Displacive transformation as pathway to prevent micro-cracks induced by thermal stress in additively manufactured strong and ductile high-entropy alloys

The micro-cracking behaviors of two high-entropy alloys(HEAs) of the FeMnCoCrNi family prepared by selective laser melting were systematically studied. Residual stresses were also analyzed by X-ray diffraction technique. Results show that the equiatomic FeMnCoCrNi HEAs with a relatively stable single-phase face-centered cubic(FCC) structure suffered from micro-cracking with residual tensile stress after laser melting. In contrast, the metastable non-equiatomic Fe MnCoCr HEAs with reduced stacking fault energy are free of micro-cracks with residual compressive stress at various volumetric energy densities(VEDs). The displacive transformation from the FCC matrix to the hexagonal close-packed(HCP) phase during cooling prevents the micro-cracking via consuming thermal stress related internal energy. Further, the displacive transformation during tensile deformation contributes to the higher strength and ductility of the metastable dual-phase HEA compared to that of the stable single-phase HEA. These findings provide useful guidance for the design of strong, ductile, and crack-free alloys for additive manufacturing by tuning phase stability.

Image Preprocessing Methods to Identify Micro-cracks of Road Pavement

Standards of highway conservation and maintenance are improved gradually following the improvement of requirements of road service. Before obvious damage such as obvious cracking (block,transverse, longitudinal ) and rutting emerge, inconspicuous distress (micro-cracks, polishing, pockmarked) is generated previously. These inconspicuous distresses may provide basis and criteria for pavement preventive maintenance. Currently most of preventive conservation measures are determined by experienced experts in maintenance and repair of road after site visits. Thus method is difficult in operation, and has a certain amount of instability as it is based on experience and personal knowledge. In this paper, camera and laser were used for automated high-speed acquisition images. Methods to preprocess pavement image are compared. The pretreatment method suitable for analyze micro-cracks picture is elected, an effective way to remove shadow is also proposed.

Probability of Deuteron-Plasmon Fusion at Room Temperature within Micro-cracks of Crystalline Lattices with Deuterium Loading

This communication seeks to demonstrate that, at room temperature, the deformation of the crystalline lattice can influence the process of interaction of deuterons introduced within it. Calculations of this probability, in fact, showed an increase of at least 2-3 orders of magnitude with respect to the probability of fusion on the surface of the lattice. These phenomena open the way to the theoretical hypothesis of a kind of chain reaction, as a result of the deuterium loading and catalysed by micro-cracks formed in the structure by micro-explosions, can favour the process.

Theoretical Model of the Probability of Fusion between Deuterons within Deformed Lattices with Micro-cracks at Room Temperature

In this work, we wish to demonstrate that a reaction path as the following, dislocations, deformations due to thermodynamic stress and, finally, micro-crack occurrence, can enhance the process of fusion of the deuterons introduced into the lattice by deuterium loading. In fact, calculating the rate of deuteron-plasmon-deuteron fusion within a micro-crack, showed, together with an enhancement of the tunneling effect, an increase of at least 2-3 orders of magnitude compared to the probability of fusion on the no deformed lattice. In fact, strong electric fields can take place in the micro-crack and the deuterons are accelerated to the energy which are enough for the D-D tunnelling. These phenomena open the way to the theoretical hypothesis that a kind of chain reaction, catalyzed by the micro-cracks produced in the structure as a result of deuterium loading, can favour the process of deuteron-plasmon fusion.

An extended micromechanical-based plastic damage model for understanding water effects on quasi-brittle rocks

Water effects on the mechanical properties of rocks have been extensively investigated through experiments and numerical models.However,few studies have established a comprehensive link between the microscopic mechanisms of water-related micro-crack and the constitutive behaviors of rocks.In this work,we shall propose an extended micromechanical-based plastic damage model for understanding weakening effect induced by the presence of water between micro-crack’s surfaces on quasi-brittle rocks,based on the Mori-Tanaka homogenization and irreversible thermodynamics framework.Regarding the physical mechanism,water strengthens micro-crack propagation,which induces damage evolution during the pre-and post-stage,and weakens the elastic effective properties of rock matrix.After proposing a special calibration procedure for the determination of model parameters based on the laboratory compression tests,the proposed micromechanical-based model is verified by comparing the model predictions to the experimental results.The model effectively captures the mechanical behaviors of quasibrittle rocks subjected to the weakening effects of water.

