Background: The association between prenatal exposure to antiseizure medications (ASM) and autism spectrum disorder has been documented. This study sought to examine and synthesize evidence from studies that have eval...Background: The association between prenatal exposure to antiseizure medications (ASM) and autism spectrum disorder has been documented. This study sought to examine and synthesize evidence from studies that have evaluated these associations, with particular focus on the trimester of pregnancy and dosage of exposure. Methodology: PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO databases were searched following strict inclusion/exclusion criteria. 10 studies were recruited involving children born to mothers with epilepsy who took ASM during pregnancy as cases, and those with epilepsy who did not take any ASM in pregnancy. Results: The relative risk of developing ASD among children exposed to valproic acid (RR, 3.90 [95% CI: 2.36 - 6.44], p < 0.006), was twice higher than that of carbamazepine (RR, 1.65 [95% CI: 0.62 - 4.37], p < 0.0001), or lamotrigine (RR, 1.60 [95% CI: 0.77 - 3.32], p = 0.006). The trimester of exposure and dosage of ASM administered were not significant. Conclusion: In summary, prenatal exposure to ASM increased the risk of developing ASD in children. The relative risk was twice as high in those exposed to valproic acid compared to those exposed to carbamazepine or lamotrigine. Trimester of pregnancy and dosage of ASM used by the mothers were not significant.展开更多
Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes,which affects over 90% of the diabetic patients.Although pain is one of the main symptoms of diabetic neuropathy,its pathophysiological m...Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes,which affects over 90% of the diabetic patients.Although pain is one of the main symptoms of diabetic neuropathy,its pathophysiological mechanisms are not yet fully known.It is widely accepted that the toxic effects of hyperglycemia play an important role in the development of this complication,but several other hypotheses have been postulated.The management of diabetic neuropathic pain consists basically in excluding other causes of painful peripheral neuropathy,improving glycemic control as a prophylactic therapy and using medications to alleviate pain.First line drugs for pain relief include anticonvulsants,such as pregabalin and gabapentin and antidepressants,especial y those that act to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline.In addition,there is experimental and clinical evidence that opioids can be helpful in pain control,mainly if associated with first line drugs.Other agents,including for topical application,such as capsaicin cream and lidocaine patches,have also been proposed to be useful as adjuvants in the control of diabetic neuropathic pain,but the clinical evidence is insufficient to support their use.In conclusion,a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying diabetic neuropathic pain will contribute to the search of new therapies,but also to the improvement of the guidelines to optimize pain control with the drugs currently available.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Liver injury associated with antiepileptic drugs accounts for a large proportion of drug-induced liver injuries (DILI) in children. Although withdrawal of the causative agent is the only proved treatmen...BACKGROUND: Liver injury associated with antiepileptic drugs accounts for a large proportion of drug-induced liver injuries (DILI) in children. Although withdrawal of the causative agent is the only proved treatment for DILI, in some dinical situations it is not possible. Recent studies have reported promising results of using hepatoprotective drugs with antioxidant actions for the management of DILl. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of folic acid versus silymarin treatment in relation to decreasing liver enzymes in patients with DILI due to antiepileptic therapy. METHODS: This randomized, open-label, clinical trial evalu- ated 55 children with epilepsy who were on antiepileptic treat- ment and experienced DILL The children were randomized to receive either silymarin (5 mg/kg per day) or folic acid (1 mg per day) for one month and were followed up for three months. RESULTS: Liver enzymes significantly decreased in both groups. The decrease trend in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were stronger in the folic acid group compared to silymarin group (P=0.04 and P=0.007, respectively). At the end of the study patients in the folic acid group had significantly lower ALT (P=0.04), AST (P=0.02), and gamma-glntamyl transferase (GGT) (P〈0.001) levels and also higher percentage of normal ALT (30.7% vs 3.4%, P=0.009) and AST (42.3% vs 0%, P〈0.001), and GGT (23.1% vs 0%, P=0.008) values compared to the patients in the silymarin group. No rebound elevations in ALT, AST and GGT levels or adverse reactions were noted in neither of the study groups.CONCLUSION: Although both treatments were safe and effective in decreasing liver enzymes, folic acid seems to be superior to silymarin in the management of DILl.展开更多
There is increasing awareness among the cardiology community regarding ictal bradyarrhythmias as a cause of loss of consciousness. A high degree of suspicion is necessary when diagnosing ictal bradyarrhythmias, and de...There is increasing awareness among the cardiology community regarding ictal bradyarrhythmias as a cause of loss of consciousness. A high degree of suspicion is necessary when diagnosing ictal bradyarrhythmias, and delay in diagnosing this condition may lead to morbidity associated with falls and trauma. Ictal bradyarrhythmias have also been suggested to be associated with sudden unexplained death in epilepsy, although evidence related to this association is limited. There is no guidelinedirected therapy for symptomatic ictal bradyarrhythmias due to a lack of randomized, controlled trials. Cardiac pacemaker therapy is commonly used for these patients; however, currently, there is no universal agreement on the pacing indications for these patients. In this review, we focus on the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of ictal bradyarrhythmias and then discuss the pacing need based on the available literature data.展开更多
