AVERAGE BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE OF ANTENNA APERTURE

This paper presented an idea for the average brightness temperature of lossless antenna aperture, gave its expression for matched and dismatched noise source. This expression showed that the average brightness temperature of antenna aperture related with three factors: the noise temperature of noise source, the reflection coefficient of noise source, and the aperture efficiency.

Modified Approach to PGA Phase Averaging for ISAR Autofocus

A new approach to phase averaging in phase gradient algorithm (PGA) is proposed, which is based on the fundamental fact that the information of translational phase error is widely contained in every defocused scatterer in ISAR image. The new approach aims to choose strong scatterers for error phase averaging with a threshold rather than just simply to pick out the strongest point in each range cell, which is not necessarily real strong scatterers if in some range cells consists more than one strong scatterer and whereas in other range cells no scatterer at all. The results of processing real data are presented to confirm the validity of the proposed approach.

An Information Theory Approach to the Data Compression and Imaging System for Synthetic Aperture Radar （SAR）

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is portrayed as a multiple access channel. An information theory approach is applied to the SAR imaging system, and the information content about a target that can be extracted from its radar image is evaluated by the average mutual information measure. A conditional (transition) probability density function (PDF) of the SAR imaging system is derived by analyzing the system and a closed form of the information content is found. It is shown that the information content obtained by the SAR imaging system from an independent sample of echoes will decrease and the total information content obtained by the SAR imaging system will increase with an increase in the number of looks. Because the total average mutual information is also used to define a measure of radiometric resolution for radar images, it is shown that the radiometric resolution of a radar image of terrain will be improved by spatial averaging. In addition, the imaging process and the data compression process for SAR are each treated as an independent generalized communication channel. The effects of data compression upon radiometric resolution for SAR are studied and some conclusions are obtained.

Quantum Biophysics of the Atmosphere:Asymmetric Wavelets of the Average Annual Air Temperature of Irkutsk for 1820-2019

The regularities of the dynamics of the average annual temperature of Irkutsk from 1820 to 2019 were revealed.It is proposed to use the sum of temperatures.However,this indicator requires the continuity of the dynamic series,so for Irkutsk the sum of temperatures could be accepted only from 1873.The first three terms of the general wavelet model gave a very high correlation coefficient of 0.9996.The second indicator is a moving average,calculated as the ratio of the sum of temperatures to the current time.Here the first three wavelets gave a correlation coefficient of 0.9962.In the dynamics of the average annual temperature from 1820 to 2019,86 wavelets were obtained,of which 47 affect the future.The temperature has a high quantum certainty,and the change in the average annual temperature of Irkutsk is obtained up to a measurement error of 0.05℃,and the identification process occurs as a full wavelet analysis.The basis of the forecast in 200 years makes it possible to replace the non-linear two-term trend with an oscillatory perturbation.With an increase in the number of terms in the model,the ordinate of the average annual temperature increases:for three terms,the temperature interval is from-2.95℃ to 2.61℃;for 12 members from -4.06℃ to 4.02°C;for the forecast for 47 members for 2020-2220,from -4.62℃ to 4.40°C.

利用SBAS-InSAR研究汶川地震后鲜水河断裂西北段的形变特征

选取鲜水河断裂西北段2008年8月30日-2009年7月11日8景Envisat ASAR数据,基于SBAS-InSAR技术,获取了年平均形变速率图和7景时间序列图.结果表明:鲜水河断裂带附近视线向最大隆升值为27.0 mm/a,最大沉降值为23.0 mm/a,形变值主要集中在-7.7~3.4 mm/a.主要的隆升区域位于道孚断裂的东北段,主要的沉降区域位于甘宁断裂的南段.鲜水河断裂西北段的形变量值很小,变化缓慢,每个地区月变化基本都在毫米范围内,断裂带隆升过程中可能出现沉降,沉降过程中也可能出现隆升,隆升和沉降说明在一段时间内断裂带总的运动趋势.

