Antibacterial Effect of Cinnamon Oil Combined with Thyme or Clove Oil

Antibacterial effect of cinnamon oil combined with thyme or clove oil was studied in this paper. Agar dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations （MICs） of the essential oils （EOs） of cinnamon, thyme, and clove oil against three Gram-positive bacteria （Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus）, and two Gramnegative bacteria （Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium）. The results showed that cinnamon was a promising antibacterial substance with MIC ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 μL mL^-1 for the five bacterial species. Agar dilution checkerboard method was used to test the combined antibacterial effect of cinnamon oil with thyme or clove oil. Combination of cinnamon and thyme oil showed an additive effect against all selected bacteria, and combination of cinnamon and clove oil displayed an additive effect against B. subtilis, B. cereus, S. aureus, and an indifferent effect against E. coli and S. typhimurium. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） measurement was used to analyze the components of the EOs, and the main components of cinnamon, thyme, and clove were cinnamaldehyde, thymol, carvacrol and p-cymene, and eugenol, respectively.

Thermodynamic Study on Antibacterial Effect of Different Extracts from Radix Isatis

Objective： To study and analyze the antibacterial effects of different extracts from Radix Isatis. Methods： Staphylococcus aureus was used as the studied object in the experiment. Antibacterial effects of extracts from Radix Isatis were observed by thermocalrimetry on Staphylococcus aureus, together with common pharmacological experiments. Results： The total extract, ethyl acetate （EtOAc） extract, n-butylalcohol （nBuOH） extract, chloroform （CHCl3） extract and petroleum （P. E.） extract had antiviral effects to some extent while the residue after extracting had no antibacterial activity. The potency of antiviral activity among them was as follows： nBuOH extract 〉 EtOAc extract 〉 CHCl3 extract〉 total extract 〉P. E. extract. Conclusion： The antibacteriall effects of Radix Isatis were not limited to any active portion, showing that Radix Isatis exerts its antibacterial effects by cooperation of different active fractions in varied ways.

The Antibacterial Effect of Silver-carrying B_2O_3-SiO_2-Na_2O Glass Material

The antibacterial effect of carrying silver B_2O_3-SiO_2-Na_2O glass material was studied by means of antibacterial ring, nephelometery,MIC value, thin film attachment and microcalorimetry, respectively. The experimental results of five kinds of antibacterial test methods are almost identical and can verify that carrying silver B_2O_3-SiO_2-Na_2O glass material exerts an excellent antibacterial performance. Antibacterial ring and nephelometery are simple, quick, but the precision is restrictive. MIC value, thin film attachment method and microcalorimetry can quantitatively compare the antibacterial effects of the antibacterial glass material.Compared with the traditional microbe test methods, the microcalorimetry can analyze the inhibiting effect of the cell's growth and metabolism on the antibacterial glass material by monitoring the thermal effect continuously and automatically.

Experimental Study on the Antibacterial Effect of Origanum Volatile Oilon Dysentery Bacilli In Vivo and In Vitro

To observe the germistatic and germicidal effects of origanum volatile oil (OVI) on the dysentery bacteria, the abdominal cavity of mice was infected with Shigella sonne (Sh. sonnei) and Shigella flexneri (Sh. flexneri) F 2a. After OVI was given to the mice via gastric lavage, the effects of OVI on the infected mice were observed. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) for dysentery bacteria were determined in vitro. The results showed that origanum volatile oil showed obvious protective effect on mice infected with Sh. sonnei and Sh. flexneri F 2a. and it had germistatic and germicidal effects on dysentry bacteria. We are led to conclude that origanum volatile oil is an effective medicine against the infection of dysentery bacteria.

Study on Antibacterial Effects of Purple, Yellow and White-skinned Onions

Onion(Allium cepa L.)is a common biennial herb,and contains allicin compounds which can kill harmful microorganism.The antibacterial effects of raw and mature onion juice of purple,yellow and white-skinned onions at different concentrations on Escherichia coli(E.coli)and Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)were studied.There were differences among the antibacterial effects of raw and mature onion juice of purple,yellow and white-skinned onions at different concentrations.What was more,the antibacterial effects of raw onion juice were better than those of the mature one.The antibacterial effects of high concentration onion juice were better than those of the low one.The content of the total flavonoids in raw purple onion was higher than that in mature onion,and reached extremely significant levels in 50%,75%and 100%,respectively.Through comparison,it was found that onion juice of purple-skinned had the best suppression effects on S.aureus(gram-positive bacterium)and E.coli(gram-negative bacterium),and gram-positive bacterium had better suppression effects than gram-negative bacterium.It wound provide the basis about bioactive function and antibacterial drugs.

