Hydrodynamic resistance of pore–throat structures and its effect on shale oil apparent permeability

Oil transport is greatly affected by heterogeneous pore–throat structures present in shale.It is therefore very important to accurately characterize pore–throat structures.Additionally,it remains unclear how pore–throat structures affect oil transport capacity.In this paper,using finite element(FE)simulation and mathematical modeling,we calculated the hydrodynamic resistance for four pore–throat structure.In addition,the influence of pore throat structure on shale oil permeability is analyzed.According to the results,the hydrodynamic resistance of different pore throat structures can vary by 300%.The contribution of additional resistance caused by streamline bending is also in excess of 40%,even without slip length.Fur-thermore,Pore–throat structures can affect apparent permeability by more than 60%on the REV scale,and this influence increases with heterogeneity of pore size distribution,organic matter content,and organic matter number.Clearly,modeling shale oil flow requires consideration of porous–throat structure and additional resistance,otherwise oil recovery and flow capacity may be overestimated.

Pharmacoepidemiologic study of association between apparent treatment resistant hypertension, cardiovascular disease and interaction effect by sex and age

BACKGROUND A limited number of studies have been conducted to test the magnitudes of the association between apparent treatment resistant hypertension(aTRH)and risk of cardiovascular disease(CVD).AIM To investigate the association between aTRH and risk of CVD and examine whether sex and age modify this association.METHODS We applied an observational analysis study design using data from the United States Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial(ALLHAT).ALLHAT recruited participants(n=25516)from 625 primary care settings throughout the United States,Canada,Puerto Rico,and United States Virgin Islands,aged 55 and older with hypertension and at least one additional risk factor for heart disease.aTRH was assessed from the year 2 visit.CVD event was defined as one of the following from the year 2 follow-up visit:Fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction,coronary revascularization,angina,stroke,heart failure,or peripheral artery disease.Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the effect of aTRH on CVD risk.Potential modifications of sex and age on this association were examined on the multiplicative scale by interaction term and additive scale by joint effects and relative excess risk for interaction.RESULTS Of the total study participants(n=25516),5030 experienced a CVD event during a mean of 4.7 years follow-up.aTRH was associated with a 30%increase in risk of CVD compared to non-aTRH[hazards ratio(HR)=1.3,95%CI:1.19-1.42].Sex and age modified this relationship on both multiplicative and additive scales independently.Stratified by sex,aTRH was associated with a 64%increase in risk of CVD(HR=1.64,95%CI:1.43–1.88)in women,and a 13%increase in risk of CVD(HR=1.13,95%CI:1.01–1.27)in men.Stratified by age,aTRH had a stronger impact on the risk of CVD in participants aged<65(HR=1.53,95%CI:1.32–1.77)than it did in those aged≥65(HR=1.18,95%CI:1.05–1.32).Significant two-way interactions of sex and aTRH,and age and aTRH on risk of CVD were observed(P<0.05).The observed joint effect of aTRH and ages≥65 years(HR=1.85,95%CI:1.22–2.48)in males was less than what was expected for both additive and multiplicative models(HR=4.10,95%CI:3.63–4.57 and 4.88,95%CI:3.66–6.31),although three-way interaction of sex,age,and aTRH on the risk of CVD and coronary heart disease did not reach a statistical significance(P>0.05).CONCLUSION aTRH was significantly associated with an increased risk of CVD and this association was modified by both sex and age.Further studies are warranted to test these mechanisms.

Apparent stress as an indicator of stress meta-instability:The 2021 M_(S)6.4 Yangbi earthquake in Yunnan,China

Investigating spatiotemporal changes in crustal stress associated with major earthquakes has implications for understanding seismogenic processes.However,in individual earthquake cases,the characteristics of the stress after it reaches its maximum value are rarely discussed.In this study,we use the 2021 M_S6.4 Yangbi earthquake in Yunnan,China and events of magnitudes M_L≥3.0 occurred in the surrounding area in the previous 11 years to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of apparent stress.The results indicate that apparent stress began to increase in January 2015 and reached a maximum in January 2020.Apparent stress then remained at a high level until October 2020,after which it declined considerable.We suggest that the stress was in the accumulation stage from January 2015 to January 2020,and entered the meta-instability stage after October 2020.During the meta-instability stage,the zone of decreasing stress expanded continuously and the apparent stress increased around the Yangbi earthquake source region.These features are generally consistent with the results of laboratory rock stress experiments.We propose that apparent stress can be a good indicator for determining whether the stress at a specific location has entered the meta-instability stage and may become the epicenter of an impending strong earthquake.

