Pharmacological effects of bioactive agents in earthworm extract:A comprehensive review

This review compiles information from the literature on the chemical composition,pharmacological effects,and molecular mechanisms of earthworm extract(EE)and suggests possibilities for clinical translation of EE.We also consider future trends and concerns in this domain.We summarize the bioactive components of EE,including G-90,lysenin,lumbrokinase,antimicrobial peptides,earthworm serine protease(ESP),and polyphenols,and detail the antitumor,antithrombotic,antiviral,antibacterial,anti-i nflammatory,analgesic,antioxidant,wound-healing,antifibrotic,and hypoglycemic activities and mechanisms of action of EE based on existing in vitro and in vivo studies.We further propose the potential of EE for clinical translation in anticancer and lipid-modifying therapies,and its promise as source of a novel agent for wound healing and resistance to antibiotic tolerance.The earthworm enzyme lumbrokinase embodies highly effective anticoagulant and thrombolytic properties and has the advantage of not causing bleeding phenomena due to hyperfibrinolysis.Its antifibrotic properties can reduce the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix.The glycolipoprotein extract G-90 can effectively scavenge reactive oxygen groups and protect cellular tissues from oxidative damage.Earthworms have evolved a well-developed defense mechanism to fight against microbial infections,and the bioactive agents in EE have shown good antibacterial,fungal,and viral properties in in vitro and in vivo experiments and can alleviate inflammatory responses caused by infections,effectively reducing pain.Recent studies have also highlighted the role of EE in lowering blood glucose.EE shows high medicinal value and is expected to be a source of many bioactive compounds.

FIRST STEP VIEW OF THE EFFICACY OF ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS

A human K562 leukaemia call and acute adult leudaemia patient samples have been used to test the efficacy of antineoplastic agents with MTT assay.All 18 drugs were invoved.According to the purpose of experiment these durgs were applied at different opportunities or combinations.The drug efficacy has been observed and summarized as four different conditions:1.the change of the time(△ T )closely related with drug effacacy, during the duration the change of drug concentration(△ C) at certain extent has almost no influence; 2the △ C closely related with the efficacy, the △ T has no influence;3. The △ C and △ T effect the results together;and 4.the △ C and △ T effect not the result. And then draw a conclution that the process or drug effacacy has a multiple function with flat distrtct.

Radiomics in Antineoplastic Agents Development:Application and Challenge in Response Evaluation

The recent spring up of the antineoplastic agents and the prolonged survival bring both challenge and chance to radiological practice.Radiological methods including CT,MRI and PET play an increasingly important role in evaluating the efficacy of these antineoplastic drugs.However,different antineoplastic agents potentially induce different radiological signs,making it a challenge for radiological response evaluation,which depends mainly on one-sided morphological response evaluation criteria in solid tumors(RECIST)in the status quo of clinical practice.This brings opportunities for the development of radiomics,which is promising to serve as a surrogate for response evaluations of anti-tumor treatments.In this article,we introduce the basic concepts of radiomics,review the state-of-art radiomics researches with highlights of radiomics application in predictions of molecular biomarkers,treatment response,and prognosis.We also provide in-depth analyses on major obstacles and future direction of this new technique in clinical investigations on new antineoplastic agents.

PERCUTANEOUS INJECTING ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT INTO TRANSPLANTED TUMORS OF MICE BY CT－GUIDED

Antineoplastic agent and contrast medium were injected into transplanted tumors of mice under guidance with CT, site and range of the intratumoural drug were shown on CT image immediately. It was value of multipoint injections, concentration of 0.1 mg/0.l ml MMC every point, 1 cm interval of injection. After the injections, the tumor size of mice reduced and at last disappeared (ratio of inhibited tumor 59.32% in 0.05 mg MMC group, 43.86% in 0.1 mg MMC group).The pathologic examination showed coagulatic necrosis of the tumor tissues. The higher concentration of antineoplastic agent (0.2 mg MMC) could make the tumors enlarged (ratio of inhibited tumor -15.3%). The tissues and vessels around the tumors were not injured, if MMC overflow out off the tumor.

