the splash closed,after that,the cavity is mainly filled with vapor.

Effect of CO_(2)flooding in an oil reservoir with strong bottom-water drive in the Tahe Oilfield,Tarim Basin,Northwest China

The dissolution and diffusion of CO_(2)in oil and water and its displacement mechanism were investigated by laboratory experiment and numerical simulation for Block 9 in the Tahe oilfield,a sandstone oil reservoir with strong bottom-water drive in Tarim Basin,Northwest China.Such parameters were analyzed as solubility ratio of CO_(2)in oil,gas and water,interfacial tension,in-situ oil viscosity distribution,remaining oil saturation distribution,and oil compositions.The results show that CO_(2)flooding could control water coning and increase oil production.In the early stage of the injection process,CO_(2)expanded vertically due to gravity differentiation,and extended laterally under the action of strong bottom water in the intermediate and late stages.The CO_(2)got enriched and extended at the oil-water interface,forming a high interfacial tension zone,which inhibited the coning of bottom water to some extent.A miscible region with low interfacial tension formed at the gas injection front,which reduced the in-situ oil viscosity by about 50%.The numerical simulation results show that enhanced oil recovery(EOR)is estimated at 5.72%and the oil exchange ratio of CO_(2)is 0.17 t/t.

Study on the Critical Production Calculation Method of the Water-Flooding Reservoir with Gas Cap

The aim of this paper is to solve the problems that the existing method of critical production of gas cap reservoir is only suitable for single-phase flow, and the method of critical production of gas cap reservoir under water-flooding is still blank. In this paper, the relationships between dynamic and static equilibrium, plane radial flow theory, oil-water infiltration method and three-dimensional seepage field decomposition theory, were applied to study a calculation method for critical production of directional wells and horizontal wells. Furthermore, the effects of different factors on critical output were studied, such as horizontal permeability, ratio of horizontal permeability to vertical permeability, length of horizontal section, effective thickness, viscosity of crude oil and water content etc. Results show that the critical production increases with the increment of the horizontal permeability, the ratio of the vertical permeability to the horizontal permeability, the reservoir thickness and the horizontal well length;when the viscosity of crude oil is small, the critical production decreases first and then increases with the increase of water content;when the viscosity of crude oil is high, the critical production increases continuously with the increase of water content. This study could provide theoretical and technical guidance for changing of the working system of oil wells. It can avoid gas channeling and improve the development effect.

海水淡化厂与区域水-能耦合系统的协同调度

海水淡化厂具有能量密集、运行灵活的特点,是理想的电力需求响应资源。然而,现有关于淡化厂与电网协同运行的研究大多关注电网和淡化厂的一体化调度、无法适应双方自主决策的工程场景,对淡化厂运行约束的刻画也比较粗糙。该文研究反渗透淡化厂与区域水-能耦合系统(waterenergy nexus,WEN)的协同运行方法。首先,考虑淡化厂的生产流程、调节特性和运行约束,分别建立传统及新能源淡化厂的水-能管理模型;其次,在保障两类淡化厂和区域WEN自主决策和信息隐私的条件下,提出以双方调度计划互动为载体的“激励型”和“价格型”两种协同运行机制及调度模型,并提出基于二阶锥松弛和McCormick包络的求解方法。用算例验证所提协同运行机制、调度模型及求解方法的有效性。

Analyzing and Projecting Soil Moisture and Cone Penetrability Variations in Forest Soils