In Vitro Antibacterial Effect of Effective Microorganisms( EM) on Aeromonas hydrophila

In order to understand in vitro antibacterial effect of antibiotics and EM on Aeromonas hydrophila,14 isolates of A. hydrophila were isolated from diseased fish and aquaculture in the study. PCR amplification results of aerolysin gene( Aero gene) of isolates indicated that 7 out of 14 isolates were pathogenic A.hydrophila. In vitro antibacterial test indicated that 14 isolates were resistance to penicillin G,ampicillin,cephradine,cefazolin,tetracycline,terimethoprim,lincomycin and cephalexin,but showed high sensitivity to cefotaxime and furazolidone. In vitro antibacterial effect of EM on 14 isolates of A. hydrophila was positively correlated with concentration,and EM with the concentration greater than 60% had antibacterial effect on 14 isolates.

In-vitro Antibacterial Effect of Hedyotis hedyotidea Ethanol Extract

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial effect of the extract from Hedyotis hedyotidea(DC)Merr.[Methods]Through in-vitro antibacterial tests,the antibacterial effects of H.hedyotidea ethanol extract on Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were analyzed.[Results]The extract had a low-susceptibility inhibitory effect to the three kinds of bacteria,and the minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs)corresponding to S.aureus,E.coli and B.subtilis were 200,175 and 150 mg/ml,respectively.The minimal bactericidal concentrations(MBCs)corresponding to E.coli and S.aureus were both 500 mg/ml.[Conclusions]This study provides theoretical support for the wide application of H.hedyotidea.

Study on Antibacterial Effect of Single Chinese Herbs on Staphylococcus aureus

[Objectives] This study was conducted to determine in-vitro antibacterial effect of 58 Chinese herbs on Staphylococcus aureus,and screen single Chinese herbs with better in-vitro antibacterial effect for formulation of prescription. [Methods]Effective components in Chinese herbs were extracted with water,and inhibition zone diameters and minimal inhibitory concentrations of the 58 Chinese herbs against S. aureus were determined by agar plate punching method and micro two-fold method,respectively. [Results] Twenty two kinds of Chinese herbs including Terminalia chebula Retz.,Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge.,Prunella vulgaris L,Rheum palmatum L. and Mosla chinensis Maxim. had better antibacterial effect,among which T. chebula Retz.,A. asphodeloides Bunge.,P. vulgaris L,R. palmatum L. and C. sappan Linn showed the best antibacterial effect,with average inhibition zone over 20 mm and MIC lower than 15. 6 mg/ml.[Conclusions]Traditional Chinese herbs have certain antibacterial effect,and this study will provide important theoretical reference for clinical medication and development of prescription.

Black tantalic oxide submicro-particles coating on PEEK fibers woven into fabrics as artificial ligaments with photothermal antibacterial effect and osteogenic activity for promoting ligament-bone healing

Design of artificial ligaments possessing both osteogenic activity and antibacterial effect that promotes ligament-bone healing and prevents bacterial infection in bone tunnels for anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)reconstruction remains a significant challenge.In this study,black tantalic oxide(BTO)submicro-particles with oxygen vacancies and structure defects were fabricated by using traditional white tan-talic oxide(WTO)through magnesium thermal reduction(MTR)method,and BTO was coated on polyetheretherketone(PEEK)fibers(PKF),which were woven into fabrics(PBT)as artificial ligaments.PBT with BTO coating exhibited excellent photothermal performance,which possessed not only antibac-terial effects in vitro but also anti-infective ability in vivo.PBT with optimized surface properties(e.g.,submicro-topography and hydrophilicity)not only significantly facilitated rat bone mesenchymal stem cells(BMSC)responses(e.g.,proliferation and osteogenic differentiation)in vitro but also stimulated new bone formation for ligament-bone healing in vivo.The presence of oxygen vacancies and structure de-fects in BTO did not change the surface properties and osteogenic activity of BPT while displaying an outstanding photothermal antibacterial effect.In summary,BPT with osteogenic activity and photother-mal antibacterial effect promoted bone regeneration and prevented bacterial infection,thereby promoting ligament-bone healing.Therefore,PBT would have tremendous potential as a novel artificial ligament for ACL reconstruction.