We report here the synthesis and in vivo anticonvulsant/neurotoxicity activities of a series of compounds belonging to 2-aryl-4-arylidene-1-phenyl-1H-imidazol-5(4H)-one. The scaffold is based on the commonality of 5-m...We report here the synthesis and in vivo anticonvulsant/neurotoxicity activities of a series of compounds belonging to 2-aryl-4-arylidene-1-phenyl-1H-imidazol-5(4H)-one. The scaffold is based on the commonality of 5-membered lactam ring structures as successful anticonvulsant agents. The present compounds exhibited a range of anticonvulsant activity in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure test. In particular, the protection was excellent by compounds bearing furylmethylidene on C4, possibly due to good pharmacokinetic properties. It was found that high lipophilicity and/or electron deficient aryl ring substitution at C4 compromised the anticonvulsant activities. For example, chloro analogues were found much less active than unsubstituted phenyl or furyl derivatives. Regarding side effects, active compounds exerted no observable neurotoxic effect at their therapeutic doses in Chimney test.展开更多
In pursuit for better antiepileptic drug and the importance of semicarbazones and 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-thiadiazoles as anticonvulsant pharmacophore, a series of novel N-({5-[(6-methyl-l-benzofuran-3-yl)methyl]-l...In pursuit for better antiepileptic drug and the importance of semicarbazones and 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-thiadiazoles as anticonvulsant pharmacophore, a series of novel N-({5-[(6-methyl-l-benzofuran-3-yl)methyl]-l,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl}carba- mothioyl)-2/3/4-substitutedbenzamide were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity. The findings of the present studies confirmed that the pharmacophore model with four binding sites is crucial for anticonvulsant activity. Structure-activity relationships among synthesized compounds were also established.展开更多
AIM To evaluate the utility of patch test and cross-sensitivity patterns in patients with adverse cutaneous drug reactions(ACDR) from common anticonvulsants. METHODS Twenty-four(M:F = 13:11) patients aged 18-75 years ...AIM To evaluate the utility of patch test and cross-sensitivity patterns in patients with adverse cutaneous drug reactions(ACDR) from common anticonvulsants. METHODS Twenty-four(M:F = 13:11) patients aged 18-75 years with ACDR from anticonvulsants were patch tested 3-27 mo after complete recovery using carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbitone, lamotrigine, and sodium valproate in 10%, 20% and 30% conc. in pet. after informed consent. Positive reactions persisting on D3 and D4 were considered significant. RESULTS Clinical patterns were exanthematous drug rash with or without systemic involvement(DRESS) in 18(75%), Stevens-Johnsons syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis(SJS/TEN) overlap and TEN in 2(8.3%) patients each, SJS and lichenoid drug eruption in 1(4.2%) patient each, respectively. The implicated drugs were phenytoin in 14(58.3%), carbamazepine in 9(37.5%), phenobarbitone in 2(8.3%), and lamotrigine in 1(4.7%) patients,respectively. Twelve(50%) patients elicited positive reactions to implicated drugs; carbamazepine in 6(50%), phenytoin alone in 4(33.3%), phenobarbitone alone in 1(8.3%), and both phenytoin and phenobarbitone in 1(8.33%) patients, respectively. Cross-reactions occurred in 11(92%) patients. Six patients with carbamazepine positive patch test reaction showed cross sensitivity with phenobarbitone, sodium valproate and/or lamotrigine. Three(75%) patients among positive phenytoin patch test reactions had cross reactions with phenobarbitone, lamotrigine, and/or valproate. CONCLUSION Carbamazepine remains the commonest anticonvulsant causing ACDRs and cross-reactions with other anticonvulsants are possible. Drug patch testing appears useful in DRESS for drug imputability and cross-reactions established clinically.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the potentials of the root bark of Annona(A.) senegalensis in the control of seizure and related hypnotic and motor incoordination effects in mice using experimental models.Methods:The metha...Objective:To investigate the potentials of the root bark of Annona(A.) senegalensis in the control of seizure and related hypnotic and motor incoordination effects in mice using experimental models.Methods:The methanol extract(ME) of the root bark of A.senegalensis was studied in mice using pentylenetetrazole(PTZ) induced convulsions,phenobarbitone induced sleeping time and motor coordination test on rota-rod performance.Acute toxicity and lethality(LD50) lest as well as phytochemical analysis were also carried out.Results:The extract(200,400,800 mg/ kg) exhibited a non- dose dependent significant(P【0.05) delay in the onset of both tonic and clonic phases of seizure induced by PTZ(60 mg/kg,s.c.) as well as offered a 100%protection (200 mg/kg) in mice from PTZ induced seizures.The extract significantly(P【0.05) decreased the latency and increased the duration of phenobarbitone induced sleeping time.At 200 mg/kg, the extract exhibited a significant(P【0.05) motor incoordination.The acute toxicity test revealed an oral LD<sub>50</sub> of 1 2%mg/kg,while the phytochemical studies showed the presence of alkaloids, resins,glycosides,carbohydrate,reducing sugar,flavonoids,terpenoids,saponins and tannins. Conclusion:The extract of A senegalensis possessed anticonvulsant activity with pronounced hypnotic and muscle relaxant effects.