This article details how forest soil moisture content (MC) and subsequent resistances to cone penetration (referred below as Cone Index, CI) vary by daily weather, season, topography, site and soil properties across eleven harvest blocks in northwestern New Brunswick. The MC- and CI-affecting soil variables refer to density, texture, organic matter content, coarse fragment content, and topographic position (i.e., elevation, and the seasonally affected cartographic depth-to-water (DTW) pattern). The harvest blocks were transect-sampled inside and outside their wood-forwarding tracks at varying times throughout the year. In detail, 61% of the pore-filled moisture content (MCPS) determinations inside and outside the tracks could be related to topographic position, coarse fragments, bulk density, and forest cover type specifications. In addition, 40% of the CI variations could be related to soil depth, MCPS, and block-specific cover type. Actual versus model-projected uncertainties amounted to ΔMCPS ≤ ± 15% and ΔCI ≤ ± 0.5 MPa, 8 times out of 10. Block-centered MC and CI projections were obtained through: 1) daily hydrological modelling using daily precipitation and air temperature weather-station records nearest each block, and 2) digitally mapped variations in soil properties, elevation, DTW and forest cover type, done at 10 m resolution.

倒锥参数对气举式水力旋流器分离性能的影响

利用单因素试验设计方法,针对气举式水力旋流器倒锥参数,开展不同参数下的性能优化研究。利用数值模拟方法,对不同倒锥高度、注气直径和注气速度下的流场特性及分布规律进行分析。结果表明,当倒锥高度为130 mm、注气直径为1.8 mm、注气速度为3.5 m/s时,分离效率达到最佳,较优化前提高了0.98%。对比倒锥参数优化前后的气举式水力旋流器油核分布形态,优化后油核均在倒锥结构上方形成,促进了旋流器分离性能的提升,验证了倒锥参数优化对气举式水力旋流器的重要性。

古尔班通古特沙漠西南缘多枝柽柳生理特性对沙堆不同堆积阶段的响应

多枝柽柳作为干旱荒漠区重要的防风固沙灌木,其长期与风沙作用过程中形成了柽柳灌丛沙堆,在维持区域生态环境稳定及遏制沙漠蔓延方面发挥着重要作用。以古尔班通古特沙漠西南缘地区不同发育阶段沙堆上生长的多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)为研究对象,以空间序列代替时间序列的方法模拟沙堆堆积发育过程,揭示多枝柽柳生理特征对沙堆不同堆积发育阶段的响应及适应机制。结果表明:(1)在沙堆堆积发育过程中,多枝柽柳叶片相对含水量(RWC)及自由水/束缚水(Vs/Va)均呈先上升后下降的变化,其中,在增长阶段沙堆上最高,衰退阶段沙堆上最低,水分饱和亏(WSD)则呈相反趋势;组织含水量(TWC)呈逐渐上升的变化,清晨水势(Ψ_(PD))及正午水势(Ψ_(MD))呈逐渐降低的变化。(2)在沙堆堆积发育过程中,多枝柽柳的光合有效辐射(PAR)、叶片温度(TL)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)以及调节性能量耗散[Y_((NPQ))]日变化均呈先上升后下降的变化,衰退阶段沙堆上多枝柽柳各参数的日均值最大;各发育阶段沙堆上多枝柽柳的非调节性能量耗散[Y_((NO))]日变化均呈先下降后上升的变化,实际光化学效率[Y_((II))]日变化均呈“N”型,且Y_((II))日均值大小依次为增长阶段沙堆(0.489)>稳定阶段沙堆(0.463)>雏形阶段沙堆(0.455)>衰退阶段沙堆(0.439)。(3)气温(TEMP)和PAR与叶片Y_((II))均呈显著负相关,与ETR均呈显著正相关;Y_((II))与ETR、Y_((NO))与Y_((NPQ))均呈现显著负相关;PAR、TEMP是影响不同堆积阶段沙堆上多枝柽柳生理特性的主要环境因子。综合分析表明,在沙堆堆积发育过程中,多枝柽柳可通过调节光合作用和水分利用之间的协同关系来响应微环境的变化,从而减少其脱水风险以实现最大程度资源利用。