Potential of four marine-derived fungi extracts as anti-proliferative and cell death-inducing agents in seven human cancer cell lines

Objective:To evaluate the in vitro anticancer activity of crude ethyl acetate extracts of the culture of four marine-derived fungi Aspergillus similanensis KUFA 0013(E1),Neosartorya paulistemis KUFC 7897(E2),Neosartorya siamensis KUFA 0017(E4) and Talaromyces trachyspermus KUFC 0021(E3) on a panel of seven human cancer cell lines.Methods:Effects on cell proliferation,induction of DNA damage and cell death were assessed by MTT and clonogenic assays,comet assay and nuclear condensation assay,respectively.Results:The proliferation of HepG2,HCTl 16 and A375 cells decreased after incubation with the extracts E2 and E4.The anti-proliterative effect was confirmed by morphologic alterations and by clonogenic assay.Both extracts also induced cell death in HepG2 and HCT116 cells.Doxorubicin was used as a positive control and showed in vitro anticancer activity.Conclusions:This study demonstrated,for the first time,that extracts of Neosartorya paulistensis and Neosartorya siamensis have selective anti-proliferative and cell death activities in HepG2,HCT16 and A375 cells.The bioactivity of these extracts suggests a potential for biotechnological applications and substantiates that both should be further considered for the elucidation of the molecular targets and signal transduction pathways involved.

A Non-Invasive Skin Treatment Combining LED with Pharmacologic and Ultrasonic Technologies for Facial Rejuvenation

Background: Non-invasive facial treatments have the ability to rejuvenate the facial profile when specific pharmacologic agents and modalities are prescribed and used in combination taking into consideration each patient’s unique skin type and condition. RATIONALE Epinova is a non-invasive skin treatment that combines the correct concentrations and combinations of topicals and modalities to elicit facial rejuvenation with no down-time or side effects. Purpose: This paper focuses on facial rejuvenation improvements combining the RATIONALE Essential Six skincare system (RATIONALE, Victoria, Australia) to protect and repair the skin with the RATIONALE Epinova facial treatment every 4-6 weeks—which uses non-invasive technologies and professional strength active ingredients to deliver visible changes to skin tone and texture. Methods: Subjects underwent a RATIONALE consultation, including taking a skin history and skin imaging, followed by a data analysis and diagnosis of skin condition and prescription of a customized RATIONALE treatement (Epinova), including appropriate pharmacologic agents and treatment with personalized photo/sono therapeutic devices. Results: Subjects reported increased skin hydration, tactile improvements, skin firmness and visible radiance following the RATIONALE Epinova treatment. Further investigations will be initiated to explore the potential for longer term improvements, including connenctive tissue deposition, reduction of erythema etc. Treatments should be performed every 4-6 weeks for patients under 40 and every 3-4 weeks for patients over 40, to support cell differentiation, migration and desquamation to achieve non-invasive facial rejuvenation. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the synergy of pharmacologic, LED light therapy and ultrasonic technologies when prescribed and administered by a trained skin therapist, can lead to a visible improvement in the signs of facial ageing and photodamage, restoring the appearance of healthy, radiant skin. .

安罗替尼致高血压文献病例分析

目的探讨安罗替尼相关高血压的临床特点。方法检索中国知网、万方、PubMed、Web of Science数据库(截至2023年7月31日),收集安罗替尼相关高血压文献病例报告类文献,提取患者基本情况、安罗替尼用药情况、高血压情况、干预措施和转归等,进行描述性统计分析。结果纳入分析的文献为16篇,患者18例,男性8例,女性10例;年龄27~76岁,平均58岁;非小细胞肺癌13例,结缔组织和软组织恶性肿瘤2例,肝内胆管癌1例,卵巢癌1例,子宫癌1例。联用其他抗肿瘤药物4例;安罗替尼初始剂量均为12 mg/d。发生的高血压分级为1级3例(17%),2级4例(22%),3级9例(50%),4级2例(11%)。除8例患者从服用安罗替尼至发生高血压的时间不详外,其余10例患者从服用安罗替尼至发生高血压的时间在7 d~6个月内,中位时间36(30,42)d,其中7例(39%)发生在服用安罗替尼2个月内。18例患者中出现不同程度乏力6例(33%),头痛6例(33%),头晕5例(28%),呕吐3例(17%),视物模糊2例(11%),恶心1例(6%),抽搐1例(6%)。13例伴其他不良反应,其中手足综合征7例(39%),蛋白尿3例(17%),高脂血症3例(17%),可逆性后部白质脑病综合征2例(11%),癫痫1例(6%),便血1例(6%),皮疹1例(6%)。1~2级患者安罗替尼未调整(6例)或减量治疗(1例)后耐受良好;3~4级患者中,8例停用安罗替尼且接受降压药治疗,2例减量治疗,1例未调整,随访血压控制平稳。结论安罗替尼相关高血压多发生在用药2个月内,往往伴其他不良反应,3级以上高血压常见,但大多数患者经对症处理、停药或减量后转归良好。