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the antipyretic and anticonvulsant activities of n-hexane fraction of Viola betonicifolia(V.betonicifolia).Methods:The antipyretic effect was scrutinized using brewer's yeast induced pyrex...Objective:To investigate the antipyretic and anticonvulsant activities of n-hexane fraction of Viola betonicifolia(V.betonicifolia).Methods:The antipyretic effect was scrutinized using brewer's yeast induced pyrexia and anticonvlsion effect was tested using pentylenetetrazol and strychnine induced convulsion in mice.Results:N-hexane fraction of V.betonicifolia demonstrated highly significant antipyretic activity during various assessment times(1-5 h)when challenged in yeast induced pyrexia test.The effect was in a dose dependent manner with maximum attenuation(82.50%)observed at 300 mg/kg i.p.When tested in pentylenetetrazol induced convulsion test,the 1st stage(Ear and facial twitching)and 2nd stage(Convulsive wave through the body)was 100%protected during 24 h at all the test doses(300,400 and 500 mg/kg i.p.),while the latency time of remaining stages was significantly increased.The maximum effect was observed by n-hexane fraction of V.betonicifolia at 400 and 500 mg/kg i.p.,as the latency time for generalized clonic-tonic seizure(5th stage)was increased up to 25.34 min.However,n-hexane fraction of V.betonicifolia had no protection in strychnine induced convulsion test.Conclusions:In conclusion,phytopharmacological studies provide scientific foundation to the folk uses of the plant in the treatment of pyrexia and neurological disorders.展开更多
On the basis of systematic modification of the structure of componds of antiepilepsirine type, more than 200 cinnamamides were synthesized and tested by animal assay (maximal electroshock seizure, MES). Pharmacologica...On the basis of systematic modification of the structure of componds of antiepilepsirine type, more than 200 cinnamamides were synthesized and tested by animal assay (maximal electroshock seizure, MES). Pharmacological evaluation showed that the configuration and the substituents on the phenyl ring and the nitrogen of amides, and substituents on the double bond displayed an important effect on the anticonvulsant activity.For studying the effect of the modification of structure to anticonvulsant activity, Hansch approach was employed to study the QSAR among 38 cinnamamides, and Hopfinger' s MSA was employed to study the MSA-QSAR among 26 cinnamamides.展开更多
Epilepsy is a disorder in brain in which clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, occasionally signal abnormally and cause strange emotions, sensations, and behavior, or sometimes muscle spasms, convulsions, and loss of c...Epilepsy is a disorder in brain in which clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, occasionally signal abnormally and cause strange emotions, sensations, and behavior, or sometimes muscle spasms, convulsions, and loss of consciousness. Neurotransmitters in central nervous system greatly affect and play a very important part in neuronal excitability.Traditional treatments are still a component of health care system in many communities despite the fact that well-established alternatives are available. In this review article, we addressed epilepsy and its treatments with emphasis on medical plants and introduction of antiepileptic plants and their action mechanisms. Relevant articles published since 2010 were retrieved using the search terms including epileptic seizure, anticonvulsant, medicinal plants, and oxidative stress. Most plants/herbal preparations that are ethnomedically used to treat epilepsy or those which have been tested for anticonvulsant activity were reported. Overall, the results of the published articles show that the symptoms of epilepsy seizure can be inhibited or treated by active ingredients derived from medicinal plants.展开更多
Delphinium denudatum Wall.is one of the important medicinal herbs of traditional Persian medicine and is known as Jadwar.Medicinal plants are the most widely used drugs in traditional Persian medicine and has been use...Delphinium denudatum Wall.is one of the important medicinal herbs of traditional Persian medicine and is known as Jadwar.Medicinal plants are the most widely used drugs in traditional Persian medicine and has been used for various diseases since earlier times.The medicinal uses of Delphinium denudatum Wall.date back to over 1,000 years ago.Rhazes(845–925 C.E.)was the first Persian physician and scientist who reported the use of Delphinium denudatum Wall.as a herbal remedy.During the following centuries,the usages of Delphinium denudatum Wall.in the treatment of various diseases has been mentioned in the books and references of traditional Persian medicine for cures to various diseases such as neurologic and psychiatric disease,gastrointestinal disease,fever,pain,and poisoning.According to modern studies,the dried roots of Delphinium denudatum Wall.have antipyretic,antimicrobial,anticonvulsant,hepatoprotective,antioxidant,and pain-relieving properties.Biomolecules from roots of Delphinium denudatum Wall.were also identified as potential cures for central nervous system diseases as well as for the amelioration of morphine addiction.Delphinium denudatum Wall.,with its properties involving the prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction,reduction of oxidative stress,and inflammation and immune dysregulation,can be utilized in curing inflammatory disorders.The effective therapeutic influence of root extract of Delphinium denudatum Wall.against several diseases needs to be confirmed through controlled clinical trials.This article reviews the different features of Delphinium denudatum Wall.and focuses on the well-known therapeutic effects of this herbal drug on various human disorders and animal disease models.展开更多
Under physiological conditions, γ-aminobutyric acid poorly crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is likely that a non-toxic derivative of γ-aminobutyric acid which enters the brain easily will have useful anticonvulsa...Under physiological conditions, γ-aminobutyric acid poorly crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is likely that a non-toxic derivative of γ-aminobutyric acid which enters the brain easily will have useful anticonvulsant activity. 16 derivatives of γ-aminobutyric acid with an imine link to a lipophilic carrier were prepared and tested for anticonvulsant activity; six compounds show anticonvulsant activity.展开更多