Structure and synergetic antibacterial effect of zinc and cerium carried sodium zirconium phosphates

Zinc and cerium carried zirconium phosphates （Zn-Ce/ZrPs） were prepared by exchanging zinc and cerium cations into sodium zirconium phosphate （NaZrP） through the ion-exchange method and characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDX） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Furthermore, the specific surface area, zeta potential and antibacterial activity were tested. The results showed that Zn-Ce/ZrPs were with hexagonal crystal system, and the surface area of Zn-Ce/ZrPs increased much more than that of NaZrP. Zn-Ce/ZrPs showed obvious synergetic antibacterial effect, and have the potential to be used as antibacterial agents in environmental control.

Ti-6Al-4V-5Cu synthesized for antibacterial effect in vitro and in vivo via contact sterilization

Implant-related infection is one of the most catastrophic complications after surgery,since it may trigger osteomyelitis and necessitate reoperation,increasing the pain suffered by and the burden placed on the patient.Producing a new alloy with an antibacterial effect for use as a biomedical material is an urgent requirement.In this article,Ti-6 Al-4 V-5 Cu was synthesized under two different heat treatment schemes(solution temperatures of 850℃and 950℃).Through comprehensive observation of the microstructure,phase,copper ion release,biocompatibility,corrosion resistance and antibacterial effect in vitro and in vivo,it was determined that cell viability and corrosion resistance of Ti-6 Al-4 V-5 Cu was better than Ti-6 Al-4 V.More importantly,the obtained alloy,especially samples treated at 850℃,showed prominent antibacterial ability.Meanwhile,we also found that the main antibacterial mechanism of the alloy was contact sterilization via the extensive precipitation of Ti_(2)Cu instead of Cu ion release,and the content,surface area of Ti_(2)Cu could affect the antibacterial effect.These findings provide a very promising scheme by which to balance the biocompatibility and antibacterial effect of Ti-based,Cu-bearing alloys,which could improve their performance in orthopedic and dental applications.

Study on Antibacterial Efficacy of Plant-Derived Compound Preservative and Its Product Application

Natural antiseptic formulas are increasingly favored by consumers. This article take preservatives compounded from cinnamon, sophora flavescens and other plant extracts as the main research object, evaluated its antibacterial efficacy and application in cosmetics, expect that it can be used in cosmetics to replace conventional chemical preservatives. Research on its antibacterial efficacy through inhibition zone and MIC experiment, and product application research used anti-corrosion challenge and antibacterial rate experiment. The results showed that the plant-derived antiseptic system had a broad antibacterial spectrum, inhibition of 10 different common pathogenic bacteria, and had a very significant inhibitory effect on Gram-positive bacteria and fungi;Among them, the diameter of the antibacterial circle for Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger can reached 31.89 mm and 28.26 mm, while the MIC value was 0.4 mg/mL and 0.8 mg/mL. The spray product with 1.5% addition amount successfully passed the anti-corrosion challenge test and meets the anti-corrosion standard requirements;The 2% added amount of disposable gel product has an inhibitory rate of 51.05% and 70.74% against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus within 20 minutes of action. In summary, the plantderived compound preservative has ability to be used in cosmetic preservative systems.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Effects of Three Chlorogenic Acid Extracts

[Objectives] To study the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of chlorogenic acid extracts of Gynura procumbens,Lonicera japonica,and Eucommia ulmoides leaves,and provide a reference for their usage as natural food preservatives and antioxidants. [Methods]The disc diffusion method was applied to study the antibacterial activity of chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens,L. japonica,and E. ulmoides leaves against several common pathogens. In the antioxidant effects,study was carried out on the anti-lipid peroxidation,reducing capacity,and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens,L. japonica,and E. ulmoides leaves,respectively.[Results]Three chlorogenic acid extracts had strong inhibitory effects on bacteria,especially the inhibition on Staphylococcus aureus. At the concentration of 100 mg/m L,the bacteriostatic ring of chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens,L. japonica,and E. ulmoides leaves reached 21. 4,23. 6 and 24. 7 mm respectively. Besides,these chlorogenic acid extracts had significant inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli and Salmonella,but the inhibitory effect on the yeast was not obvious; the antibacterial intensity of antibacterial compounds was chlorogenic acid extracts of E. ulmoides > chlorogenic acid extracts of L. japonica > chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens. Among these three chlorogenic acid extracts,the chlorogenic acid extracts of E. ulmoides had higher anti-lipid peroxidation,reducing capacity,and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity than other two chlorogenic acid extracts. [Conclusions] This paper reveals that among chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens,L. japonica,and E. ulmoides leaves,the chlorogenic acid extracts of E. ulmoides leaves have a stronger antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity.