超采区地下水位控制和考核指标确定方法

为了有效管控地下水超采区,从区域控制和漏斗区控制两个角度考虑,提出一种选取地下水控制井以及确定控制水位和考核水位指标的方法。对于整个超采区,采用泰森多边形法划定每口控制井的控制面积,将每口控制井的控制面积占区域面积的比例作为权重,计算出区域面积加权平均水位,进而根据与该平均水位的接近程度,选出一口区域水位控制井,并将其最近平水年年末的水位作为今后的控制和考核水位。但是,当评价年为枯水年时,需要在控制水位的基础上减去松弛量确定考核水位。对于地下水漏斗区,利用水位等值线图,判断漏斗分布情况,进而从漏斗中心附近选取一口控制井,同样也将其最近平水年年末的水位作为控制和考核水位。以河北省馆陶县为例,选取的区域和漏斗控制井分别为监测井W16和W17;当政府未制定水位恢复规划时,区域控制水位确定为17.13 m;当政府制定了水位恢复规划时,比如5 a内水位恢复0.5 m,那么区域控制水位需要在17.13 m的基础上每年增加0.1 m;丰水年、平水年考核水位等于控制水位,枯水年考核水位等于控制水位减去0.93 m(松弛量);漏斗区控制和考核水位均确定为12.19 m。

同心双锥型高含水油水两相管式旋流分离特性

针对常规切向入口旋流分离器处理高含水采出液效果较差以及分离效率受入口流速影响较大等问题,率先提出中心细锥体和外筒倒锥体的同心双锥型油水两相管式分离构造。综合高含水率、大处理量等因素综合作用,建立油-水两相分离Mixture多相流模型和流场RNG k-ε湍流模型,并采用SIMPLE压力-速度耦合算法对模型进行求解,依据求解结果揭示同心双锥型管式分离腔室内旋流场的动态分布状况,量化分析中心锥角度变化对油水两相管式分离效率的具体影响程度,探究油滴粒径、入口流速等参数对管式旋流分离性能的作用机制。结果表明,随中心锥角度不断增加,同心双锥型管式旋流分离效率呈现先升高再降低的变化趋势,最佳中心锥角度为82°;增大油滴粒径能升高油池聚集性,有利于提升分离性能,当油滴粒径由0.3 mm增至0.6 mm时,分离效率由85.6%提至94.5%;入口流速对分离效率的影响相对较小,当入口流速由5 m·s^(-1)提至11 m·s^(-1),分离效率仅由93.3%升至96.9%,流速相差6 m·s^(-1)时,分离效率仅相差3.5%。

次生底水油藏压锥方法研究

强边水正韵律油藏经长期开发后,边水沿砂体底部突进逐步衍化为次生底水,与原生底水不同的是,次生底水在水平方向存在流动。为了研究次生底水油藏的压锥方法,以S1区块为例,针对平面不同位置论证了不同压锥方法的可行性,并在现场应用了产水压锥、分采压锥、缩嘴压锥等方法。结果表明:油藏高部位的次生底水在水平方向的流动速度慢,可视为原生底水,缩嘴压锥、关井压锥效果不好,而产水压锥有助于引导水锥反向运动从而实现水锥回落,分采压锥能够保持水锥稳定从而保证产油量,应用效果好;油藏低部位的次生底水在水平方向的流动速度快,水体压力相对较低,锥进动力弱,采用缩嘴压锥的方式进行生产能够取得较好的开发效果。

裂缝性礁灰岩强底水油藏控水对策研究

裂缝性礁灰岩强底水油藏孔、缝、洞发育,底水能量供应充足,由于裂缝发育的非均质性及裂缝产状类型的多样化,油井水锥规律非常复杂,亟需发展有效的控水措施。以流花11-1油田为例,基于岩心描述、铸体薄片分析和扫描电镜实验结果对储层进行分类,并建立不同储层机理模型,研究不同储层水平井水锥规律。在此基础上通过分析油井历史控堵水措施效果,针对性提出不同储层后期控堵水对策。研究结果表明,4类储层中致密裂缝型和孔洞裂缝型储层最易发生水锥,表现为油井见水快、含水率上升快、产量递减快;在现场已实施的3类控水措施中,“连续封隔体+流入控制装置(Inflow Control Device, ICD)”控水措施既能充填裂缝,又能降低高产能段流量,起到均衡控水的作用,现场应用效果最好。该项研究对于裂缝型底水油藏的高效开发具有重要意义,为该类油田的见水规律和控水对策提供借鉴。