Objective: To examine the efficacy of gabapentin for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Design: A retrospective chart review. Settings: Tertiary care geriatric psychiatry inpati...Objective: To examine the efficacy of gabapentin for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Design: A retrospective chart review. Settings: Tertiary care geriatric psychiatry inpatient unit. Participants: 230 patients with BPSD. Measurements: The socio-demographic information, type of behaviors, co-morbid psychiatric and medical diagnoses, daily doses of medications and side-effects were recorded. Results: Of the 230 patients, 22 were treated with gabapentin. Twenty of these patients were on a combination of gabapentin and an antipsychotic medication while two patients were treated with gabapentin monotherapy. Eighteen of the 20 patients in the combination group tolerated the treatments with little or no side effects as did the two patients in the monotherapy group. Conclusions: Gabapentin may be a safe option for the treatment of BPSD in combination with antipsychotic medications. Gabapentin may also be effective as monotherapy in certain patients with BPSD.展开更多
Epilepsy is a disorder in the nervous system which often causes a loss of consciousness. Traditional treatments are quiet a component of health care system in various populations in spite of the fact that well-establi...Epilepsy is a disorder in the nervous system which often causes a loss of consciousness. Traditional treatments are quiet a component of health care system in various populations in spite of the fact that well-established options are available. Most plants are used to treat epilepsy or those which have been verified for anticonvulsant activity were reported. Then, Costus afer is a plant of the Congolese flora used in traditional medicine for its many virtues. Therefore, the anticonvulsant activity of Costus afer was assessed with the strychnine convulsion induction test. Two tests were used for sedative activity such as the barbiturate sleep induction test and motor activity and finally the forced swimming test was also used to assess antidepressant activity. The results showed that the aqueous extract of Costus afer stems had no effects on strychnine-induced seizures at doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg compared to the control group. However, the extract of Costus afer stems caused a very significant decrease in motricity at a dose of 500 mg/kg, showing a decrease in the onset time and a very significant increase in sleep duration like the reference molecule such as Diazepam. The aqueous extract of Costus afer stems also caused a decrease in immobility time in mice at a dose of 500 mg/kg.展开更多
Epilepsy is one of the most frequent neurological disorders. In these circumstances, more than 25% of the patients are women of reproductive age. The aim of our research was to analyze the effectiveness and safety of ...Epilepsy is one of the most frequent neurological disorders. In these circumstances, more than 25% of the patients are women of reproductive age. The aim of our research was to analyze the effectiveness and safety of antiepileptic therapy in women with epilepsy during pregnancy and to analyze the pregnancies’ outcomes. We included in our research 121 pregnancies of 101 women aged at the moment of childbearing about 26.9 ± 4.57 years old. Idiopathic forms of epilepsy were predominant among all causes—47.1% (р < 0.01). Of all cases, 65.4% remained seizure-free from generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS), including 69.6% of all idiopathic epilepsy cases and 68.6% among symptomatic ones. The antiepileptic drugs (AED) dosages were exceeding teratogenic level at the moment of conception in 54.7% of the cases. Worse control of epileptic seizures was associated with Benzobarbital (66.7%) and Lamotrigine (50.0%). Women with epilepsy did not receive specialized neurological therapy before conception in most cases, which leaded to the usage of AED teratogenic doses and less effectiveness of AED during pregnancy. It is necessary to plan the pregnancy and prescribe rational treatment for epilepsy starting at the stage of planning and during gestation in order to obtain a better seizures control and to decrease congenital disorders risk in fetus.展开更多
Epilepsy is described as the most common chronic brain disorder. A typical symptom of epilepsy results in uncontrolled convulsions caused by temporary excessive neuronal discharges. Although several new anticon-vulsan...Epilepsy is described as the most common chronic brain disorder. A typical symptom of epilepsy results in uncontrolled convulsions caused by temporary excessive neuronal discharges. Although several new anticon-vulsants have been introduced, some types of seizures have still not been adequately controlled with these new and current therapies. There is an urgent need to develop new anticonvulsant drugs to control the many different types of seizures. Many studies have shown that the epilepsies involve more than one mechanism and therefore may be responsible for the various types of observed seizures. Recently reported studies have shown that a group of newly synthesized 6 Hz active anticonvulsant fluorinated N-benzamide enaminones exhibited selective inhibitions of voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels. Nav channels are responsible for the initial inward currents during the depolarization phases of the action potential in excitable cells. The activation and opening of Nav channels result in the initial phases of action potentials. We hypothesize that there is an essential pharmacophore model for the interactions between these enaminones and the active sites of Nav channels. The research reported here is focused on molecular docking studies of the interactions that occur between the fluorinated N-benzamide enaminones and the Nav channels. These studies may open an avenue for designing anticonvulsant drugs by inhibiting Nav channels.展开更多