Standard-state entropies and their impact on the potential-dependent apparent activation energy in electrocatalysis

The apparent activation energy,Eapp,is a common measure in thermal catalysis to discuss the activity and limiting steps of catalytic processes on solid-state materials.Recently,the electrocatalysis community adopted the concept of Eappand combined it with the Butler-Volmer theory.Certain observations though,such as potential-dependent fluctuations of Eapp,are yet surprising because they conflict with the proposed linear decrease in Eappwith increasing overpotential.The most common explanation for this finding refers to coverage changes upon alterations in the temperature or the applied electrode potential.In the present contribution,it is demonstrated that the modulation of surface coverages cannot entirely explain potential-dependent oscillations of Eapp,and rather the impact of entropic contributions of the transition states has been overlooked so far.In the case of a nearly constant surface coverage,these entropic contributions can be extracted by a dedicated combination of Tafel plots and temperature-dependent experiments.

Apparent Kinetics of 1-Decene Polymerization Catalyzed Using the Ionic Liquid[Bmim]_(x)[C_(2)H_(5)NH_(3)]_(1-x)[Al_(2)Cl_(7)]

Poly-α-olefin(PAO)synthetic oil,a regular long-chain alkane produced from the catalytic polymerization ofα-olefin,is a high-quality lubricating base oil with huge market potential.In this study,PAO synthesis based on the catalytic polymerization of 1-decene using the ionic liquid(IL)[Bmim]_(x)[C_(2)H_(5)NH_(3)]_(1-x)[Al_(2)Cl_(7)]as the catalyst was studied.Compared with the conventional catalyst[Bmim][Al_(2)Cl_(7)],the obtained PAO product incorporates more trimers and tetramers of 1-decene and contains few double-bond end groups,demonstrating a better catalytic system for PAO-10 production.The apparent polymerization kinetics of 1-decene in this catalytic system were studied based on the 1-decene concentration,catalyst concentration,and reaction temperature.An apparent kinetic equation for PAO formation was determined,providing a promising strategy for PAO production using 1-decene polymerization.

Distributions of dissolved oxygen and apparent oxygen utilization in the Cosmonaut Sea and Amundsen Sea in austral summer 2021

Dissolved oxygen(DO)and apparent oxygen utilization(AOU)are crucial parameters for investigating marine ecosystem evolution and the marine environment.In this study,DO and AOU data were obtained and their spatial distribution characteristics were explored in the Cosmonaut Sea and Amundsen Sea in austral summer 2021.The standard deviation range of DO parallel samples was<0.1–3.7μmol·L–1,which met the accuracy requirements of the survey method.The DO concentration decreased sharply with water depth in the photic zone and increased slowly to the bottom.AOU in the surface layer of the two seas was significantly negatively correlated with chlorophyll a(p<0.01),and AOU was significantly lower in the south Cosmonaut Sea than in the north Cosmonaut Sea and Amundsen Sea(p<0.01).In austral summer,AOU was as low as<130μmol·L–1 in the nearshore Cosmonaut Sea with thicker Antarctic Surface Water down to ca.500 m.In early winter,AOU was lower than 50μmol·L–1 in the north Amundsen Sea in subsurface water(75–150 m).The unmodified Circumpolar Deep Water with high AOU(>160μmol·L–1)could surge up to ca.150–200 m in both seas,with stronger intrusion in the Amundsen Sea.The AOU in bottom water was significantly lower(p<0.01)in the Cosmonaut Sea(118.9±11.8μmol·L–1)than the Amundsen Sea(141.7±7.4μmol·L–1),indicating the stable existence of fresh oxygen-rich Antarctic Bottom Water in the Cosmonaut Sea.

Deep Bimodal Fusion Approach for Apparent Personality Analysis

Personality distinguishes individuals’ patterns of feeling, thinking,and behaving. Predicting personality from small video series is an excitingresearch area in computer vision. The majority of the existing research concludespreliminary results to get immense knowledge from visual and Audio(sound) modality. To overcome the deficiency, we proposed the Deep BimodalFusion (DBF) approach to predict five traits of personality-agreeableness,extraversion, openness, conscientiousness and neuroticism. In the proposedframework, regarding visual modality, the modified convolution neural networks(CNN), more specifically Descriptor Aggregator Model (DAN) areused to attain significant visual modality. The proposed model extracts audiorepresentations for greater efficiency to construct the long short-termmemory(LSTM) for the audio modality. Moreover, employing modality-based neuralnetworks allows this framework to independently determine the traits beforecombining them with weighted fusion to achieve a conclusive prediction of thegiven traits. The proposed approach attains the optimal mean accuracy score,which is 0.9183. It is achieved based on the average of five personality traitsand is thus better than previously proposed frameworks.