Improvement of 6–15 Day Precipitation Forecasts Using a Time-Lagged Ensemble Method

A time-lagged ensemble method is used to improve 6-15 day precipitation forecasts from the Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model,version 2.0.1.The approach averages the deterministic predictions of precipitation from the most recent model run and from earlier runs,all at the same forecast valid time.This lagged average forecast （LAF） method assigns equal weight to each ensemble member and produces a forecast by taking the ensemble mean.Our analyses of the Equitable Threat Score,the Hanssen and Kuipers Score,and the frequency bias indicate that the LAF using five members at time-lagged intervals of 6 h improves 6-15 day forecasts of precipitation frequency above 1 mm d-1 and 5 mm d-1 in many regions of China,and is more effective than the LAF method with selection of the time-lagged interval of 12 or 24 h between ensemble members.In particular,significant improvements are seen over regions where the frequencies of rainfall days are higher than about 40％-50％ in the summer season; these regions include northeastern and central to southern China,and the southeastem Tibetan Plateau.

Performance Analysis of Physical Layer Security over α-η-κ-μ Fading Channels

In this paper, we consider the secure data transmission over α-η-κ-μ fading channels, which are recently proposed to encompass nearly all the well-known statistical models adopted in the literature. In particular, we address the secrecy performance in terms of the average secrecy capacity(ASC) and the secrecy outage probability(SOP), for which novel analytical expressions are derived. Simulation results verify the analysis and demonstrate the impact of the physical parameters on the secrecy performance of this new channel fading model.

OPTIMIZATION ON ANTENNA PATTERN OF SPACEBORNE SAR WITH IMPROVED NSGA-Ⅱ

Optimization of antenna array pattern used in a spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) system is considered in this study. A robust evolutionary algorithm, Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithms (the improved NSGA-Ⅱ), is applied on a spaceborne SAR antenna pattern design. The system consists of two objective functions with two constraints. Pareto fronts are generated as a result of multi-objective optimization. After being validated by a test problem ZDT4, the algorithms are used to synthesize spaceborne SAR antenna radiation pattern. The good results with low Ambi- guity-to-Signal Ratio (ASR) and high directivity are obtained in the paper.

Investigation of the factors affecting the consistency of short-period traffic counts

The main intent of this study is to investigate the accuracy of short-duration traffic counts conducted during winter months. The investigation is based on 11-year sample data collected using permanent traffic counters at various locations in Alberta, Canada. Four types of road sites： commuter, regional commuter, rural long-distance, and recreational sites are studied. The sample data consti- tute six different durations of counts （12-, 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-h, and 1 week） taken during summer and winter months. The coefficient of variation （CV） is used as the relative measure of deviation for counts of different dura- tions to measure the accuracy of short-period traffic counts. The study results indicate that 48-h count seems to be the most cost-effective counting interval during both summer and winter months. It is also found that the lowest values of CV result for counts taken at commuter sites, and the highest values are observed for recreational sites. Frequent changes in temperature and other weather events cause significant variation in traffic volume, which results in an increase in CV values for counts taken during winter months. The application of an adjustment factor to remove the effect of cold and snow from short-period counts is also included in this study. Introduced adjustment factors can reduce the values of CV for all counts taken during winter months. The findings of this study can lead highway agencies to improve the cost-effectiveness of their short- period traffic counting programs.