This study we describe the synthesis of a novel structure of anticonvulsant agent as 6,8-dimethoxy-3-methyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinoline by using GYKI52466, which was the potent anticonvulsant agent, as the lead mo...This study we describe the synthesis of a novel structure of anticonvulsant agent as 6,8-dimethoxy-3-methyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinoline by using GYKI52466, which was the potent anticonvulsant agent, as the lead molecule. Com-pound IV was synthesized and anticonvulsant effects was evaluated against Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure model in mice. The acute anticonvulsant effect was tested with a single dose of 25 and 75 μmol/kg of the synthesis compound. Sodium valproate and normal saline were used as the reference standard and control, respectively. All compounds were injected intraperitoneally to each mouse an hour prior to seizure induced by injection of 60 mg/kg PTZ and observed their behavior for 30 minutes. The result showed that the IV at 75 μmol/kg could delay the latency to first twitch and decrease percent mortality compared to control group.展开更多
A mini-review is presented for the evidence of growth-inhibitory effects of several psychoneurotropic drugs and glucocorticoids on developing animals and humans, together with our own data obtained in experimental mod...A mini-review is presented for the evidence of growth-inhibitory effects of several psychoneurotropic drugs and glucocorticoids on developing animals and humans, together with our own data obtained in experimental models, as well as in epidemiologic studies confirming female predominance in morbidity caused by affective disorders and in consumption of some psychoneurotropic drugs. The emerging concepts of pharmacotoxicologic programming/imprinting and embedding are discussed, justifying the necessity of regional DOHaD centers.展开更多
文摘Background: The association between prenatal exposure to antiseizure medications (ASM) and autism spectrum disorder has been documented. This study sought to examine and synthesize evidence from studies that have evaluated these associations, with particular focus on the trimester of pregnancy and dosage of exposure. Methodology: PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO databases were searched following strict inclusion/exclusion criteria. 10 studies were recruited involving children born to mothers with epilepsy who took ASM during pregnancy as cases, and those with epilepsy who did not take any ASM in pregnancy. Results: The relative risk of developing ASD among children exposed to valproic acid (RR, 3.90 [95% CI: 2.36 - 6.44], p < 0.006), was twice higher than that of carbamazepine (RR, 1.65 [95% CI: 0.62 - 4.37], p < 0.0001), or lamotrigine (RR, 1.60 [95% CI: 0.77 - 3.32], p = 0.006). The trimester of exposure and dosage of ASM administered were not significant. Conclusion: In summary, prenatal exposure to ASM increased the risk of developing ASD in children. The relative risk was twice as high in those exposed to valproic acid compared to those exposed to carbamazepine or lamotrigine. Trimester of pregnancy and dosage of ASM used by the mothers were not significant.
文摘Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes,which affects over 90% of the diabetic patients.Although pain is one of the main symptoms of diabetic neuropathy,its pathophysiological mechanisms are not yet fully known.It is widely accepted that the toxic effects of hyperglycemia play an important role in the development of this complication,but several other hypotheses have been postulated.The management of diabetic neuropathic pain consists basically in excluding other causes of painful peripheral neuropathy,improving glycemic control as a prophylactic therapy and using medications to alleviate pain.First line drugs for pain relief include anticonvulsants,such as pregabalin and gabapentin and antidepressants,especial y those that act to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline.In addition,there is experimental and clinical evidence that opioids can be helpful in pain control,mainly if associated with first line drugs.Other agents,including for topical application,such as capsaicin cream and lidocaine patches,have also been proposed to be useful as adjuvants in the control of diabetic neuropathic pain,but the clinical evidence is insufficient to support their use.In conclusion,a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying diabetic neuropathic pain will contribute to the search of new therapies,but also to the improvement of the guidelines to optimize pain control with the drugs currently available.
基金supported by a grant from the research deputy of Tehran University of Medical Sciences
文摘BACKGROUND: Liver injury associated with antiepileptic drugs accounts for a large proportion of drug-induced liver injuries (DILI) in children. Although withdrawal of the causative agent is the only proved treatment for DILI, in some dinical situations it is not possible. Recent studies have reported promising results of using hepatoprotective drugs with antioxidant actions for the management of DILl. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of folic acid versus silymarin treatment in relation to decreasing liver enzymes in patients with DILI due to antiepileptic therapy. METHODS: This randomized, open-label, clinical trial evalu- ated 55 children with epilepsy who were on antiepileptic treat- ment and experienced DILL The children were randomized to receive either silymarin (5 mg/kg per day) or folic acid (1 mg per day) for one month and were followed up for three months. RESULTS: Liver enzymes significantly decreased in both groups. The decrease trend in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were stronger in the folic acid group compared to silymarin group (P=0.04 and P=0.007, respectively). At the end of the study patients in the folic acid group had significantly lower ALT (P=0.04), AST (P=0.02), and gamma-glntamyl transferase (GGT) (P〈0.001) levels and also higher percentage of normal ALT (30.7% vs 3.4%, P=0.009) and AST (42.3% vs 0%, P〈0.001), and GGT (23.1% vs 0%, P=0.008) values compared to the patients in the silymarin group. No rebound elevations in ALT, AST and GGT levels or adverse reactions were noted in neither of the study groups.CONCLUSION: Although both treatments were safe and effective in decreasing liver enzymes, folic acid seems to be superior to silymarin in the management of DILl.