Revealing the potential of apparent critical current density of Li/garnet interface with capacity perturbation strategy

Apparent critical current density(j_(Ac)^(a))of garnet all-solid-state lithium metal symmetric cells(ASSLSCs)is a fundamental parameter for designing all-solid-state lithium metal batteries.Nevertheless,how much the possible maximum apparent current density that a given ASSLSC system can endure and how to reveal this potential still require study.Herein,a capacity perturbation strategy aiming to better measure the possible maximum j_(Ac)^(a)is proposed for the first time.With garnet-based plane-surface structure ASSLSCs as an exemplification,the j_(Ac)^(a)is quite small when the capacity is dramatically large.Under a perturbed capacity of 0.001 mA h cm^(-2),the j_(Ac)^(a)is determined to be as high as 2.35 mA cm^(-2)at room temperature.This investigation demonstrates that the capacity perturbation strategy is a feasible strategy for measuring the possible maximum j_(Ac)^(a)of Li/solid electrolyte interface,and hopefully provides good references to explore the critical current density of other types of electrochemical systems.

Dopamine and cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein with an apparent Mr of 32000 promotes colorectal cancer growth

BACKGROUND Dopamine and cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)-regulated phosphop-rotein with an apparent Mr of 32000(DARPP-32)is a protein that is involved in regulating dopamine and cAMP signaling pathways in the brain.However,recent studies have shown that DARPP-32 is also expressed in other tissues,including colorectal cancer(CRC),where its function is not well understood.AIM To explore the effect of DARPP-32 on CRC progression.METHODS The expression levels of DARPP-32 were assessed in CRC tissues using both quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry assays.The proliferative capacity of CRC cell lines was evaluated with Cell Counting Kit-8 and 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine assays,while apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry.The migratory and invasive potential of CRC cell lines were deter-mined using wound healing and transwell chamber assays.In vivo studies involved monitoring the growth rate of xenograft tumors.Finally,the underlying molecular mechanism of DARPP-32 was investigated through RNA-sequencing and western blot analyses.RESULTS DARPP-32 was frequently upregulated in CRC and associated with abnormal clinicopathological features in CRC.Overexpression of DARPP-32 was shown to promote cancer cell proliferation,migration,and invasion and reduce apoptosis.DARPP-32 knockdown resulted in the opposite functional effects.Mechanistically,DARPP-32 may regulate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway in order to carry out its biological function.CONCLUSION DARPP-32 promotes CRC progression via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Apparent activation energy for spontaneous combustion of sulfide concentrates in storage yard

In order to evaluate the spontaneous combustion hazard of sulfide concentrates in storage, three different kinds of sulfide concentrates （sulfur-rich sulfide concentrate, iron sulfide concentrate and copper sulfide concentrate） were obtained from a storage yard in Dongguashan Copper Mine, China. The reaction processes at different heating rates of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 ℃/min in air flow from ambient temperature to 1 000 ℃ were studied by TG-DTG-DSC analysis. By the peak temperatures of DTG curves, the whole reaction process for each sample was divided into different stages, and the corresponding apparent activation energies were calculated by the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall method. It is found that the reaction process of each sample is considerably complex; the apparent activation energy values change from 36 to 160 kJ/mol in different temperature ranges; sulfur-rich sulfide and iron sulfide concentrates have lower apparent activation energy than copper sulfide concentrate below 150 ℃; so they are more inclined to cause spontaneous combustion at ambient temperature.

Preparation of Conjugated Linoleic Acid of High Purity and Its Apparent Kinetic Characteristics During Formation

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a fatty acid with physiological activities and potential application prospect. This paper focuses on the method of synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid of high purity and the process line and conditions for its purification that can be used in large scale production. CLA of more than 95% purity was prepared by means of urea adduct purification and conjugation using safflower oil as material. The total recovery of the product adds up to more than 48%. The reactive kinetics about linoleic acid from sunflower oil converted into CLA was investigated, and its apparent kinetic model was also established, which can be used as a base for industrial designs.