基于LES模型的箱涵式进水流道水中消涡装置分析

为解决某泵站箱涵式进水流道内部水涡问题,以该泵站箱涵式进水流道为研究对象,基于LES模型,求解5种不同消涡方案对应的箱涵式进水流道内部水涡时空演变过程,定量对比喇叭口处旋涡中心平均涡量变化。结果表明:采用流线型消涡锥和后消涡板方案箱涵式进水流道消涡的效果最佳,相比原方案旋涡涡心的平均涡量降低96.53%,喇叭管进口面的轴向速度分布均匀度为95.7%,速度加权平均角为86.4°,消涡效果较好。

底水气藏动态水锥临界产量计算方法

为提高底水气藏开发效果,防止底水过快锥进造成气井水淹停喷,改进目前水锥临界产量计算方法的局限性,本文首次建立了考虑地质油藏特征及计算参数随生产时间变化的动态水锥临界产量等效数值法,通过关键参数选取与适用性分析论证了该方法相比解析公式有更广泛的适用性并科学论证了强底水气藏初期合理采气速度应低于5%。通过实例应用,验证了动态水锥临界产量计算方法的准确性,将气井产量控制在动态水锥临界产量之下可以有效提高气藏开发效果。

倒锥壳水塔装配式环形可调节托架设计及应用

倒锥壳水塔是一种运用于高速公路服务区的常见储水结构,它的传统施工方式有满堂支架法和地面预制提升法,这两种工艺内部支撑错综复杂,传力路径不明确、不规则,存在较多安全隐患。本文设计了一种装配式环形可调节托架,配合支架平台可实现规范倒锥壳水塔箱体的模板支撑,同时该托架安装便捷且适配不同倾角的倒锥壳水塔施工,大幅提高了现场施工效率与安全性。

软基处理PST桩复合地基加固机理及CPTU验证

对于厂房、仓库、露天堆场等沿海软土地基加固处理工程,采用传统的软基处理方法如真空预压或堆载预压,其施工工期长、工后沉降大;采用水泥搅拌桩由于施工质量不易控制,桩体强度低、处理效果不佳;采用刚性桩复合地基存在地面堆载沉降不均匀等难题。“PST”复合地基处理方法采用预制桩与桩帽及厚褥垫层组合,将预制桩的高承载力转化为褥垫层均布承载力;地面均布荷载引起的变形应力传递到桩身而非其下的软土。以某大型地基处理工程为例,通过CPTU孔压静力触探技术评价PST桩地基处理加固效果与挤土效应,通过对打桩过程中,不同时期的超静孔隙水压力进行观测,掌握超静孔隙水压力消散和变化规律。通过打桩过程中的超孔压的变化情况,分析打桩顺序和速率对孔压的影响程度,了解PST桩施工对软土的扰动规律,以指导施工,降低PST桩施工对地基土的影响。

砂岩底水油藏开采机理及开发策略

利用数值模拟方法研究分析了采油速度、油层沉积韵律、垂直水平渗透率比、夹层大小及位置、边底水能量、不同油水粘度比、井距、射开程度、毛管压力等对砂岩底水油藏开采效果的影响，同时对有夹层存在时Ｋｖ／Ｋｈ值对底水上升速度及形态的影响进行了精细模拟研究。研究表明：影响底水锥进的主要因素是采油速度、垂直水平渗透率比、油水流度比、夹层；砂岩底水油藏底水推进一般以平托为主。文中提出了相应的开发策略。