Determination of Total Heavy Metals Content in Local Antidote Manufacturing Resources

The present work was initiated for searching and evaluating the total heavy metal content in some selected local resources used by traditional healers in locally made antidotes to search for their toxicity. Elekat public slaughterhouse in the city of Bukavu, the central market of Kadutu and in the Ruzizi plain, precisely in Sange city, have been the purchased centers. The samples of bull and cow horns, oil palm nut shells, cow bones, ginger, black pepper and Mwenga salt were used. The spectrometric method has been used to carry out heavy metal content in each local resource using the atomic absorption spectrometer (VARIAN 1275). The heavy metals found and their average content are as follows: copper (Cu: 124.79 mg/kg), lead (Pb: 76.41 mg/kg), chromium (Cr: 33.9 mg/kg), zinc (Zn: 190.86 mg/kg), Arsenic (As: 107.41 mg/kg) and cadmium (Cd: 0.05 mg/kg). The averages of total heavy metal contents for all samples are below the standard of each one. The determination of the heavy metal contents in these samples allows evaluating human intoxication risk. These results show that antidote technology can be run without any toxicity risk and showed statistically significant differences compared to the controls (p 0.05) for chromium, zinc and cadmium have been recorded. However, most of the heavy metals molecules being thioloprives and then bioccumulatives, antidotes made from them shall not be consumed during a long period.

Two new species of Curcuma (Zingiberaceae) used as cobra-bite antidotes

Two new species of Curcuma, C. sattayasaii A. Chaveerach ＆ R. Sudmoon and C. zedoaroides A. Chaveerach ＆ T. Tanee with rhizomes traditionally used for many decades as cobra-bite antidotes are described and illustrated. Curcuma sattayasaii is similar to C. longa L., but differs in rhizome horizontally branching on ground; coma bracts pinkish-white or pinkish-pale green; corolla pale yellow with orange tip; labellum pale orange with an orange central band; anther crest very short, broadly ovate, wider than long. Curcuma zedoaroides is similar to C. zedoaria （Christm.） Roscoe, but differs in rhizome branching pattern; the protruding secondary rhizomes curved down; blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate; peduncle glabrous; fertile and coma bracts glabrous; corolla lobes pale yellow to white, lateral lobe ovate, dorsal lobe broadly ovate. The new taxa have been found in a village of Khon Kaen Province, Northeastern Thailand.

基于数据挖掘的藏医药古籍文献中水银(佐太)解毒组方规律探讨

目的基于数据挖掘探讨藏医药古籍文献中含水银(佐太)解毒组方的用药规律。方法收集《四部医典》《月王药诊》《十万拳》《八支心要集》等22部藏医药古籍文献中的水银(佐太)解毒复方,建立药物、药性、五源、六味、三化味等数据库,使用R 4.2.2、IBM SPSS Modeler 18.0、Origion 2024等软件对水银(佐太)解毒复方药物类别、性味、五源等进行频次统计分析、Apriori关联规则分析、聚类分析,并结合藏医药理论对统计结果进行阐释。结果共收集整理含水银(佐太)解毒复方52首,涉及药物213味,药物使用总频次为1066次。组方涉及的药物以植物药为主“,寒”性药居多;药味以苦、甘、辛为主,五源中空、风和水居多;单味药物出现频次最高的为水银(佐太),其次为诃子、麝香、天竺黄、藏红花、肉豆蔻等;高频药物水银(佐太)、麝香、马钱子、甘青乌头、毛盔马先蒿、轮叶獐牙菜和白芥七味药均具有解毒作用,麝香还具有芳香开窍之功效,诃子能够调和药性和三因,对诸病有效,“六良药”天竺黄、藏红花、肉豆蔻、白豆蔻、丁香和草果能够调和气血,治疗五脏六腑疾病。关联规则分析显示支持度大于59.62的药对组合24对,三味药物组合9组,多为水银(佐太)、诃子、麝香和六良药的组合;对药物频次>10的药物进行聚类分析,得出7个聚类方,多具有清热解毒、调和五脏六腑的功效。结论水银(佐太)解毒组方药物多以植物药、寒性药物和苦味药物为主,符合清除毒热的藏医药解毒治法。其用药规律体现为使用诃子调和药性,用解毒药物来解毒,加芳香类药物迅速清除或排除毒素,用六良药来保护五脏六腑,药物合用共奏清热解毒、开窍通络、调和五脏六腑之功效。研究为藏药水银(佐太)解毒组方的用药规律提供了数据支撑。