血清miR-345、miR-138及miR-22与晚期胃癌患者化疗敏感性的相关性分析

【目的】探讨血清微小RNA-345(miR-345)、miR-138及miR-22与晚期胃癌患者化疗敏感性的相关性。【方法】100例均接受同一化疗方案治疗的晚期胃癌患者,依据疗效分为有效组(n=69)及无效组(n=31),比较两组临床病理特征及血清相关指标,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析血清miR-345、miR-138及miR-22预测晚期胃癌化疗效果的价值,采用多因素Logistic回归分析影响患者化疗效果的因素。【结果】Ⅲ期患者的血清miR-345相对表达量低于Ⅳ期患者,miR-138及miR-22相对表达量高于Ⅳ期患者(P<0.05);有效组miR-345低于无效组,miR-138、miR-22高于无效组(P<0.05)。经ROC曲线分析证实,血清miR-345、miR-138及miR-22能用于预测晚期胃癌的化疗效果,其敏感度与特异性分别为0.855、0.935、0.971、0.839和0.884、0.903(均P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,病理分期为Ⅳ期、miR-345≥14.5、miR-138≤2及miR-22≤3.12为晚期胃癌患者化疗效果不佳的危险因素(P<0.05)。【结论】血清miR-345≥14.5、miR-138≤2、miR-22≤3.12均为导致化疗效果不佳的危险因素,其可作为评估患者化疗效果的生物学标志物。

四逆散药理作用及治疗内科疾病的临床应用研究

四逆散为《伤寒论》中记载的经典名方,至今约有1800年的历史,适用于少阴病症,临床多以手足不温、泄利下重、腹痛、脉弦等为辨证要点,具有透邪解郁、疏肝理脾之功效。中医认为该方剂治疗病症与阳衰阴盛有本质的区别,该证属外邪传经入里,气机为之郁遏,失于疏泄,阳气内郁不能达于四末所致,为阴中涵阳、惟气不宣通而致四肢逆冷。四逆散的应用十分广泛,几乎各系统疾病均可以该方剂为基础方进行辨证施治,尤其是现临床对四逆散的研究更加深入,其药理作用和应用领域也进一步被拓展,可广泛用于治疗胃肠肝胆疾病、精神类疾病、肿瘤疾病等。文章通过分析近年来四逆散的应用文献,总结其药理和治疗作用,为临床对四逆散有更加深入地了解,推动该方剂在临床的进一步开发应用。

Notch信号通路——对健康和疾病的机械论观点

The Notch signaling pathway is evolutionarily conserved across metazoan species and plays key roles in many physiological processes.The Notch receptor is activated by two families of canonical ligands(Deltalike and Serrate/Jagged)where both ligands and receptors are single-pass transmembrane proteins usually with large extracellular domains,relative to their intracellular portions.Upon interaction of the core binding regions,presented on opposing cell surfaces,formation of the receptor/ligand complex initiates force-mediated proteolysis,ultimately releasing the transcriptionally-active Notch intracellular domain.This review focuses on structural features of the extracellular receptor/ligand complex,the role of posttranslational modifications in tuning this complex,the contribution of the cell membrane to ligand function,and insights from acquired and genetic diseases.

