Distribution and impacts on the geological environment of antiviral drugs in major waters of Wuhan,China

This study investigated water samples collected from the surface water and groundwater in Wuhan City,Hubei Province,China in different stages of the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019(hereinafter referred to as COVID-19)in the city,aiming to determine the distribution characteristics of antiviral drugs in the city’s waters.The results are as follows.The main hydrochemical type of surface water and groundwater in Wuhan was Ca-HCO3.The major chemical components in the groundwater had higher concentrations and spatial variability than those in the surface water.Two antiviral drugs and two glucocorticoids were detected in the surface water,groundwater,and sewage during the COVID-19 outbreak.Among them,chloroquine phosphate and cortisone had higher detection rates of 32.26%and 25.80%,respectively in all samples.The concentrations of residual drugs in East Lake were higher than those in other waters.The main drug detected in the waters in the later stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan was chloroquine phosphate,whose detection rates in the surface water and the groundwater were 53.85%and 28.57%,respectively.Moreover,the detection rate and concentration of chloroquine phosphate were higher in East Lake than in Huangjia Lake.The groundwater containing chloroquine phosphate was mainly distributed along the river areas where the groundwater was highly vulnerable.The residual drugs in the surface water and the groundwater had lower concentrations in the late stage of the COVID-19 outbreak than in the middle of the outbreak,and they have not yet caused any negative impacts on the ecological environment.

Efficacy and safety of oral Chinese herbal medicine combined with nucleoside antiviral drugs against recurrent genital herpes:a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:To compare the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine combined with nucleoside antiviral drugs and nucleoside antiviral drugs alone in treating recurrent genital herpes.Methods:PubMed,Embase,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,Chinese Biomedical Literature Database,China National Knowledge Internet,VIP Database,and Wanfang Data were searched from inception to April 2021.Randomized controlled trials on the efficacy and safety of oral Chinese herbal medicine combined with nucleoside antiviral drugs for recurrent genital herpes were collected.All included trials were independently assessed by two reviewers with the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool,and a meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4.Results:Compared with the use of nucleoside antiviral drugs alone,combination therapy with oral Chinese herbal medicine plus nucleoside antiviral drugs effectively reduced the herpes recurrence rate after the end of treatment(3 months:P=0.0002;6 months:P<0.00001;1 year:P<0.00001)and the number of recurrences each year(P<0.00001),improved the recurrent Genital Herpes Quality of Life Questionnaire score(P<0.00001),and regulated the levels of interferon-γ,interleukin-2,tumor necrosis factor-α,and T lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood,and the difference was statistically significant.Different subgroups reported mixed results with respect to the efficacy in the short term.The incidence of adverse reactions and the time of symptom disappearance between the two groups were not significantly different.Conclusion:Chinese herbal medicine combined with nucleoside antiviral drugs can effectively reduce the recurrence rate of recurrent genital herpes,improve the patient’s quality of life and enhance the body’s immunity.Considering the possible risk of publication bias,more high-quality randomized controlled trials are still needed to verify the conclusions of this article.

Character of Frontier Orbitals of Antiviral Drugs: Candidate Drugs against Covid-19

We performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations for ribonucleotides and active triphosphate metabolites of candidate drugs against Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Frontier orbitals (highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) at optimized structure of each molecule were obtained. T-705RTP (active triphosphate metabolite of favipiravir) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) have similar shapes of frontier orbitals. We also obtained similar shapes of frontier orbitals among dihydroxy GS-441524 triphosphate (GS-441524 is an active triphosphate metabolite of remdesivir) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). From a theoretical viewpoint, we suggest T-705RTP is a CTP analogue and dihydroxy GS-441524 triphosphate is an ATP analogue.