清热解毒药治疗缺血性脑白质病变的研究进展

近年来缺血性脑白质病变(WMIL)的检出率不断提高,热毒的形成与演变贯穿WMIL的发病过程,内生热毒损伤脑络在WMIL病理机制中占重要地位。针对WMIL“虚、热、毒、瘀”的病机,清热解毒药通过抑制炎症过程干扰缺血级联反应、清除痰瘀热毒等有害物质的产生,从而发挥解毒祛邪的作用。临床常用的清热解毒药(如牛黄、大黄、黄芩、黄连)在WMIL治疗中疗效明确,可显著改善患者脑缺血状态,延缓或阻止WMIL等神经退行性疾病的发展,为有效治疗脑白质病提供新思路。

十种清热解毒中药提取物抗泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌感染的研究

目的 研究金果榄、矮脚苦蒿和姜黄等十种清热解毒中药抗泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(XDR-AB)感染的活性,筛选出具有体内抗感染活性的中药提取物,为发现新型抗XDR-AB感染的抗菌药物提供研究基础。方法 分别采用水、50%乙醇、95%乙醇提取十种清热解毒中药并制成不同浓度的药物浸膏,与课题组前期优化的XDR-AB感染秀丽隐杆线虫模型共孵育,通过线虫的存活率判断中药提取物的体内抗XDR-AB活性。结果 随着姜黄和土荆皮提取物浓度的增大,XDR-AB感染的线虫存活率不断提高。姜黄的水提取物、50%乙醇提取物和95%乙醇提取物在浓度1 000μg/mL时,可使XDR-AB感染的秀丽隐杆线虫存活率分别提高至54.2%(与阴性对照组比较,P<0.001)、18.8%、13.3%;土荆皮的水提取物、50%乙醇提取物和95%乙醇提取物在浓度1 000μg/mL时,可使XDR-AB感染的秀丽隐杆线虫存活率分别提高至47.4%(与阴性对照组比较,P<0.001)、23.8%、15.8%。结论 姜黄和土荆皮水提取物具有较好的抗XDR-AB感染活性,可对其主要化学成分进行体外抗菌药效验证,以期发现新型抗XDR-AB感染的抗菌药物。

三维拓扑绝缘体antidot阵列结构中的磁致输运研究

利用聚焦离子束刻蚀技术在拓扑绝缘体Bi_2Se_3薄膜中刻蚀了纳米尺度的反点(antidot)阵列,并对制作的三个器件进行了系统的电学输运测量研究.低温下,所有器件中都观察到明显的弱反局域化效应.通过对弱反局域化效应的分析,发现器件一(Dev-1,不含有antidot阵列)和器件二(Dev-2,含有周期较大的antidot阵列)是始终由一个导电通道主导的量子输运系统,但在器件三(Dev-3,含有周期较小的antidot阵列)中能明确观察到较低温度下存在两个独立的导电通道,而在较高温度下Dev-3表现为由一个导电通道主导的量子输运系统.

STABILITY ANALYSIS OF A COMPUTER VIRUS PROPAGATION MODEL WITH ANTIDOTE IN VULNERABLE SYSTEM

We study a proposed model describing the propagation of computer virus in the network with antidote in vulnerable system. Mathematical analysis shows that dynamics of the spread of computer viruses is determined by the threshold Ro. If Ro 〈 1, the virusfree equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable, and if R0 〉 1, the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. Lyapunov functional method as well as geometric approach are used for proving the global stability of equilibria. A numerical investigation is carried out to confirm the analytical results. Through parameter analysis, some effective strategies for eliminating viruses are suggested.