Antimicrobial Activity of Some Commercial Toothpastes and Antibiotics on Two Oral Pathogenic Bacteria—An in-Vitro Study

Oral health problems such as periodontal diseases, dental caries, and endodontic infections have a significant negative impact on oral health and impose a substantial financial burden on the global population. The prevalence of these issues is increasing due to the buildup of bacterial plaque and the growing resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial treatments. The aims of this study to evaluate the anti-bacterial activity of four types of antibiotics (Amoxicillin, Augmentin, Azithromycin and Metronidazole) and four types of toothpastes (Sensodyne, ipana, denta and cariax Gingival Kin) on two oral pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus epidermidis). Bacterial samples of previously isolated Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcusepidermidis were used as test organisms and the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was employed to assess the antibacterial efficacy of various antibiotics and evaluate the impact of different toothpastes using a filter paper disc agar measurement technique. Each filter disc was saturated with toothpaste solution in a test tube for approximately 30 to 40 seconds, after which they were placed on Mueller-Hinton broth bacterial cultures in petri dishes. These Petri dishes were then incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, and the clear zone’s diameter (inhibition zone in mm) was subsequently measured and the results were recorded. The results demonstrated that Sensodyne toothpaste and Metronidazole antibiotic were ineffective against both types of bacteria, while Augmentin and Amoxicillin were effective by high diameter inhibition zones of growth against S. mutans and Azithromycine against S. epidermidis. Also Ipana, Denta, and Cariax Gingival Kin toothpastes exhibited a moderate effect against the two bacteria. This study suggests that certain antibiotics and toothpastes can effectively inhibit the growth of harmful oral bacteria, but not all of them are effective.

Antimicrobial effect of alexidine and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis infection

A previous study demonstrated that alexidine has greater affinity for the major virulence factors of bacteria than chlorhexidine.The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial activity of 1%alexidine with that of 2%chlorhexidine using Enterococcus faecalis-infected dentin blocks.Sixty bovine dentin blocks were prepared and randomly divided into six groups of 10 each.E.faecalis was inoculated on 60 dentin blocks using the Luppens apparatus for 24 h and then the dentin blocks were soaked in 2%chlorhexidine or 1%alexidine solutions for 5 and 10 min,respectively.Sterile saline was used as a control.The antimicrobial efficacy was assessed by counting the number of bacteria adhering to the dentin surface and observing the degradation of bacterial shape or membrane rupture under a scanning electron microscope.Significantly fewer bacteria were observed in the 2%chlorhexidine-or 1%alexidine-soaked groups than in the control group(P<0.05).However,there was no significant difference in the number of bacteria adhering to the dentinal surface between the two experimental groups or between the two soaking time groups(P>0.05).Ruptured or antiseptic-attached bacteria were more frequently observed in the 10-min-soaked chlorhexidine and alexidine groups than in the 5-min-soaked chlorhexidine and alexidine groups.In conclusion,10-min soaking with 1%alexidine or 2%chlorhexidine can be effective against E.faecalis infection.

Study on Anti-diarrhea Effect of the Prescription of 4 Tibetan Veterinary Drugs

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of extracts of 4 Tibetan veterinary drugs on bacterial diarrhea, and to guide the clinical treatment of the disease. The inhibitory effects of the extracts of the 4 Tibetan veterinary drugs, Veronica ciliate Fisch, Usnea diffracta Vain, Sophoraflavescens var. flavescens, Lamiophlomis rotata （ Benth. ） Kudo on 14 common diarrheagenic bacteria were detected by K-B diffusion method and micro-broth dilution method. Optimization was performed on prescriptions of the 4 Tibetan veterinary drugs using orthogonal design software, and a mouse bacterial diarrhea model was established with a clinical isolate, Salmonella blegdam. According to the LD50 value of the optimal prescription of the 4 Tibetan veterinary drugs, the established mouse bacterial diarrhea model was treated in 3 dose groups, i. e. , the high, middle and low dose groups （0. 060, 0. 030 and 0. 020 g/ml, respectively）. The results showed that the 4 Tibetan veterinary drugs had very good inhibitory effects on most of the tested diarrheagenic bacteria, and among them, U. diffracta had better inhibitory effects on all the tested bacteria. The optimal prescription of the d Tibetan veterinary drugs （high dose, 0.06 g/ml） exhibited very good inhibitory effect on mouse diarrhea, indicating that the prescription has very good anti-diarrhea effect, which is beneficial to the clinical treatment of such disease and the development of Tibetan veterinary drugs.