Shear behavior and off-fault damage of saw-cut smooth and tension-induced rough joints in granite

The damage of rock joints or fractures upon shear includes the surface damage occurring at the contact asperities and the damage beneath the shear surface within the host rock.The latter is commonly known as off-fault damage and has been much less investigated than the surface damage.The main contribution of this study is to compare the results of direct shear tests conducted on saw-cut planar joints and tension-induced rough granite joints under normal stresses ranging from 1 MPa to 50 MPa.The shear-induced off-fault damages are quantified and compared with the optical microscope observation.Our results clearly show that the planar joints slip stably under all the normal stresses except under 50 MPa,where some local fractures and regular stick-slip occur towards the end of the test.Both post-peak stress drop and stick-slip occur for all the rough joints.The residual shear strength envelopes for the rough joints and the peak shear strength envelope for the planar joints almost overlap.The root mean square(RMS)of asperity height for the rough joints decreases while it increases for the planar joint after shear,and a larger normal stress usually leads to a more significant decrease or increase in RMS.Besides,the extent of off-fault damage(or damage zone)increases with normal stress for both planar and rough joints,and it is restricted to a very thin layer with limited micro-cracks beneath the planar joint surface.In comparison,the thickness of the damage zone for the rough joints is about an order of magnitude larger than that of the planar joints,and the coalesced micro-cracks are generally inclined to the shear direction with acute angles.The findings obtained in this study contribute to a better understanding on the frictional behavior and damage characteristics of rock joints or fractures with different roughness.

Evolution mechanism and quantitative characterization of initial micro-cracks in marble under triaxial compression

The initial micro-cracks affect the evolution characteristics of macroscopic deformation and failure of rock but are often ignored in theoretical calculation,numerical simulation,and mechanical experiments.In this study,we propose a quantitative analysis model to investigate the effects of initial micro-cracks on the evolution of marble deformation and failure.The relationship between the micro-crack propagation and the marble failure characteristics was comprehensively studied by combining theoretical analysis with a micro-computed tomography(micro-CT)scanning technique.We found that with the increase of confining pressure,the matrix elastic modulus of the marble first increased and then tended to be stable,while the micro-cracks increased exponentially.The sensitivity ranges of the marble sample matrix elastic modulus and micro-cracks to confining pressure were 0–30 MPa and 30–50 MPa,respectively.The porosity and Poisson’s ratio decreased exponentially.The increasing proportion of internal micro-cracks led to an increase in the sample non-uniformity.The samples presented mainly shear failure under triaxial compression,and the failure angle decreased linearly with the increase of confining pressure.The convergence direction of cracks decreased gradually.This quantitative analysis model could accurately portray the relationship between the overall macroscopic deformation and the deviatoric stress of the samples at the compaction and the linear elastic stages,thus deepening the understanding of the stress–strain behavior of rocks.

Rock physical characteristics of deep dolomite under complex geological conditions:A case study of 4th Member of Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin,China

The deep-ultra deep carbonate reservoir in China,commonly subjected to modification of multi-stage diagenesis,has extremely high heterogeneity.Conventional rock physics analysis cannot accurately identify the elastic responses of reservoir.Here,the rock physics properties of the dolomite from the 4th Member of the Sinian Dengying Formation are experimentally measured,and the change law of rock physics characteristics is investigated within the framework of the diagenetic processes by the analysis of the elastic and petrologic characteristics,pore structure,and sedimentary environments.The results show that the differentiated diagenesis results in different pore structure characteristics and microtexture characteristics of the rock.The microbial dolomite of the algal mound-grain beach facies is subjected to the contemporaneous microbial dolomitization and seepage-reflux dolomitization,penecontemporaneous selective dissolution,burial dolomitization,and hydrothermal dolomitization.The resultant crystalline dolomite is found with one main type of the dolomite crystal contact boundaries,and the dissolution pore is extensive development.The siliceous,muddy,and limy dolomite of the interbeach sea environment mainly experiences the weak capillary concentration dolomitization,intensive mechanical compaction-induced densification,and burial dolomitization.Such crystalline dolomite is observed with four types of contact boundaries,namely the dolomite contact,clay contact,quartz contact,and calcite contact boundaries,and porosity mostly attributed to residual primary inter-granular or crystalline pores.The samples with the same crystal boundary condition have consistent correlations between the compressional-and shear-wave velocities,and between the compressional-wave velocity and the velocity ratio.Additionally,the variation of the acoustic velocity with effective pressure and the intensity of pore-scale fluid-related dispersion are controlled by the differentiation of pore structure types of the samples.The varied effects of soft pores like micro-cracks on the compressional-and shearwave velocity causes considerable changes in the relationships between the compressional-and shearwave velocities,compressional-wave velocity and velocity ratio,and porosity and acoustic velocity.This research is an attempt to demonstrate a novel method for investigating the rock physics variation of rock during the geological process,and the obtained findings can provide the rock physics basis for seismic prediction of the characteristics of deep carbonate reservoirs.