Vortex pinning and rectification effect in a nanostructured superconducting film with a square array of antidot triplets

We study the stability of vortices pinning and dynamics in a superconducting thin strip containing a square array of antidot triplets by using the nonlinear Ginzburg–Landau(GL)theory.Compared with the regular square array of circular holes,the vortices are no longer pinned inside the circular holes,but instead stabilized at the center of the antidot triplets depending on the geometry parameters.Moreover,the influences of the geometry parameters and the polarity of the applied current on the current–voltage(I–V)characteristics are also studied.The critical current for the sample turning into a normal state becomes smaller when the hole diameter D is smaller and the spacing B between the holes is larger.Due to the asymmetric pinning sites,our numerical simulations demonstrate that the positive and negative rectified voltages appear alternately in the resistive state of the sample under an ac current of square pulses.

Testing Toxicity and Antidote Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles with <i>Paramecium caudatum</i>

A simple method for assessment of the toxicity and antidote effect of selenium nanoparticles with Paramecium caudatum is presented. Light microscopy in combination with computerized video tracking is employed for the determination of the survival time of P. caudatum. Up to 800 mg/L, selenium nanoparticles are not acutely toxic. With respect to a potential antidote effect, the lethality of silver nanoparticles, silver nitrate, sodium hydrogen selenite, and sodium selenite to P. caudatum was decreased and survival time was extended upon pre-treatment with selenium nanoparticles. Taken together, these findings suggest that administration of selenium nanoparticles attenuates exposure to toxicants. Selenium nanoparticles could be a good functional additive for food management in animals.

Antidotal effects of curcumin against neurotoxic agents:An updated review

Curcumin(CUR), the main phenolic composition in turmeric, shows preventive effects in various diseases. CUR is commonly found in the Curcuma species and historically applied in herbal medicine. Numerous studies have indicated that CUR possesses protective effects against toxic agents in the various animal tissues including the brain. This study found that CUR may be effective in nervous system problems induced by neurotoxic agents. However, due to the lack of information on human, more investigations are needed to determine the efficacy of CUR as an antidote matter. The current study aimed to critically review the recent literature data from 2014 to 2016 that regarding the therapeutic aspects of CUR versus neurotoxic agents-induced brain damage and its involved mechanisms.

Angle-dependent spin waves in antidot bilayers

Ferromagnetic resonance is introduced to examine the microwave frequency response of Ni Fe/Ir Mn bilayers, patterned as antidot arrays. In the experiment, field direction dependence on mode is obtained by rotating the applied magnetic field. We find that at a given resonance frequency, the dependence of the resonance field on the angle has a tendency of sinusoid/cosine variation in the experiment. From micromagnetic simulation it can be seen that spin waves are localized between dots from a given mode profile. This is caused by a demagnetization distribution with a larger value in the center of the two nearest dots than that of the next-nearest dots.

Abnormal magnetoresistance behavior in Nb thin films with rectangular arrays of antidots

Magnetoresistance in superconducting Nb films perforated with rectangular arrays of antidots （holes） is investigated at various temperatures and currents. Normally, the magnetoresistance increases with the increasing magnetic field. In this paper, we report a reverse behavior in a certain range of high fields after vortex reconfiguration transition, where the resistances at non-matching fields are smaller than those in the low field regime. This phenomenon is due to a strong caging effect, in which the interstitial vortices are trapped among the pinned multiquanta vortices. This effect is temperature and current dependent.

“Blessing or Curse”?Introduction of Bond Notes as an Antidote to Zimbabwe’s Liquidity Crises