淋巴细胞活化基因-3在妇科肿瘤中的研究进展

妇科肿瘤是女性死亡的重要原因之一,尽管经过规范治疗部分患者的病情可以得到改善,但仍有很大一部分患者病情恶化,预后不佳。早期诊断及治疗是改善妇科肿瘤预后、减轻疾病负担的重要方法,因此需寻找更有效的治疗靶点。淋巴细胞活化基因-3(lymphocyte activation gene-3,LAG-3)是一个新兴的免疫检查点分子,高表达于多种类型的肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞表面,通过抑制免疫细胞功能参与免疫抑制并造成肿瘤免疫逃逸。近年研究发现,LAG-3在妇科肿瘤中高表达,与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关,有望成为妇科肿瘤免疫治疗的新靶点。阐述LAG-3的结构及功能,并就LAG-3与三大妇科肿瘤的相关性研究进展进行综述,以期为妇科肿瘤的后续治疗研究提供新的思路。

Chemotherapy combined with bevacizumab for small cell lung cancer with brain metastases:A case report

BACKGROUND Small cell lung cancer(SCLC)is a common and aggressive subtype of lung cancer.It is characterized by rapid growth and a high mortality rate.Approximately 10%of patients with SCLC present with brain metastases at the time of diagnosis,which is associated with a median survival of 5 mo.This study aimed to summarize the effect of bevacizumab on the progression-free survival(PFS)and overall survival of patients with brain metastasis of SCLC.CASE SUMMARY A 62-year-old man was referred to our hospital in February 2023 because of dizziness and numbness of the right lower extremity without headache or fever for more than four weeks.The patient was diagnosed with limited-stage SCLC.He received 8 cycles of chemotherapy combined with maintenance bevacizumab therapy and achieved a PFS of over 7 mo.CONCLUSION The combination of bevacizumab and irinotecan effectively alleviated brain metastasis in SCLC and prolonged PFS.

基于网络药理学探讨固本平喘剂治疗支气管哮喘的作用机制

目的:基于网络药理学方法筛选固本平喘剂(补骨脂、地龙、防风)中的主要活性成分,探讨其治疗支气管哮喘的作用机制。方法:通过中药系统药理学数据库TCMSP数据库、中药与化学成分数据库,筛选固本平喘剂的活性成分及靶标。利用Genecards、OMIM数据库获得支气管哮喘的潜在靶标基因。将两者靶基因进行映射后通过Cytoscape3.6.1软件构建“成分-靶标”网络、结合String数据库构建蛋白质相互作用网络扩充核心靶点。依托功能注释生物信息学分析平台DAVID数据库对固本平喘剂的作用靶点进行基因本体(gene ontology,GO)生物学过程和基因组百科全书(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)通路富集注释分析,通过Autodock vina软件进行分子对接以验证结果。结果:符合筛选条件的共有53个活性成分,补骨脂18个,地龙17个,防风18个,筛选得到固本平喘剂关键成分,包括补骨脂黄酮类、补骨脂查耳酮类、汉黄芩素、补骨脂酚、β-谷甾醇等;通过GenCards、OMIM数据库剔除重复后,共收集支气管哮喘潜在靶点2358个。将固本平喘剂和支气管哮喘靶点进行映射取交集共得到237个交叉靶点,即固本平喘剂治疗支气管哮喘潜在作用靶点。以degree值大于二倍均值的靶点为PTGS2、ESR1、ACHE、ESR2、PTGS1、DPP4、ADORA3,degree值排名前5的靶蛋白为PIK3CA、MAPK3、MAPK1、TP53、AKT1。主要涉及PI3K-Akt信号通路、TNF信号通路、趋化因子信号通路、FoxO信号通路、MAPK信号通路、Toll样受体信号通路、T细胞受体信号通路等。结论:固本平喘剂治疗支气管哮喘潜在作用靶点有PTGS2、ESR1、ACHE、ESR2、PTGS1、DPP4、ADORA3、PIK3CA、MAPK3、MAPK1、TP53、AKT1,可能通过抗感染、调节免疫、抑制气道重塑等发挥作用。