OMHT method for weak signal processing of GPR and its application in identification of concrete micro-crack

In the light of the problem of weak reflection signals shielded by strong reflections from the concrete surface,the detection and the recognition of hidden micro-cracks in the shield tunnel lining were studied using the orthogonal matching pursuit and the Hilbert transform(OMHT method).First,according to the matching pursuit algorithm and the strong reflection-forming mechanism,and based on the sparse representation theory,a sparse dictionary,adapted to the characteristics of the strong reflection signal,was selected,and a matching decomposition of each signal was performed so that the weak target signal submerged in the strong reflection was displayed more strongly.Second,the Hilbert transform was used to extract multiple parameters,such as the instantaneous amplitude,the instantaneous frequency,and the instantaneous phase,from the processed signal,and the ground penetrating radar(GPR)image was comprehensively analyzed and determined from multiple angles.The results show that the OMHT method can accurately weaken the effect of the strong impedance interface and effectively enhance the weak reflected signal energy of hidden micro-crack in the shield tunnel segment.The resolution of the processed GPR image is greatly improved,and the reflected signal of the hidden micro-crack is easily visible,which proves the validity and accuracy of the analysis method.

Micro-crack detection of nonlinear Lamb wave propagation in three-dimensional plates with mixed-frequency excitation

We propose a nonlinear ultrasonic technique by using the mixed-frequency signals excited Lamb waves to conduct micro-crack detection in thin plate structures.Simulation models of three-dimensional(3D)aluminum plates and composite laminates are established by ABAQUS software,where the aluminum plate contains buried crack and composite laminates comprises cohesive element whose thickness is zero to simulate delamination damage.The interactions between the S0 mode Lamb wave and the buried micro-cracks of various dimensions are simulated by using the finite element method.Fourier frequency spectrum analysis is applied to the received time domain signal and fundamental frequency amplitudes,and sum and difference frequencies are extracted and simulated.Simulation results indicate that nonlinear Lamb waves have different sensitivities to various crack sizes.There is a positive correlation among crack length,height,and sum and difference frequency amplitudes for an aluminum plate,with both amplitudes decreasing as crack thickness increased,i.e.,nonlinear effect weakens as the micro-crack becomes thicker.The amplitudes of sum and difference frequency are positively correlated with the length and width of the zero-thickness cohesive element in the composite laminates.Furthermore,amplitude ratio change is investigated and it can be used as an effective tool to detect inner defects in thin 3D plates.

Modeling and Experimental Analysis of Roughness Effect on Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation of Micro-crack