文摘There is increasing awareness among the cardiology community regarding ictal bradyarrhythmias as a cause of loss of consciousness. A high degree of suspicion is necessary when diagnosing ictal bradyarrhythmias, and delay in diagnosing this condition may lead to morbidity associated with falls and trauma. Ictal bradyarrhythmias have also been suggested to be associated with sudden unexplained death in epilepsy, although evidence related to this association is limited. There is no guidelinedirected therapy for symptomatic ictal bradyarrhythmias due to a lack of randomized, controlled trials. Cardiac pacemaker therapy is commonly used for these patients; however, currently, there is no universal agreement on the pacing indications for these patients. In this review, we focus on the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of ictal bradyarrhythmias and then discuss the pacing need based on the available literature data.
文摘We report here the synthesis and in vivo anticonvulsant/neurotoxicity activities of a series of compounds belonging to 2-aryl-4-arylidene-1-phenyl-1H-imidazol-5(4H)-one. The scaffold is based on the commonality of 5-membered lactam ring structures as successful anticonvulsant agents. The present compounds exhibited a range of anticonvulsant activity in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure test. In particular, the protection was excellent by compounds bearing furylmethylidene on C4, possibly due to good pharmacokinetic properties. It was found that high lipophilicity and/or electron deficient aryl ring substitution at C4 compromised the anticonvulsant activities. For example, chloro analogues were found much less active than unsubstituted phenyl or furyl derivatives. Regarding side effects, active compounds exerted no observable neurotoxic effect at their therapeutic doses in Chimney test.
文摘In pursuit for better antiepileptic drug and the importance of semicarbazones and 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-thiadiazoles as anticonvulsant pharmacophore, a series of novel N-({5-[(6-methyl-l-benzofuran-3-yl)methyl]-l,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl}carba- mothioyl)-2/3/4-substitutedbenzamide were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity. The findings of the present studies confirmed that the pharmacophore model with four binding sites is crucial for anticonvulsant activity. Structure-activity relationships among synthesized compounds were also established.
文摘AIM To evaluate the utility of patch test and cross-sensitivity patterns in patients with adverse cutaneous drug reactions(ACDR) from common anticonvulsants. METHODS Twenty-four(M:F = 13:11) patients aged 18-75 years with ACDR from anticonvulsants were patch tested 3-27 mo after complete recovery using carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbitone, lamotrigine, and sodium valproate in 10%, 20% and 30% conc. in pet. after informed consent. Positive reactions persisting on D3 and D4 were considered significant. RESULTS Clinical patterns were exanthematous drug rash with or without systemic involvement(DRESS) in 18(75%), Stevens-Johnsons syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis(SJS/TEN) overlap and TEN in 2(8.3%) patients each, SJS and lichenoid drug eruption in 1(4.2%) patient each, respectively. The implicated drugs were phenytoin in 14(58.3%), carbamazepine in 9(37.5%), phenobarbitone in 2(8.3%), and lamotrigine in 1(4.7%) patients,respectively. Twelve(50%) patients elicited positive reactions to implicated drugs; carbamazepine in 6(50%), phenytoin alone in 4(33.3%), phenobarbitone alone in 1(8.3%), and both phenytoin and phenobarbitone in 1(8.33%) patients, respectively. Cross-reactions occurred in 11(92%) patients. Six patients with carbamazepine positive patch test reaction showed cross sensitivity with phenobarbitone, sodium valproate and/or lamotrigine. Three(75%) patients among positive phenytoin patch test reactions had cross reactions with phenobarbitone, lamotrigine, and/or valproate. CONCLUSION Carbamazepine remains the commonest anticonvulsant causing ACDRs and cross-reactions with other anticonvulsants are possible. Drug patch testing appears useful in DRESS for drug imputability and cross-reactions established clinically.
文摘Objective:To investigate the potentials of the root bark of Annona(A.) senegalensis in the control of seizure and related hypnotic and motor incoordination effects in mice using experimental models.Methods:The methanol extract(ME) of the root bark of A.senegalensis was studied in mice using pentylenetetrazole(PTZ) induced convulsions,phenobarbitone induced sleeping time and motor coordination test on rota-rod performance.Acute toxicity and lethality(LD50) lest as well as phytochemical analysis were also carried out.Results:The extract(200,400,800 mg/ kg) exhibited a non- dose dependent significant(P【0.05) delay in the onset of both tonic and clonic phases of seizure induced by PTZ(60 mg/kg,s.c.) as well as offered a 100%protection (200 mg/kg) in mice from PTZ induced seizures.The extract significantly(P【0.05) decreased the latency and increased the duration of phenobarbitone induced sleeping time.At 200 mg/kg, the extract exhibited a significant(P【0.05) motor incoordination.The acute toxicity test revealed an oral LD<sub>50</sub> of 1 2%mg/kg,while the phytochemical studies showed the presence of alkaloids, resins,glycosides,carbohydrate,reducing sugar,flavonoids,terpenoids,saponins and tannins. Conclusion:The extract of A senegalensis possessed anticonvulsant activity with pronounced hypnotic and muscle relaxant effects.