Wavelet Analysis of Average

The identification method in the CurveExpert-1.40 software environment revealed asymmetric wavelets of changes in the average monthly temperature of New Delhi from 1931 to 2021.The maximum increment for 80 years of the average monthly temperature of 5.1℃was in March 2010.An analysis of the wave patterns of the dynamics of the average monthly temperature up to 2110 was carried out.For forecasting,formulas were adopted containing four components,among which the second component is the critical heat wave of India.The first component is the Mandelbrot law(in physics).It shows the natural trend of decreasing temperature.The second component increases according to the critical law.The third component with a correlation coefficient of 0.9522 has an annual fluctuation cycle.The fourth component with a semi-annual cycle shows the influence of vegetation cover.The warming level of 2010 will repeat again in 2035-2040.From 2040 the temperature will rise steadily.June is the hottest month.At the same time,the maximum temperature of 35.1℃in 2010 in June will again reach by 2076.But according to the second component of the heat wave,the temperature will rise from 0.54℃to 16.29°C.The annual and semi-annual cycles had an insignificant effect on the June temperature dynamics.Thus,the identification method on the example of meteorological observations in New Delhi made it possible to obtain summary models containing a different number of components.The temperature at a height of 2 m is insufficient.On the surface,according to space measurements,the temperature reaches 55°C.As a result,in order to identify more accurate asymmetric wavelets for forecasting,the results of satellite measurements of the surface temperature of India at various geographical locations of meteorological stations are additionally required.

基于快慢时间平均变化率的SAR欺骗干扰方法研究

对合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)实施欺骗干扰,干扰方通常需要预先获取一些关键干扰参数,如SAR载机平台到干扰机的最近斜距、信号调频斜率、中心频率等,获取这些参数通常需要复杂的侦察设备。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于快慢时间平均变化率的SAR欺骗干扰方法。干扰机截获到SAR信号后,通过求解快慢时间的平均变化率,可巧妙获得干扰信号距离向和方位向的调制相位项,从而实现对SAR的欺骗干扰。所提方法仅需SAR信号脉冲重复频率和载机平台速度,有效地解决了需复杂设备侦察上述关键参数的难题,简化了干扰系统的配置。研究表明,所提方法假目标聚焦效果良好,即使平台速度估计存在误差,仅会影响假目标方位向位置误差,对假目标的成像聚焦效果几乎没有影响。

空间光通信接收器孔径平均函数的二维映射计算方法

针对现有研究中缺乏计算具有任意形状光学接收器孔径平均函数方法的问题,提出了一种新颖的二维映射方法。首先,将接收器的数学形状映射为一个二维矩阵,并基于该矩阵构建基准孔径、位移孔径,并确定位移范围。然后,通过逐步移动位移孔径获得一系列可变的位移矩阵。随后,通过计算位移矩阵和基准矩阵之间的相同元素,得到不同质心间距矢量下的孔径重叠面积,从而精确地求得接收器孔径平均函数。最后,以计算卡塞格林望远镜的孔径平均函数为例,将其映射为300×300的矩阵,并与理论计算结果进行了比较。对比结果表明,该方法在计算孔径平均函数时具有极小的误差,验证了所提方法的准确性和可靠性。

一种用于盘孔裂纹检测的差动式涡流探头的设计与实现

为了实现对某型发动机篦齿盘均压孔的原位、无损探伤,设计了一种差动式的涡流检测探头,探头由一个激励线圈和两个感应线圈组成,由于检测线圈结构上的对称性使得探头对盘孔周边的表面裂纹敏感,同时对激励线圈和检测线圈匝数比的优化设计也能有效增强输出的差动信号,降低干扰。信号调理电路采用正交锁相放大对输出进行正交分解,得到包含信号幅值和相位信息的两路直流分量作为裂纹检测的特征量。对篦齿盘均压孔标准试件的检测结果表明该探头能够很好地实现盘孔周边微小裂纹的检测,灵敏度高。同时,这种差动式的探头结构同样也可用于其它盘孔的裂纹检测。

孔径接收下大气闪烁频谱的理论和实验研究

基于孔径接收下的对数振幅时间相关函数,推导了弱湍流起伏条件下大气闪烁频谱的表达式,分析了接收孔径对大气闪烁频谱的影响。通过完成水平大气传输实验,实际测量了孔径接收下的大气闪烁频谱。实验结果验证了理论计算。结果表明,孔径接收下的大气频谱分为低频段和高频段两部分,低频谱为常数,高频谱呈幂指数关系变化,且幂指数为-11/3;随着接收孔径增大,频谱在各频率点上的幅值逐渐减小,其形状保持不变。

激光大气折射率结构常数测量实验与分析

在相距600 m 的两地进行了静态激光大气传输实验,并对接收到的光强和光束到达角起伏进行记录.以每10min 所记录的数据作为样本,计算出光强起伏方差和到达角起伏方差,并根据理论孔径平滑因子计算出点接收时的光强起伏方差,再分别根据光强起伏方差和到达角起伏方差计算出大气折射率结构常数.最后,得到一天之内大气折射率结构常数的变化曲线,并分析得出大气折射率结构常数在早晨和傍晚存在极小值.