A high-precision evaluation of ultrasonic detection sensitivity for a micro-crack can be restricted by a corroded rough surface when the surface microtopography is of the same order of magnitude as the crack depth.In this study,a back-surface micro-crack is considered as a research target.A roughness-modified ultrasonic testing model for micro-cracks is established based on a multi-Gaussian beam model and the principle of phase-screen approximation.The echo signals of micro-cracks and noises corresponding to different rough front surfaces and rough back surfaces are obtained based on a reference reflector signal acquired from a two-dimensional simulation model.Further compari-son between the analytical and numerical models shows that the responses of micro-cracks under the effects of dif-ferent corroded rough surfaces can be accurately predicted.The numerical and analytical results show that the echo signal amplitude of the micro-crack decreases significantly with an increase in roughness,whereas the noise ampli-tude slightly increases.Moreover,the effect of the rough front surface on the echo signal of the micro-crack is greater than that of the rough back surface.When the root-mean-square(RMS)height of the surface microtopography is less than 15μm,the two rough surfaces have less influence on the echo signals detected by a focused transducer with a frequency of 5 MHz and diameter of 6 mm.A method for predicting and evaluating the detection accuracy of micro-cracks under different rough surfaces is proposed by combining the theoretical model and a finite element simulation.Then,a series of rough surface samples containing different micro-cracks are fabricated to experimentally validate the evaluation method.

超声辅助隐晶质石墨酸浸动力学及强化机制分析

针对隐晶质石墨酸浸除杂过程中杂质去除率低、浸出时间长等问题,提出酸浸过程中超声波辅助浸出的强化方法。首先,进行常规酸浸除杂试验因素优化,其次,进行常规和超声波酸浸过程动力学参数计算,最后,综合运用激光粒度仪、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、透射电镜-能谱(TEM-EDS)等测试手段分析超声波强化酸浸过程中杂质矿物的赋存状态。研究结果表明:当超声波引入酸浸过程后,在盐酸浓度为8 mol/L、固液比为0.1 g/mL、酸浸温度为343 K、酸浸时间为60 min和超声功率为300 W的条件下,最佳灰分脱除率提高至50%左右。常规和超声条件下的酸浸过程符合Johnson-Mehl-AxTami(JMA)模型,常规浸出过程受扩散控制,超声波浸出过程随着温度的增加由扩散控制向混合控制转变,同时,超声波对酸浸反应速率的强化主要体现在指前因子的显著增大;常规酸浸仅去除一部分含钙、镁、铁的矿物,超声波通过破坏石墨表面形成的惰性层、促进颗粒破碎、产生氧化自由基等方式提高杂质矿物的脱除效率。

β-环糊精/煤油皮克林乳液改善隐晶质石墨浮选效果的机理

表面活性剂是油类捕收剂乳化常用的乳化药剂。然而,表面活性剂在乳化过程中表现出较高的起泡能力,不利于乳化捕收剂的使用。为此,提出将β-环糊精作为乳化剂乳化煤油制备皮克林乳液用于改善隐晶质石墨浮选效果的设想,并通过浮选试验和计算富集效率(α)与常规煤油的浮选效果进行对比,从Zeta电位分布、油滴粒度、接触角等角度探讨了β-环糊精颗粒/煤油皮克林乳液改善隐晶质石墨矿浮选效果的机理。结果表明,适量β-环糊精制备的煤油皮克林乳液可提高隐晶质石墨浮选富集效率、提升浮选效果,主要原因是制备的皮克林乳液中煤油油滴尺寸显著降低,促进煤油在石墨颗粒表面的铺展,提高疏水性。但过量β-环糊精制备的煤油皮克林乳液反而降低隐晶质石墨富集效率,恶化浮选效果。

江西省煤炭资源分布特征及勘探方向

江西省属少煤无油气的能源紧缺省份,在当前新一轮找矿突破战略行动中,加大省内煤炭及伴生资源的勘探具有重要意义。通过分析全省煤系发育特征、解剖典型矿区含煤地质特征,总结全省煤炭资源潜力与分布,对煤层气和煤系石墨开展初步研究。结果表明,萍乐坳陷带为省内煤炭资源最富集区域,安源组和乐平组为最重要的含煤地层。通过在“红层”下找煤,新余梅山查明煤炭资源量8961万t,上饶新田查明煤炭资源量7059万t等。局部地区煤层气资源丰富,如付家圩和石上-曲江地区煤层气预测资源量均超60亿m^(3)。在赣南崇义、赣东北铅山地区的煤矿中发现了隐晶质石墨。建议优先对成熟煤矿区外围和深部开展找煤工作,同时加强“红层”下找煤力度,注重煤层气、煤系隐晶质石墨等伴生矿产的综合调查评价,扩大找矿效果。