工程化间充质干细胞来源外泌体在靶向递送抗肿瘤药物中的应用与问题

背景:间充质干细胞来源外泌体具有免疫原性低且肿瘤归巢能力强等优点,在靶向递送药物方面备受关注。但外泌体在到达靶细胞前易被体内循环迅速清除,此外,由于外泌体表面性质和摄取机制复杂,其靶向性并不十分明显,需要一定的工程化策略提高递送效率。目的:通过综述间充质干细胞来源外泌体工程化修饰的不同策略,了解提高外泌体递送效率的相关机制、临床前应用和面临的问题,为进一步临床应用提供理论依据。方法:检索中国知网、维普、万方、PubMed数据库从建库至2024年的相关文献,检索词为“间充质干细胞,外泌体,工程化外泌体,靶向递送,抗肿瘤药物”和“mesenchymal stem cells,exosomes,engineered exosomes,targeted delivery,antineoplastic agents”,筛选工程化间充质干细胞来源外泌体靶向递送抗肿瘤药物的文献,共计纳入85篇文献进行综述分析。结果与结论:(1)间充质干细胞来源外泌体的工程化修饰复杂多样,可通过显著增强外泌体对器官或组织靶向能力,增加血液循环中停留时间,以及降低外泌体中促肿瘤分子的表达,以此达到提高外泌体递送效率的效果;(2)间充质干细胞外泌体在目前的抗肿瘤治疗研究中递送传统和新型药物具有巨大前景;(3)当前仍然存在一些安全问题不能将其转化在临床中,未来的研究将进一步改进和深入研究递送机制,有望开发出更为高效和安全的治疗策略。

治疗难治性高血压的新药:aprocitentan

aprocitentan(商品名:Tryvio)是一种口服给药的靶向双重内皮素A/B受体(ETA/ETB)拮抗剂,2024年3月19日获美国食品药品监督管理局批准上市,与其他抗高血压药物联合用于治疗成人难治性高血压。该文通过对aprocitentan的作用机制、药物代谢动力学、临床研究、不良反应、特殊人群用药及注意事项的文献查阅,意在为临床治疗难治性高血压提供用药参考。

卵巢癌铂耐药及其治疗研究进展

卵巢癌是恶性程度最高的妇科恶性肿瘤之一。以铂为基础的化疗是卵巢癌治疗的重要组成部分,因此铂耐药也是卵巢癌治疗中棘手的问题。铂耐药是一个复杂的过程,涉及多种机制。本文就卵巢癌细胞铂耐药的分子机制及治疗进展作一综述,以期为该病的临床治疗提供借鉴。

Protective effects of pharmacological therapies in animal models of multiple sclerosis: a review of studies 2014–2019

Multiple sclerosis(MS)is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system.The disability caused by inflammatory demyelination clinically dominates the early stages of relapsing-remitting MS and is reversible.Once there is considerable loss of axons,MS patients enter a secondary progressive stage.Disease-modifying drugs currently in use for MS suppress the immune system and reduce relapse rates but are not effective in the progressive stage.Various animal models of MS(mostly mouse and rat)have been established and proved useful in studying the disease process and response to therapy.The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal studies reviewed here showed that a chronic progressive disease can be induced by immunization with appropriate amounts of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein together with mycobacterium tuberculosis and pertussis toxin in Freund's adjuvant.The clinical manifestations of autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease were prevented or reduced by treatment with certain pharmacological agents given prior to,at,or after peak disease,and the agents had protective effects as shown by inhibiting demyelination and damage to neurons,axons and oligodendrocytes.In the cuprizone-induced toxicity animal studies,the pharmacological agents tested were able to promote remyelination and increase the number of oligodendrocytes when administered therapeutically or prophylactically.A monoclonal IgM antibody protected axons in the spinal cord and preserved motor function in animals inoculated with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus.In all these studies the pharmacological agents were administered singly.A combination therapy may be more effective,especially using agents that target neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration,as they may exert synergistic actions.