Efficacy and safety of carrimycin in ten patients with severe pneumonia following solid organ transplantation

BACKGROUND The number of patients undergoing solid organ transplantation has increased annually.However,infections in solid organ transplant recipients can have a severe effect on patient survival owing to the continued use of immunosuppressants.Carrimycin is a novel macrolide antibiotic produced by genetically engineered streptomyces spiramyceticus harboring a 4’’-O-isovaleryltransferase gene(ist)from streptomyces thermotoleran.Carrimycin has good antibacterial and antiviral effects.However,no relevant studies have been conducted on the efficacy and safety of carrimycin in patients with severe pneumonia(SP)after solid organ transplantation.AIM To explore the efficacy and safety of carrimycin in patients with SP after solid organ transplantation to provide a medication reference for clinical treatment.METHODS In March 2022,ten patients with SP following solid-organ transplantation were treated at our hospital between January 2021 and March 2022.When the condition was critical and difficult to control with other drugs,carrimycin was administered.These ten patients'clinical features and treatment protocols were retrospectively analyzed,and the efficacy and safety of carrimycin for treating SP following solid organ transplantation were evaluated.RESULTS All ten patients were included in the analysis.Regarding etiological agent detection,there were three cases of fungal pneumonia,two cases of bacterial pneumonia,two cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia,and three cases of mixed infections.After treatment with carrimycin,the disease in seven patients significantly improved,the course of the disease was significantly shortened,fever was quickly controlled,chest computed tomography was significantly improved,and oxygenation was significantly improved.Finally,the patients were discharged after curing.One patient died of acute respiratory distress syndrome,and two patients discontinued treatment.CONCLUSION Carrimycin is a safe and effective treatment modality for SP following solid organ transplantation.Carrimycin may have antibacterial and antiviral effects in patients with SP following solid organ transplantation.

Chronic hepatitis B:New potential therapeutic drugs target

liverrelated morbidity and mortality worldwide.It impacts nearly 300 million people.The current treatment for chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus(HBV)is complex and lacks a durable treatment response,especially hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)loss,necessitating indefinite treatment in most CHB patients due to the persistence of HBV covalently closed circular DNA(cccDNA).New drugs that target distinct steps of the HBV life cycle have been investigated,which comprise inhibiting the entry of HBV into hepatocytes,disrupting or silencing HBV cccDNA,modulating nucleocapsid assembly,interfering HBV transcription,and inhibiting HBsAg release.The achievement of a functional cure or sustained HBsAg loss in CHB patients represents the following approach towards HBV eradication.This review will explore the up-to-date advances in the development of new direct-acting anti-HBV drugs.Hopefully,with the combination of the current antiviral drugs and the newly developed direct-acting antiviral drugs targeting the different steps of the HBV life cycle,the ultimate eradication of CHB infection will soon be achieved.

Association between direct-acting antiviral agents in hepatitis C virus treatment and hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence and recurrence:The endless debate

Since direct-acting antiviral agents(DAAs)have been introduced into hepatitis C virus treatment,the sustained viral response(SVR)rate has significantly increased to more than 95%.Scientific evidence supports the idea that SVR after interferon therapy has beneficial effects related to cirrhosis progression,resulting in a reduction in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).However,a significant debate exists related to DAA impact on HCC development.We reviewed the current literature highlighting the controversial data related to DAA association with de novo HCC occurrence or recurrence and possible pathophysiology of HCC related to DAAs.After a review of the published literature,we believe that the current evidence does not confirm or repudiate a higher rate of de novo HCC occurrence or recurrence related to DAA therapy.More trials are needed to determine if there is an association between HCC occurrence or recurrence and DAA or if it is related to preexisting liver cirrhosis.

Current therapeutic strategies for recurrent hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver disease is the leading indication for liver transplantation (LT) in Asia,especially in China.With the introduction of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and oral antiviral drugs,the recurrent HBV infection rate after LT has been evidently reduced.However,complete eradication of recurrent HBV infection after LT is almost impossible.Recurrent graft infection may lead to rapid disease progression and is a frequent cause of death within the fi rst year after LT.At present,the availability of new oral medications,especially nucleoside or nucleotide analogues such as adefovir dipivoxil,entecavir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate,further strengthens our ability to treat recurrent HBV infection after LT.Moreover,since combined treatment with HBIG and antiviral agents after liver re-transplantation may play an important role in improving the prognosis of recurrent HBV infection,irreversible graft dysfunction secondary to recurrent HBV infection in spite of oral medications should no longer be considered an absolute contraindication for liver re-transplantation.Published reviews focusing on the therapeutic strategies for recurrent HBV infection after LT are very limited.In this article,the current therapeutic strategies for recurrent HBV infection after LT and evolving new trends are reviewed to guide clinical doctors to choose an optimal treatment plan in different clinical settings.