Experimental and numerical investigation on the dynamic shear failure mechanism of sandstone using short beam compression specimen

In this study,a novel testing method is proposed to characterize the dynamic shear property and failure mechanism of rocks by introducing the short beam compression(SBC)specimen into the split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)system.Firstly,the stress distribution of SBC specimen is comprehensively analyzed by finite element method(FEM),and the results show that the optimal notch separation ratio of SBC specimen is C/H?0.2 to achieve successful dynamic simple-shear tests.Then,dynamic shear tests are conducted on sandstone using the SBC-SHPB method.Via careful pulse shaping technique,the dynamic force balance is guaranteed for SBC specimens,and the testing results show that the dynamic shear strength of sandstone is significantly rate-dependent.Combining the results of dynamic compression and tension tests,the failure envelopes of sandstone under different loading rates are obtained in the principle stress plane.It is found that the failure envelope of sandstone constantly expands outwards with increasing loading rate.Moreover,the energy partition of SBC specimen is quantified by virtue of high-speed digital image correlation(DIC)technique.The results show that the kinetic energy portion is non-negligible,and the shear fracture energy increases with increasing loading rate.In addition,the microscopic shear cracking mechanism of SBC specimen is analyzed by the thin section observation:the intra-granular(TG)fracture of minerals dominates the dynamic shear failure of sandstone,and the portion of TG fracture increases with increasing loading rate.This study provides a convenient and reliable method to investigate the dynamic shear property and failure mechanism of rocks.

隐晶质石墨的高温碱煅烧法提纯工艺研究

以隐晶质 (土状 )石墨为原料 ,从理论上阐述了采用高温碱煅烧法 (简称高温———化学法 )提纯石墨的原理 ,研究了碱量、煅烧温度、煅烧时间、酸的用量、浓度、酸洗温度、酸洗时间等工艺条件对提纯效果的影响。结果表明 :用高温碱煅烧法提纯隐晶质石墨 ,可使石墨的含碳量达到96%以上。

广元地区含隐晶质难选石墨选矿试验研究

对四川广元地区含隐晶质难选石墨矿进行选矿试验研究,在确定最佳粗选条件和粗精矿再磨细度的基础上,采用5次再磨6次精选进行开路、闭路试验,最终使石墨固定碳含量从28.29%提高到83.80%,回收率达90.17%。

磐石地区隐晶质石墨矿选矿试验研究

对磐石地区隐晶质石墨进行选矿试验研究,在确定最佳粗选条件基础上,采用3次再磨4次精选开路试验,最终使石墨品位由62.33%提高到81.70%,回收率为42.63%。

隐晶质石墨提纯研究进展

石墨作为重要的资源性非金属矿物,具有耐高温、抗腐蚀、可塑性以及特殊的导电性等特性,被广泛应用于化工、冶金、核电、航空航天和国防等领域。随着石墨的应用领域不断拓宽,对石墨的纯度要求也越来越高。与此同时,如何提纯隐晶质石墨也愈来愈引起重视。本文回顾了目前国内外各类纯化隐晶质石墨的方法,详细介绍了浮选法、碱酸法、氢氟酸法、氯化焙烧法和高温提纯法。概述了它们的作用原理、实际生产中的应用情况、研究进展以及各类方法的优缺点。提出隐晶质石墨提纯需要考虑到提高纯化效率、节能降耗、绿色环保等问题。指出了选用绿色高效药剂、低能高效设备及湿法-火法联合工艺等提纯隐晶质石墨的发展方向。

氟化铵-盐酸法提纯隐晶质石墨工艺研究

为了提高隐晶质石墨的固定碳含量,扩大隐晶质石墨的应用范围,采用湖南郴州地区的隐晶质石墨为原料,用氟化铵-盐酸法对其进行纯化处理。研究了氟化铵的用量、反应温度、液固比以及反应次数对隐晶质石墨固定碳含量的影响,确定了氟化铵-盐酸法提纯隐晶质石墨的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:在氟化铵的含量为45%,液固比为3∶1,恒温70℃反应2h,重复5次的条件下能够将隐晶质石墨的固定碳含量从83.08%提高到99.47%。研究表明氟化铵-盐酸法可以有效提高隐晶质石墨的固定碳含量。