Intercalation of Ciprofloxacin in Naturally Occurring Smectite from Bana: Potentiality as Drug Delivery System and Antimicrobial Effects on <i>Escherichia coli</i>and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>

Ciprofloxacin (CFX) was loaded on Bana clay (Cameroon) and CFX loaded-clays have been evaluated as drug delivery system. Raw clays and CFX loaded compounds have been characterized by some physico-chemicals methods. In vitro release studies have been done in gastric and phosphate buffer experimental mediums;bacteriological studies have been made up on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. X-ray diffractometry patterns of loaded compounds show a basal spacing increasing due to CFX intercalation. On Fourier-Transformed Infrared spectrometry spectra, appearance of CFX characteristic bands and shifting of certain bands already presents on clay confirmed CFX intercalation. After 96 h of CFX released from release mediums, prolonged and continue profiles have been observed. Diffusion tests displayed an inhibition radius of ~2 cm on gelose seeded with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus due to CFX. The overall results show a modified release of ciprofloxacin with an effective antibacterial activity, giving the way for a new ciprofloxacin drug delivery system using Bana clay as carrier.

Polyphenols extracted from Aronia melanocarpa by combined enzymatic and ultrasonication and their antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity

The extraction of polyphenols from Aronia melanocarpa was carried out using a combination of enzymatic and ultrasound.After single-factor and orthogonal design and experiment,the optimized polyphenol extraction conditions were 1%enzyme,1:40 material-to-liquid ratio,55℃,60 min ultrasonication,70%ethanol,and the final extraction amount was 88.634 mg/g,which displayed a 25.15%and 34.08%improvement compared with the single ultrasonication and enzymatic extraction methods,respectively.Significant antibacterial effects of polyphenols were shown against Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.Further antioxidation effects were evaluated,and the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate,hydroxyl radical scavenging rate and DPPH free radical scavenging rate reached 45.2%,83.5%and 85.4%,respectively.This combined enzymatic and ultrasonic extraction method exhibited the advantages of high extraction rate,saving solvent consumption and extraction time,but also provided a new method for the development and utilization of natural antimicrobial and antioxidant health products.

Application of traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection

Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)has a high rate of infection and antibiotic resistance and poses a serious threat to human life.One of the main strategies to overcome drug resistance is to develop new treatment plans.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)that is commonly used to treat many diseases in China can reduce drug resistance and increase the eradication rate of H.pylori.In this paper,we review the research progress on TCM in the treatment of H.pylori infection.The mechanism of action of TCM is reviewed and research and applications of TCM in the treatment of H.pylori are demonstrated.Finally,we discuss problems confronting the use of TCM for the treatment of H.pylori infection and propose possible solutions.In addition,the plans of TCM in H.pylori treatment were also screened:Dampness-heat syndrome in the spleen and stomach,deficiency of spleen and stomach,and cold-heat complicated syndrome,and the effective components therein are studied.The antibacterial effect of TCM is relatively slow;for rapid improvement of the treatment effect of refractory H.pylori gastritis,we provide an appropriate treatment regime combining TCM and Western medicine with immune-regulatory and synergistic antibacterial effects.

Sanchen powder extract combined with vancomycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Objective: To explore the effects of the extract of Sanchen powder(ESCP) combined with vancomycin on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) planktonic cells, biofilms, and virulence factors.Methods: The herbs in Sanchen powder(SCP) were extracted separately with 50% ethanol. Then, the content of hydroxysafflower yellow A(HSYA) and cholic acid in the extract of artificial cattle bezoar(artificial Calculus bovis) and safflower(Carthamus tinctorius L.) was measured by ultraviolet visible-vis spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. The effects of ESCP combined with vancomycin on MRSA by observing its biofilm viability were assessed using a 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium5-carboxanilide reduction assay and scanning electron microscopy.Additionally, enzyme activity was measured by plasma coagulase test and DNase test.Results: The cholic acid content of the artificial C. bovis extract was 7.34(0.81) mg/g, and the HSYA content of the C. tinctorius extract was 9.18(0.09) mg/g. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of ESCP and vancomycin were 25.6 mg/m L and 2 μg/m L. The minimum bactericidal concentration of ESCP was51.2 mg/m L. ESCP combined with vancomycin could inhibit the expression of coagulase and bacteria in mature biofilms. Neither ESCP nor vancomycin had a significant effect on DNase.Conclusion: This study is the first to show that ESCP combined with vancomycin inhibits coagulase and MRSA embedded in mature biofilms and that it represents a promising treatment for MRSA infection.