Potential herb-drug interactions between anti-COVID-19 drugs and traditional Chinese medicine

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),has spread worldwide.Effective treatments against COVID-19 remain urgently in need although vaccination significantly reduces the incidence,hospitalization,and mortality.At present,antiviral drugs including Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir(Paxlovid^(TM)),Remdesivir,and Molnupiravir have been authorized to treat COVID-19 and become more globally available.On the other hand,traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been used for the treatment of epidemic diseases for a long history.Currently,various TCM formulae against COVID-19 such as Qingfei Paidu decoction,Xuanfei Baidu granule,Huashi Baidu granule,Jinhua Qinggan granule,Lianhua Qingwen capsule,and Xuebijing injection have been widely used in clinical practice in China,which may cause potential herb-drug interactions(HDIs)in patients under treatment with antiviral drugs and affect the efficacy and safety of medicines.However,information on potential HDIs between the above anti-COVID-19 drugs and TCM formulae is lacking,and thus this work seeks to summarize and highlight potential HDIs between antiviral drugs and TCM formulae against COVID-19,and especially pharmacokinetic HDIs mediated by metabolizing enzymes and/or transporters.These well-characterized HDIs could provide useful information on clinical concomitant medicine use to maximize clinical outcomes and minimize adverse and toxic effects.

Factors influencing the failure of interferon-free therapy for chronic hepatitis C:Data from the Polish EpiTer-2 cohort study

BACKGROUND The introduction of direct-acting antiviral drugs into clinical practice has revolutionized the treatment of chronic hepatitis C,making it highly effective and safe for patients.However,few researchers have analyzed the factors causing therapy failure in some patients.AIM To analyze factors influencing the failure of direct antiviral drugs in the large,multicenter EpiTer-2 cohort in a real-world setting.METHODS The study cohort consisted of patients with chronic hepatitis C treated at 22 Polish centers from 2016-2020.Data collected from the online EpiTer-2 database included the following:hepatitis C virus(HCV)genotype,stage of fibrosis,hematology and liver function parameters,Child-Turcotte-Pugh and Model for End-stage Liver Disease scores,prior antiviral therapy,concomitant diseases,and drugs used in relation to hepatitis B virus(HBV)and/or human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)coinfections.Adverse events observed during the treatment and follow-up period were reported.Both standard and machine learning methods were used for statistical analysis.RESULTS During analysis,12614 patients with chronic hepatitis C were registered,of which 11938(mean age:52 years)had available sustained virologic response(SVR)data[11629(97%)achieved SVR and 309(3%)did not].Most patients(78.1%)were infected with HCV genotype 1b.Liver cirrhosis was diagnosed in 2974 patients,while advanced fibrosis(F3)was diagnosed in 1717 patients.We included patients with features of hepatic failure at baseline[ascites in 142(1.2%)and encephalopathy in 68(0.6%)patients].The most important host factors negatively influencing treatment efficacy were liver cirrhosis,clinical and laboratory features of liver failure,history of hepatocellular carcinoma,and higher body mass index.Among viral factors,genotype 3 and viral load also exerted an influence on treatment efficacy.Classical statistical analysis revealed that treatment ineffectiveness seemed to be influenced by the male sex,which was not confirmed by the multivariate analysis using the machine learning algorithm(random forest).Coinfection with HBV(including patients with on-treatment reactivation of HBV infection)or HIV,extrahepatic manifestations,and renal failure did not significantly affect the treatment efficacy.CONCLUSION In patients with advanced liver disease,individualized therapy(testing for resistance-associated variants and response-guided treatment)should be considered to maximize the chance of achieving SVR.