基金Financially Supported by Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan (Grant No.bm6-071/hec/pak.)
文摘Objective:To investigate the antipyretic and anticonvulsant activities of n-hexane fraction of Viola betonicifolia(V.betonicifolia).Methods:The antipyretic effect was scrutinized using brewer's yeast induced pyrexia and anticonvlsion effect was tested using pentylenetetrazol and strychnine induced convulsion in mice.Results:N-hexane fraction of V.betonicifolia demonstrated highly significant antipyretic activity during various assessment times(1-5 h)when challenged in yeast induced pyrexia test.The effect was in a dose dependent manner with maximum attenuation(82.50%)observed at 300 mg/kg i.p.When tested in pentylenetetrazol induced convulsion test,the 1st stage(Ear and facial twitching)and 2nd stage(Convulsive wave through the body)was 100%protected during 24 h at all the test doses(300,400 and 500 mg/kg i.p.),while the latency time of remaining stages was significantly increased.The maximum effect was observed by n-hexane fraction of V.betonicifolia at 400 and 500 mg/kg i.p.,as the latency time for generalized clonic-tonic seizure(5th stage)was increased up to 25.34 min.However,n-hexane fraction of V.betonicifolia had no protection in strychnine induced convulsion test.Conclusions:In conclusion,phytopharmacological studies provide scientific foundation to the folk uses of the plant in the treatment of pyrexia and neurological disorders.
基金Projects Supported by the National Fund of Natural Sciences
文摘On the basis of systematic modification of the structure of componds of antiepilepsirine type, more than 200 cinnamamides were synthesized and tested by animal assay (maximal electroshock seizure, MES). Pharmacological evaluation showed that the configuration and the substituents on the phenyl ring and the nitrogen of amides, and substituents on the double bond displayed an important effect on the anticonvulsant activity.For studying the effect of the modification of structure to anticonvulsant activity, Hansch approach was employed to study the QSAR among 38 cinnamamides, and Hopfinger' s MSA was employed to study the MSA-QSAR among 26 cinnamamides.
基金Funded by the Research and Technology Deputy of the Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences(grant number:2672)
文摘Epilepsy is a disorder in brain in which clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, occasionally signal abnormally and cause strange emotions, sensations, and behavior, or sometimes muscle spasms, convulsions, and loss of consciousness. Neurotransmitters in central nervous system greatly affect and play a very important part in neuronal excitability.Traditional treatments are still a component of health care system in many communities despite the fact that well-established alternatives are available. In this review article, we addressed epilepsy and its treatments with emphasis on medical plants and introduction of antiepileptic plants and their action mechanisms. Relevant articles published since 2010 were retrieved using the search terms including epileptic seizure, anticonvulsant, medicinal plants, and oxidative stress. Most plants/herbal preparations that are ethnomedically used to treat epilepsy or those which have been tested for anticonvulsant activity were reported. Overall, the results of the published articles show that the symptoms of epilepsy seizure can be inhibited or treated by active ingredients derived from medicinal plants.
文摘Delphinium denudatum Wall.is one of the important medicinal herbs of traditional Persian medicine and is known as Jadwar.Medicinal plants are the most widely used drugs in traditional Persian medicine and has been used for various diseases since earlier times.The medicinal uses of Delphinium denudatum Wall.date back to over 1,000 years ago.Rhazes(845–925 C.E.)was the first Persian physician and scientist who reported the use of Delphinium denudatum Wall.as a herbal remedy.During the following centuries,the usages of Delphinium denudatum Wall.in the treatment of various diseases has been mentioned in the books and references of traditional Persian medicine for cures to various diseases such as neurologic and psychiatric disease,gastrointestinal disease,fever,pain,and poisoning.According to modern studies,the dried roots of Delphinium denudatum Wall.have antipyretic,antimicrobial,anticonvulsant,hepatoprotective,antioxidant,and pain-relieving properties.Biomolecules from roots of Delphinium denudatum Wall.were also identified as potential cures for central nervous system diseases as well as for the amelioration of morphine addiction.Delphinium denudatum Wall.,with its properties involving the prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction,reduction of oxidative stress,and inflammation and immune dysregulation,can be utilized in curing inflammatory disorders.The effective therapeutic influence of root extract of Delphinium denudatum Wall.against several diseases needs to be confirmed through controlled clinical trials.This article reviews the different features of Delphinium denudatum Wall.and focuses on the well-known therapeutic effects of this herbal drug on various human disorders and animal disease models.
文摘Under physiological conditions, γ-aminobutyric acid poorly crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is likely that a non-toxic derivative of γ-aminobutyric acid which enters the brain easily will have useful anticonvulsant activity. 16 derivatives of γ-aminobutyric acid with an imine link to a lipophilic carrier were prepared and tested for anticonvulsant activity; six compounds show anticonvulsant activity.