基于阵列接收机的大气激光通信系统性能研究

在Rytov的激光大气湍流传输理论基础上,考虑到大气湍流引起的强度起伏、孔径平均效应和阵列接收机数量对激光通信系统性能的影响,建立了描述基于阵列接收机系统的孔径平均因子、有效信噪比和误码率的数学模型,数值模拟了湍流强弱、孔径尺寸和接收机数量对系统通信质量的影响。结果表明:中强湍流区对误码率和孔径平均因子的影响明显大于弱湍流区,大尺寸接收孔径可以有效减小强度起伏。当湍流强度一定时,增加接收机的数量可以大幅提高系统的信噪比和有效通信距离,对工程上提高激光通信的质量具有一定的指导意义。

基于相关熵的MACH滤波器

最大平均相关高度(MACH:Maximum Average Correlation Height)滤波器是一种重要的基于相关的模式识别方法。滤波器由训练数据线性构造而成,具有良好的畸变容忍能力,在线性高斯噪声条件下具有理论最优性。为将算法适用于广泛的非线性、非高斯情形,本文引入一种新的度量函数相关熵,可隐性地将输入数据通过非线性变换映射到特征空间;并在新的空间中提出了基于相关熵的MACH滤波器构造方法。最后将此方法应用于合成孔径雷达(SAR:Synthetic Aperture Radar)图像目标分类进行了实验,在接收机工作性能曲线和峰值旁瓣比的比对中,本文算法的性能均有所提升。

基于声发射的真空泄漏在线检测技术研究

真空泄漏是气体动力系统运行过程中的常见故障,传统的氦质谱检漏无法实现对真空泄漏的在线检测。利用声发射技术阐述了基于声发射信号的真空泄漏在线检测原理,通过真空泄漏声发射检测模拟试验,并利用参数特征分析法和平均频谱分析法对不同泄漏孔径下产生的声发射信号的特征进行了研究,得到了相应的小波包归一化频带能量分布特征。研究结果表明,真空泵运行的平均时域信号频带在20 kHz以下,气体泄漏激发出大量的高频声发射信号,泄漏信号参数特征值与泄漏孔径的大小密切相关,泄漏信号的归一化能量分布一致性较好。声发射技术对于真空泄漏的在线检测及泄漏量评价等有实际意义。

大口径光学件误差均化拼接技术

运用子孔径检测及拼接的方法可完成大口径光学件面形的干涉测量。为了能够减少子孔径拼接的误差累积与数据处理算法带来的精度影响,运用子孔径拼接的误差拼接算法,并通过对实验检测数据的处理,得到拼接结果与全孔径检测结果比较,面形波面峰谷值相差0.084,均方根值相差0.01,误差在Veeco光学干涉测量仪器的公差范围内。实验结果验证了误差均化算法可有效减少误差的传递与累积,实现子孔径拼接技术对大口径光学件的正确检测。

空间激光通信中孔径平均效应的计算仿真

为了评估孔径平均效应对空间激光通信系统性能的影响,理论分析和数值计算了激光通信系统中传输链路的统计特性,包括闪烁指数、衰落概率、衰落次数和平均衰落时间。结果表明:随着接收天线孔径的增加,传输链路的闪烁指数降低、衰落概率减小、衰落次数减少、平均衰落时间缩短,孔径平均效应使得通信系统性能得到提升。由于强湍流条件下湍流尺寸小,因此孔径平均效应明显。