Current status of COVID-19 treatment:An opinion review

The pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection has garnered the attention of scientists worldwide in the search for an effective treatment while also focusing on vaccine development.Several drugs have been used for the management of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),which has affected many hospitals and health centers worldwide.Statistically significant results are lacking on the effectiveness of the experimented drugs in reducing COVID-19 morbidity or mortality,as there are very few published randomized clinical trials.Despite this,the literature offers some material for study and reflection.This opinion review attempts to address three burning questions on COVID-19 treatment options.(1)What kind of studies are currently published or ongoing in the treatment of patients with COVID-19?(2)What drugs are currently described in the literature as options of treatment for patients affected by the infection?And(3)Are there specific clinical manifestations related to COVID-19 that can be treated with a customized and targeted therapy?By answering these questions,we wish to create a summary of current COVID-19 treatments and the anti-COVID-19 treatments proposed in the recent clinical trials developed in the last 3 mo,and to describe examples of clinical manifestations of the SARS-CoV-2 infection with a cause-related treatment.

Favipiravir:a promising investigational agent in preventing infection and progression of COVID-19

In late Dec.2019,a huge number of pneumonia cases caused by novel coronavirus were reported in China.2019-nCoV pandemic has influenced on millions of people's life across the world.This novel coronavirus was identified to be similar with MERS and SARS.Therefore,researchers and academicians across the world still trying to find out vaccines,new drug molecules against SARS-CoV-2.The principle point of this review article is to explain the activity of favipiravir in preventing COVID-19.In view of constrained data available in the literature,we specify that favipiravir treatment,among all other anti-viral drugs,accompanied by oxygen inhalation therapy,maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance,and nutritional support may be helpful in fighting COVID-19.Researches were done on already approved existing anti-viral drugs for treating ebola virus,influenza virus infection and many such anti-viral agents like favipiravir,ritonavir,remdesivir,ribavirin,oseltamivir shows promising results in preventing COVID-19 infection and their clinical trials are currently undergoing in order to discover proper treatment of COVID-19.Among the aforementioned drug candidates,a broad-spectrum RNA polymerase inhibitor favipiravir,which demonstrated a promising tolerance profile and anti-viral efficacy in patients having COVID-19 manifestations.

ASFV transcription reporter screening system identifies ailanthone as a broad antiviral compound

African swine fever(ASF)is an acute,highly contagious and deadly viral disease in swine that jeopardizes the worldwide pig industry.Unfortunately,there are no authoritative vaccine and antiviral drug available for ASF control.African swine fever virus(ASFV)is the etiological agent of ASF.Among the ASFV proteins,p72 is the most abundant component in the virions and thus a potential target for anti-ASFV drug design.Here,we con-structed a luciferase reporter system driven by the promoter of p72,which is transcribed by the co-transfected ASFV RNA polymerase complex.Using this system,we screened over 3200 natural product compounds and obtained three potent candidates against ASFV.We further evaluated the anti-ASFV effects and proved that among the three candidates,ailanthone(AIL)inhibits the replication of ASFV at the nanomolar concentration(IC_(50)=15 nmol/L).Our in vitro experiments indicated that the antiviral effect of AIL is associated with its inhibition of the HSP90-p23 cochaperone.Finally,we showed the antiviral activity of AIL on Zika virus and hepatitis B virus(HBV),which supports that AIL is a potential broad-spectrum antiviral agent.

Small-molecule anti-COVID-19 drugs and a focus on China's homegrown mindeudesivir(WV116)

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has stimulated tremendous efforts to develop therapeutic agents that target severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 to control viral infection.So far,a few small-molecule antiviral drugs,including nirmatrelvir-ritonavir(Paxlovid),remdesivir,and molnupiravir have been marketed for the treatment of COVID-19.Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir has been recommended by the World Health Organization as an early treatment for outpatients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19.However,the existing treatment options have limitations,and effective treatment strategies that are cost-effective and convenient for tackling COVID-19 are still needed.To date,four domestically developed oral anti-COVID-19 drugs have been granted conditional market approval in China.These drugs include azvudine,simnotrelvir-ritonavir(Xiannuoxin),leritrelvir,and mindeudesivir(VV11).Preclinical and clinical studies have explored the efficacy and tolerability of mindeudesivir and supported its early use in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 cases at high risk for progression.In this review,we discuss the most recent findings regarding the pharmacological mechanism and therapeutic effects focusing on mindeudesivir and other small-molecule antiviral agents for COVID-19.These findings will expand our understanding and highlight the potential widespread application of China's homegrown anti-COVID-19 drugs.

Hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation: An old tale or a clear and present danger?

Hepatitis B virus(HBV) recurrence after liver transplantation(LT) has been described more than 50 years ago. Similarly, to other clinical conditions, in which impairment of host immune defense favors viral replication, early reports described in details recurrence and reactivation of HBV in liver transplant recipients. The evidence of a possible, severe, clinical evolution of HBV reappearance in a significant percentage of these patients, allowed to consider,for some years, HBV positivity a contraindication for LT. Moving from the old to the new millennium this picture has changed dramatically. Several studies contributed to establish efficient prophylactic protocols for HBV recurrence and with the advent of more potent anti-viral drugs an increased control of infection was achieved in transplanted patients as well as in the general immunecompetent HBV population. Success obtained in the last decade led some authors to the conclusion that HBV is now to consider just as a "mere nuisance".However, with regard to HBV and LT, outstanding issues are still on the table:(1)A standard HBV prophylaxis protocol after transplant has not yet been clearly defined;(2) The evidence of HBV resistant strains to the most potent antiviral agents is claiming for a new generation of drugs;and(3) The possibility of prophylaxis withdrawal in some patients has been demonstrated, but reliable methods for their selection are still lacking. The evolution of LT for HBV is examined in detail in this review together with the description of the strategies adopted to prevent HBV recurrence and their pros and cons.

Roles of the hemagglutinin of influenza A virus in viral entry and development of antiviral therapeutics and vaccines

Seasonal influenza epidemics and influenza pandemics caused by influenza A virus(IAV)has resulted in millions of deaths in the world.The development of anti-IAV vaccines and therapeutics is urgently needed for prevention and treatment of IAV infection and for controlling future influenza pandemics.Hemagglutinin(HA)of IAV plays a critical role in viral binding,fusion and entry,and contains the major neutralizing epitopes.Therefore,HA is an attractive target for developing anti-IAV drugs and vaccines.Here we have reviewed the recent progress in study of conformational changes of HA during viral fusion process and development of HA-based antiviral therapeutics and vaccines.

Andrographolide as a potent and promising antiviral agent

Andrographolide is a labdane diterpenoid extracted and purified from the aerial parts of plants belonging to genus Andrographis(Acanthaceae).The research has shown the plant based compound is low cytotoxic,having antimicrobial,anti-cancer,antiviral and anti-parasitic effects.Andrographolide both prevent spread as well as transmission of virus to neighboring cells by interfering with different cell signaling pathways.In addition to its medicinal value,plant has been found having nutritional value.Therefore being cost effective,easy availability and having nutritional value as a natural supplement,can be used to improve the quality of life in countries having low standard of living.Due to the limited number of effective vaccines,the plant-based antiviral drugs have provided considerable hope for fighting against the viral infections.The plant-derived compound when produced in large quantities is cost effective with low cytotoxic effects.However,much deep insight research at the molecular level is needed to develop the molecules against the viral infection.This paper aims to highlight the antiviral role of Andrographolide that can made significant contributions toward the improvement of human health and will also summarize the current status and future strategies concerning the therapeutic applications of Andrographolide to combat different viral disease in humans.

Lycorine derivative effectively inhibits the replication of coronaviruses both in vitro and in vivo

The established and ongoing prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)and seasonal human coronaviruses(HCoV)like HCoV-OC43,HCoV-NL63,and HCoV-229E,pose a continuous threat to public health.Therefore,it is urgently needed to explore antiviral drugs with broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus activity.Our previous studies have revealed that lycorine is a potent broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus drug,a natural alkaloid extracted from Amaryllidaceae with various pharmacological and microbiological effects.However,it is unsafe to directly use lycorine as a clinical antiviral drug due to the cytotoxicity and induction of cell apoptosis.In this study,a series of lycorine derivatives were designed and synthesized.One of them,named Ly-8,was found to effectively inhibit the replication of different coronavirus strains in vitro,including SARS-CoV-2.Moreover,Ly-8 was also shown to effectively inhibit HCoVOC43 replication in the central nervous system,and provide effective protection against HCoV-OC43 infection in mice with low drug toxicity.Furthermore,Ly-8-resistant mutants were not observed during the 30 times sequential passages in cell culture.Collectively,these findings suggest that Ly-8 may be a potential candidate drug for the future development of broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus drugs.