文摘Objective: To examine the efficacy of gabapentin for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Design: A retrospective chart review. Settings: Tertiary care geriatric psychiatry inpatient unit. Participants: 230 patients with BPSD. Measurements: The socio-demographic information, type of behaviors, co-morbid psychiatric and medical diagnoses, daily doses of medications and side-effects were recorded. Results: Of the 230 patients, 22 were treated with gabapentin. Twenty of these patients were on a combination of gabapentin and an antipsychotic medication while two patients were treated with gabapentin monotherapy. Eighteen of the 20 patients in the combination group tolerated the treatments with little or no side effects as did the two patients in the monotherapy group. Conclusions: Gabapentin may be a safe option for the treatment of BPSD in combination with antipsychotic medications. Gabapentin may also be effective as monotherapy in certain patients with BPSD.
文摘Epilepsy is a disorder in the nervous system which often causes a loss of consciousness. Traditional treatments are quiet a component of health care system in various populations in spite of the fact that well-established options are available. Most plants are used to treat epilepsy or those which have been verified for anticonvulsant activity were reported. Then, Costus afer is a plant of the Congolese flora used in traditional medicine for its many virtues. Therefore, the anticonvulsant activity of Costus afer was assessed with the strychnine convulsion induction test. Two tests were used for sedative activity such as the barbiturate sleep induction test and motor activity and finally the forced swimming test was also used to assess antidepressant activity. The results showed that the aqueous extract of Costus afer stems had no effects on strychnine-induced seizures at doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg compared to the control group. However, the extract of Costus afer stems caused a very significant decrease in motricity at a dose of 500 mg/kg, showing a decrease in the onset time and a very significant increase in sleep duration like the reference molecule such as Diazepam. The aqueous extract of Costus afer stems also caused a decrease in immobility time in mice at a dose of 500 mg/kg.
文摘Epilepsy is one of the most frequent neurological disorders. In these circumstances, more than 25% of the patients are women of reproductive age. The aim of our research was to analyze the effectiveness and safety of antiepileptic therapy in women with epilepsy during pregnancy and to analyze the pregnancies’ outcomes. We included in our research 121 pregnancies of 101 women aged at the moment of childbearing about 26.9 ± 4.57 years old. Idiopathic forms of epilepsy were predominant among all causes—47.1% (р < 0.01). Of all cases, 65.4% remained seizure-free from generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS), including 69.6% of all idiopathic epilepsy cases and 68.6% among symptomatic ones. The antiepileptic drugs (AED) dosages were exceeding teratogenic level at the moment of conception in 54.7% of the cases. Worse control of epileptic seizures was associated with Benzobarbital (66.7%) and Lamotrigine (50.0%). Women with epilepsy did not receive specialized neurological therapy before conception in most cases, which leaded to the usage of AED teratogenic doses and less effectiveness of AED during pregnancy. It is necessary to plan the pregnancy and prescribe rational treatment for epilepsy starting at the stage of planning and during gestation in order to obtain a better seizures control and to decrease congenital disorders risk in fetus.
文摘Epilepsy is described as the most common chronic brain disorder. A typical symptom of epilepsy results in uncontrolled convulsions caused by temporary excessive neuronal discharges. Although several new anticon-vulsants have been introduced, some types of seizures have still not been adequately controlled with these new and current therapies. There is an urgent need to develop new anticonvulsant drugs to control the many different types of seizures. Many studies have shown that the epilepsies involve more than one mechanism and therefore may be responsible for the various types of observed seizures. Recently reported studies have shown that a group of newly synthesized 6 Hz active anticonvulsant fluorinated N-benzamide enaminones exhibited selective inhibitions of voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels. Nav channels are responsible for the initial inward currents during the depolarization phases of the action potential in excitable cells. The activation and opening of Nav channels result in the initial phases of action potentials. We hypothesize that there is an essential pharmacophore model for the interactions between these enaminones and the active sites of Nav channels. The research reported here is focused on molecular docking studies of the interactions that occur between the fluorinated N-benzamide enaminones and the Nav channels. These studies may open an avenue for designing anticonvulsant drugs by inhibiting Nav channels.
文摘This study we describe the synthesis of a novel structure of anticonvulsant agent as 6,8-dimethoxy-3-methyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinoline by using GYKI52466, which was the potent anticonvulsant agent, as the lead molecule. Com-pound IV was synthesized and anticonvulsant effects was evaluated against Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure model in mice. The acute anticonvulsant effect was tested with a single dose of 25 and 75 μmol/kg of the synthesis compound. Sodium valproate and normal saline were used as the reference standard and control, respectively. All compounds were injected intraperitoneally to each mouse an hour prior to seizure induced by injection of 60 mg/kg PTZ and observed their behavior for 30 minutes. The result showed that the IV at 75 μmol/kg could delay the latency to first twitch and decrease percent mortality compared to control group.
文摘A mini-review is presented for the evidence of growth-inhibitory effects of several psychoneurotropic drugs and glucocorticoids on developing animals and humans, together with our own data obtained in experimental models, as well as in epidemiologic studies confirming female predominance in morbidity caused by affective disorders and in consumption of some psychoneurotropic drugs. The emerging concepts of pharmacotoxicologic programming/imprinting and embedding are discussed, justifying the necessity of regional DOHaD centers.