The Zimbabwean financial sector has been retrogressive,constrained,and unpredictable since the year 2000,serving for the multiple currency periods(2009-2013)after the demonetization of the domestic dollar.The sector since then has seen a number of commercial banks fail to meet RBZ(Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe)minimum capital requirements,put under curatorship,delisted or liquidated because of a myriad of operational and financial challenges.The objective of this study is to make an assessment of whether or not the introduction of bond notes has been a curse or blessing.The study drew raw data from bank account holders,academics,general public,corporate world and commercial banks in Masvingo for analysis and interpretation.The study established that the majority of people,corporate world and commercial banks were sceptical to embrace the surrogate bond notes because of the uncertainties,operational and financial risks that they paused on the domestic financial markets.It was also discovered that most banks were quick to pay clients’withdrawals in bond notes,deduct US dollar equivalences from their accounts,and distinguish bond notes from US dollars at the point of making deposits and foreign business transactions.It was also realized that there was market indiscipline and trading in bigger US dollar notes in the informal sector and serious shortage of the same notes in the formal sector.The study concluded that the introduction of bond notes to trade parallel to the US dollar brought a serious shortage of cash on formal markets and increases in the general price level of goods and services.The study therefore recommends that the RBZ should completely withdraw the bond notes from the market to accord the US dollar its world market value and restore confidence and discipline in the Zimbabwean financial sector.The study also recommends another option of the adoption of the South African Rand as an interventionist way of solving Zimbabwe’s liquidity crises.

717解毒合剂对蝮蛇咬伤大鼠心肌NO、MDA、SH水平的影响

目的观察717解毒合剂对蝮蛇咬伤大鼠心肌一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)、巯基(SH)水平的改善作用。方法8周龄SPF级SD大鼠50只,雌雄各半,随机分为正常对照组、模型组、717解毒合剂低剂量组(0.6 mL/100 g)、717解毒合剂中剂量组(1.2 mL/100 g)、717解毒合剂高剂量组(2.4 mL/100 g)。除正常对照组外,其余大鼠均予2.5μg/g腹蛇毒液于左后肢皮下注射造模,并于造模成功2 h后开始给药,连续3 d。末次给药12 h后取大鼠心脏制备10%心肌组织匀浆,离心后提取上清并检测心肌MDA水平、心肌NO水平、心肌总巯基(TSH)水平、心肌非蛋白结合巯基(NPSH)水平和心肌蛋白结合巯基(PSH)水平。结果与正常对照组相比,模型组大鼠心肌MDA水平和NO水平表现出显著升高的状态(P<0.05),心肌TSH、NPSH、PSH水平则呈现降低的状态(P<0.05);中药治疗组大鼠心肌MDA水平和NO水平显著下调(P<0.05),心肌TSH、NPSH、PSH水平明显上调(P<0.05),并呈现剂量依赖性趋势,给药剂量越高,心肌损伤的改善程度越优。结论717解毒合剂对蝮蛇毒诱导的大鼠心肌损害具有一定的改善和保护作用,可以改善心肌MDA、NO、TSH、NPSH、PSH水平,值得进一步研究。

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇对猪毒害作用及毒理机制研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)是一种常见的污染粮食、饲料和食品的霉菌毒素,严重影响人和牲畜的健康。猪对DON非常敏感,DON可造成猪拒食、生长抑制、呕吐以及器官损伤、细胞毒性、免疫毒性等毒害作用。本文主要综述了DON对猪的毒害作用、毒理机制以及解毒剂开发等方面的研究进展,尤其关注DON毒理作用的遗传调控研究,旨在为从遗传本质提高猪对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的抵抗力提供更全面的参考。

傣药“雅解”:宾蒿、傣百解及竹叶兰的生物活性及其解毒机制

傣药“雅解”是傣族传统医学中最具特色的药物和治疗方法。其中,宾蒿(Clerodendrum chinense var.simplex)、傣百解(Marsdenia tenacissima)和竹叶兰(Arundina graminifolia)作为3种常见的“雅解”被广泛使用。本研究使用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇或水依次萃取3种“雅解”的乙醇提取物获得各极性部位,并制备3种“雅解”的水煎剂。经测定3种“雅解”的总黄酮质量分数为22.41~586.39 mg/g,高于总多酚质量分数(2.76~28.66 mg/g)。3种“雅解”的提取物均可清除DPPH、·OH和ABTS自由基,其中对ABTS自由基的清除率高于其他自由基(IC50>380μg/mL)。它们对大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用较弱。此外,3种“雅解”具有一定的抗炎作用,在60μg/mL的质量浓度下即可显著下调脂多糖刺激巨噬细胞产生的NO、肿瘤坏死因子-α、白细胞介素-1β和白细胞介素-6。综上所述,本研究通过现代科学手段初步揭示了3种“雅解”的解毒作用机理,为“雅解”的进一步优化与研究奠定了基础。