Liver cirrhosis in Japan:Future global trends in the era of progressive antiviral therapy

In Japan,viral hepatitis is the main cause of chronic liver diseases,including liver cirrhosis.Due to the availability of highly effective antiviral drugs in combination with antihepatitis measures,Japan has become one of the most successful countries in the world with regard to hepatitis virus elimination.In Japan,there are many elderly patients who have been infected with hepatitis C virus for a long time,and antihepatitis measures have been in place since the 2000s.Thus,the medical situation in Japan is expected to reflect the future situation in other countries where hepatitis countermeasures have been recently initiated and the infected population is aging.Our nationwide survey clarified the changes in the etiologies of liver cirrhosis in Japan.Although viral hepatitis remains a major cause of liver cirrhosis in Japan,nonviral cirrhosis is suggested to increasingly contribute to the etiologies of liver cirrhosis,as opposed to viral hepatitis‐related liver cirrhosis.The changing etiology of liver cirrhosis in Japan may help to predict future global trends in chronic liver diseases.

A Convenient and Biosafe Replicon with Accessory Genes of SARS-CoV-2 and Its Potential Application in Antiviral Drug Discovery

SARS-CoV-2 causes the pandemic of COVID-19 and no effective drugs for this disease are available thus far.Due to the high infectivity and pathogenicity of this virus,all studies on the live virus are strictly confined in the biosafety level 3(BSL3)laboratory but this would hinder the basic research and antiviral drug development of SARS-CoV-2 because the BSL3 facility is not commonly available and the work in the containment is costly and laborious.In this study,we constructed a reverse genetics system of SARS-CoV-2 by assembling the viral cDNA in a bacterial artificial chromosome(BAC)vector with deletion of the spike(S)gene.Transfection of the cDNA into cells results in the production of an RNA replicon that keeps the capability of genome or subgenome replication but is deficient in virion assembly and infection due to the absence of S protein.Therefore,such a replicon system is not infectious and can be used in ordinary biological laboratories.We confirmed the efficient replication of the replicon by demonstrating the expression of the subgenomic RNAs which have similar profiles to the wild-type virus.By mutational analysis of nsp12 and nsp14,we showed that the RNA polymerase,exonuclease,and cap N7 methyltransferase play essential roles in genome replication and sgRNA production.We also created a SARS-CoV-2 replicon carrying a luciferase reporter gene and this system was validated by the inhibition assays with known anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors.Thus,such a one-plasmid system is biosafe and convenient to use,which will benefit both fundamental research and development of antiviral drugs.

An RNA polymerase I-driven human respiratory syncytial virus minigenome as a tool for quantifying virus titers and screening antiviral drug

Human respiratory syncytial virus（RSV） is an important pediatric pathogen of lower respiratory tract worldwide. No vaccines and antiviral drugs are available. Herein the use of an RNA polymerase I-driven RSV minigenome for analyzing RSV replication and screening anti-RSV drugs was investigated. The RNA polymerase I（Pol I） was used to transcribe RSV minigenome from the constructed plasmid, designated p HM-RSV-Gluc, of minigenome c DNA which comprised trailer region, gene start sequence（GS）, reverse complementary copy of Gaussia luciferase（Gluc） gene, gene end sequence（GE）, and leader region in the direction of 5＇–3＇end and was flanked by promoter and terminator of Pol I. The expression of Gluc was confirmed in p HM-RSV-Gluc transfected HEp-2 cells following RSV infection and had the characteristics of dose-dependent, which provided a rapid, sensitive, and quantitative method for quantifying virus titers and screening antiviral drugs.