Nutritional value of a partially defatted and a highly defatted black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) meal for broiler chickens: apparent nutrient digestibility,apparent metabolizable energy and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility

Background: The study aimed to determine the apparent total tract digestibility coefficients(ATTDC) of nutrients, the apparent metabolizable energy(AME and AMEn) and the amino acid(AA) apparent ileal digestibility coefficients(AIDC)of a partially defatted(BSFp) and a highly defatted(BSFh) black soldier fly larvae meal. The experimental diets were: a basal diet and two diets prepared by substituting 250 g/kg(w/w) of the basal diet with BSFp or BSFh, respectively.Results: Significant differences were found between BSFp and BSFh meals for ATTDC of the nutrients: BSFp resulted more digestible than BSFh, except for ATTDC of CP which did not differed between meals, while a statistical trend was observed for ATTDC of DM and EE. The AME and AMEn values were significantly(P < 0.05) different between the two BSF meals, with higher levels for BSFp(16.25 and 14.87 MJ/kg DM, respectively). The AIDC of the AA in BSFp ranged from 0.44 to 0.92, while in BSFh they ranged from 0.45 to 0.99. No significant differences were observed for the AA digestibility(0.77 and 0.80 for BSFp and BSFh, respectively), except for glutamic acid, proline and serine that were more digestible in the BSFh meal(P < 0.05).Conclusions: Defatted BSF meals can be considered as an excellent source of AME and digestible AA for broilers with a better efficient nutrient digestion. These considerations suggested the effective utilization of defatted BSF larvae meal in poultry feed formulation.

Diagnostic Study of Apparent Heat Sources and Moisture Sinks in the South China Sea and its Adjacent Areas during the Onset of 1998 SCS Monsoon

The apparent heat sources (?Q1 ?) and moisture sinks (?Q2 ?) are calculated based on the reanalyzed data of the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) from May 1 to August 31, 1998. It is found that the formation and distribution of the atmospheric heat sources are important for the monsoon onset. The earlier onset of the SCS monsoon is the result of enduring atmospheric heating in the Indo–China Peninsula and South China areas. The atmospheric heating firstly appears in the Indo–China Peninsula area and the sensible heat is the major one. The 30–50 day periodic oscillation of atmospheric heat sources between the SCS area and the western Pacific warm pool has a reverse phase distribution before the middle of July and the low frequency oscillation of heat sources in SCS area has an obvious longitudinal propagation. The 30–50 day low frequency oscillation has vital modificatory effects on the summer monsoon evolution during 1998. Key words Apparent heat sources - Apparent moisture sinks - The South China Sea monsoon - Diagnostic Study Sponsored by the National Key Project of Fundamental Research “ SCSMEX” and the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education: “ Study of the Air-sea Interaction in the SCS Monsoon Region”.

Research on the Application of Residual Apparent Polarization to Surveying Deep Jiaojia-type Gold Mines

The theory and equations of the residual apparent polarization method are proposed and described in this article. Based on studies of existing mines, the residual apparent polarization ηα^sy, calculated from the induced-current middle-gradient apparent polarizations ηα^sy at large and small electrode spaces over the known deep Jiaojia-type gold mines, have been shown to separate the effects of mines from the anomalous polarizations generated from the strongly altered rocks in fracture zones.

Apparent Kinetics for Electrosynthesis Process of Chromic Acid

A new green technique for producing chromic acid via an electrosynthesis method was studied.The kinetic experiments were carried out on the direct electrosynthesis reaction of chromic acid from sodium dichromate in a self-made electrosynthesis reactor with a multiple-unit metal oxides combination anode,a stainless steel cathode,and a reinforcing combination Nafion 324 cation exchange membrane.The apparent kinetic data were experimentally measured at different reaction time under different reaction conditions by relating many essential cell processes and their interaction,as well as their synergistic effect to the whole electrochemical synthesis process.The results show that the electrosynthesis reaction process follows a quasi-first-order reaction kinetic characteristic.The apparent kinetic model of the electrosynthesis reaction was established,and kinetic parameters were calculated.

Apparent diffusion coefficient by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging as a sole biomarker for staging and prognosis of gastric cancer

Objective： To investigate the role of apparent diffusion coefficient （ADC） from diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging （DW-MRI） when applied to the 7th TNM classification in the staging and prognosis of gastric cancer （GC）. Methods： Between October 2009 and May 2014, a total of 89 patients with non-metastatic, biopsy proven GC underwent 1.5T DW-MRI, and then treated with radical surgery. Tumor ADC was measured retrospectively and compared with final histology following the 7th TNM staging （local invasion, nodal involvement and according to the different groups -- stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ）. Kaplan-Meier curves were also generated. The follow-up period is updated to May 2016. Results： Median follow-up period was 33 months and 45/89 （51%） deaths from GC were observed. ADC was significantly different both for local invasion and nodal involvement （P〈0.001）. Considering final histology as the reference standard, a preoperative ADC cut-offof 1.80×10-3 mm^2/s could distinguish between stages I and Ⅱ and an ADC value of ≤1.36-10-3 mm^2/s was associated with stage Ⅲ（P〈0.001）. Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated that the survival rates for the three prognostic groups were significantly different according to final histology and ADC cut-offs （P〈0.001）. Conclusions： ADC is different according to local invasion, nodal involvement and the 7th TNM stage groups for GC, representing a potential, additional prognostic biomarker. The addition of DW-MRI could aid in the staging and risk stratification of GC.