Pharmacological strategies for Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) or Paralysis Agitans was first formally described in “An essay on the shaking palsy”, published in 1817 by a British physician named James Parkinson. In the late 1950’s, dopamine was related with the function of the corpus striatum, thus with the control of motor function. But it was not until 1967, when the landmark study of George C. Cotzias, demonstrated that oral L-DOPA, the precursor of dopamine metabolism, was shown to induce remission of PD symptoms, that the definitive association between the two was firmly established. However, later on L-DOPA treatment began to show a loss of effectiveness and demonstrated to induce a variety of undesirable effects, the most prominent being diskinesia. As a result of this, a variety of alternative or complementary pharmacological strategies have been developed. In this chapter we review the wide variety of strategies that have been used through time, which are geared toward reducing the most disabling symptoms of PD. We additionally make some suggestions as to which are the most promising ones.

基于网络药理学和分子对接探讨康艾注射液治疗乳腺癌的作用机制

目的利用网络药理学和分子对接探讨康艾注射液治疗乳腺癌的分子机制。方法该研究起止时间为2021年3—6月。资料来源是通过中药系统药理学数据库与分析平台(TCMSP)、Swiss Target Prediction数据库挖掘康艾注射液的化学成分及靶点,借助Uniprot数据库进行基因名称校正,在GeneCards、OMIM数据库中检索乳腺癌疾病的相关靶点,利用Venny 2.1在线软件获取药物与疾病的共同靶点,由Cytoscape 3.7.2绘制药物-成分-靶点-疾病网络,STRING数据库在线绘制蛋白互作网络,基于DAVID数据库对靶点进行基因本体(GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)富集分析,运用AutoDock Vina软件对康艾注射液的关键的活性成分和作用靶点进行分子对接验证。结果康艾注射液的32个有效成分通过调控125个靶点和104条通路对乳腺癌产生作用,4个关键的化合物分别为异鼠李素、槲皮素、山柰酚、氧化苦参碱,可通过肿瘤抑制蛋白(TP53)、外消旋-α丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(AKT1)、核转录因子激活蛋白-1(JUN)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶1(MAPK1)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)等关键靶蛋白介导癌症途径、TNF、低氧诱导因子-1(HIF-1)、磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶-丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(PI3K-Akt)、凋亡途径、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域(NOD)样受体、T细胞受体等信号通路发挥抗乳腺癌作用。分子对接表明筛选的靶点蛋白与有效活性成分具有较好的结合活性。结论康艾注射液治疗乳腺癌具有多成分、多靶点、多途径的作用特点,该研究结果为康艾注射液的临床应用及其机制研究提供了理论依据。

某医院血液科24种抗肿瘤药超说明书用药评价

目的 回顾性调查某院血液科抗肿瘤药物超说明书用药现状并进行循证医学评价,为制定超说明书用药政策提供基线数据,为临床超说明书用药提供合理用药依据。方法 收集昆明医科大学第二附属医院血液科2019年7—12月出院病人的病历资料,依据药品说明书,判断其抗肿瘤药用药医嘱是否超说明书,通过Micromedex的Thomson分级系统对超说明书用药进行评价,Micromedex数据库检索不到的,临床药师进一步查询证据后进行Thomson分级评价。结果 2019年7—12月该院血液科共有24种药品存在超说明书用药,375条超说明书用药医嘱,共有36项不同类型超说书用药,其中有效性等级Class Ⅰ(治疗有效)有2项、Class Ⅱa(证据支持有效)24项、Class Ⅱb(有效性具有争议)9项、Class Ⅲ(治疗无效)1项;推荐等级Class Ⅰ(治疗有效)有2项、Class Ⅱa(证据支持有效)2项、Class Ⅱb(有效性具有争议)30项、Class Ⅲ(治疗无效)2项、Indeterminate(不明确)0项;证据等级Catagory A 0项、Catagory B 35项、Catagory C 1项、No Evidence 0项。结论 该院血液科抗肿瘤药物超说明书用药情况较为常见,超说明书用药均有循证医学证据,但个别证据等级低、有效性有限。医疗机构应加强超说明书用药管理,构建超说明书用药循证评价系统,规范超说明书用药行为,促进临床合理用药。