二巯丙磺钠及合用安定对毒鼠强急性中毒动物的保护作用

[目的 ]探讨二巯丙磺钠及合用安定对毒鼠强急性中毒动物的保护作用。 [方法 ]通过小鼠、大鼠急性毒性实验 ,观察二巯丙磺钠解毒作用的时效关系 ;观察二巯丙磺钠及合用安定的保护作用及对大鼠脑电的影响。 [结果 ]二巯丙磺钠须在染毒前 2 0min腹腔注射 (ip) ,才能发挥良好的解毒作用 ,二巯丙磺钠与毒鼠强混合后灌胃 (ig) ,不能降低毒鼠强的毒性 ;二巯丙磺钠、安定均能提高毒鼠强中毒小鼠的LD50 ,降低毒鼠强中毒大鼠的死亡率 ,两药合用保护作用更佳。染毒前 30minip二巯丙磺钠能抑制毒鼠强中毒大鼠强直性惊厥波的产生 ,染毒后静脉注射 (iv)安定能消除产生的强直性惊厥波。 [结论 ]二巯丙磺钠和安定对毒鼠强急性中毒动物有一定的保护作用 。

不同缓解处理对玉米烟嘧磺隆药害的缓解效果研究

以郑单958玉米杂交种为供试作物,研究了除草剂烟嘧磺隆对夏玉米的药害情况以及不同缓解剂对药害的缓解作用。结果表明,120g/hm2烟嘧磺隆对玉米生长产生了严重影响,株高下降8.69%,产量下降11.18%。定量喷施氨基酸、萘乙酸、奈安、丙酰芸苔素内酯均能改善烟嘧磺隆对玉米株高的抑制,效果相对较好;萘乙酸、胺鲜酯可缓解烟嘧磺隆对玉米叶绿素的影响;药害出现前、后喷施各种缓解剂均能缓解烟嘧磺隆对玉米丙二醛含量的影响;药害后期喷施宝叶可缓解烟嘧磺隆对玉米可溶性糖含量的影响。测产表明,烟嘧磺隆药害出现后喷施奈安的处理玉米产量最高,较120g/hm2烟嘧磺隆对照产量提高24.47%。综合分析,1.2g/hm2奈安对玉米烟嘧磺隆药害的缓解效果最好。

不同缓解处理对氟磺胺草醚大豆药害的缓解效果研究

为了研究氟磺胺草醚对大豆的药害情况以及不同缓解剂对药害的缓解作用,在大田大豆喷施氟磺胺草醚后,分2个时期分别喷施8种缓解剂,然后在特定时间分别调查大豆的株高、地上鲜重、叶绿素含量、单株荚数和产量。结果表明:高剂量氟磺胺草醚对大豆药害明显,大豆株高、地上鲜重分别降低16.89%、49.39%,叶绿素含量下降43.75%,单株荚数和产量也分别减少30.0%、14.24%。药害前期喷施宝叶、萘乙酸、赤霉酸和磷酸二氢钾或药害后期喷施宝叶、奈安、芸苔素内酯和氨基酸对大豆产量均有较好的缓解效果。综合分析,药害前期喷施萘乙酸、磷酸二氢钾更有利于大豆增产,其产量较未喷施氟磺胺草醚对照分别增加36.22%和29.88%,可用于修复药害对大豆生长发育造成的影响。

二巯丙磺钠对毒鼠强急性中毒动物的解毒作用

目的 :研究二巯丙磺钠对毒鼠强急性中毒动物的解毒作用。方法 :通过小鼠、大鼠及家兔急性毒性实验观察二巯丙磺钠的解毒作用 ,及微量脑室内给药对小鼠毒性及大鼠脑电的影响。结果 :二巯丙磺钠能有效抑制急性中毒动物的强直性惊厥 ,明显降低死亡率 ,微量脑室给药也能明显降低中毒小鼠死亡率 ,并能明显抑制大鼠强直性惊厥波的产生。结论 :二巯丙磺钠对毒鼠强急性中毒动物有非常明显的解毒作用 。