Apparent diffusion coefficient-based histogram analysis differentiates histological subtypes of periampullary adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND For periampullary adenocarcinoma,the histological subtype is a better prognostic predictor than the site of tumor origin.Intestinal-type periampullary adenocarcinoma(IPAC)is reported to have a better prognosis than the pancreatobiliary-type periampullary adenocarcinoma(PPAC).However,the classification of histological subtypes is difficult to determine before surgery.Apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC)histogram analysis is a noninvasive,nonenhanced method with high reproducibility that could help differentiate the two subtypes.AIM To investigate whether volumetric ADC histogram analysis is helpful for distinguishing IPAC from PPAC.METHODS Between January 2015 and October 2018,476 consecutive patients who were suspected of having a periampullary tumor and underwent magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)were reviewed in this retrospective study.Only patients who underwent MRI at 3.0 T with different diffusion-weighted images(b-values=800 and 1000 s/mm^2)and who were confirmed with a periampullary adenocarcinoma were further analyzed.Then,the mean,5th,10th,25th,50th,75th,90th,and 95th percentiles of ADC values and ADCmin,ADCmax,kurtosis,skewness,and entropy were obtained from the volumetric histogram analysis.Comparisons were made by an independent Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U test.Multiple-class receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to determine and compare the diagnostic value of each significant parameter.RESULTS In total,40 patients with histopathologically confirmed IPAC(n=17)or PPAC(n=23)were enrolled.The mean,5th,25th,50th,75th,90th,and 95th percentiles and ADCmax derived from ADC1000 were significantly lower in the PPAC group than in the IPAC group(P<0.05).However,values derived from ADC800 showed no significant difference between the two groups.The 75th percentile of ADC1000 values achieved the highest area under the curve(AUC)for differentiating IPAC from PPAC(AUC=0.781;sensitivity,91%;specificity,59%;cut-off value,1.50×10^-3 mm^2/s).CONCLUSION Volumetric ADC histogram analysis at a b-value of 1000 s/mm2 might be helpful for differentiating the histological subtypes of periampullary adenocarcinoma before surgery.

Use of the N-alkanes to Estimate Intake, Apparent Digestibility and Diet Composition in Sheep Grazing on Stipa brevifl ora Desert Steppe

The application of n-alkane as markers to estimate herbage intake, apparent digestibility and species composition of diet consumed by grazing sheep was studied. Six local Mongolian sheep were used to determine dry matter （DM） intake, apparent DM digestibility and species composition of diet during summer, autumn and winter. Animals were orally dosed twice daily with n-alkane gelatin capsules containing 60 mg C32-alkane as an external marker. Diet composition was estimated by comparing the odd-chain n-alkanes pattern profile （C27-C31） of the consumed plant species with the n-alkanes fecal concentrations of grazing animals, using a non-negative least squares algorithm called EATWHAT software package. The alkane pair C32：C33 and C33 alkane were used to estimate DM intake and diet apparent DM digestibility, respectively. The results showed that daily dry matter intake of the sheep were 1.77, 1.61 and 1.18 kg d-1 in summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Apparent DM digestibility, crude protein （CP）, metabolizable energy （ME） and neutral detergent fiber （NDF） intake of diet consumed by sheep decreased significantly （P〈0.01） from summer to winter, with no evident changes in ADF and ADL intake. Diet composition indicated Artemisia frigida Willd was the most dominant diet component, contributed 79.68, 68.12 and 86.26% of sheep＇s diets in summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Cleistogenes songorica Ohwi and Convolvulus arnmannii Desr were the important components of the diet. Although Stipa breviflora Griseb is one of the main plant species in the study area, the sheep rarely choosed it. The study indicated that CP and ME in diet consumed by sheep were deficient in winter. Therefore, appropriate supplementation strategies should be indispensable during this period.

Apparent diffusion coefficient values of normal testis and variations with age

The usefulness of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging （DWI） in the evaluation of scrotal pathology has recently been reported. A standard reference of normal testicular apparent diffusion coefficient （ADC） values and their variations with age is necessary when interpreting normal testicular anatomy and pathology. We evaluated 147 normal testes using DWI, including 71 testes from 53 men aged 20-39years （group 1）, 67 testes from 42 men aged 40-69 years （group 2） and nine testes from six men older than 70years （group 3）. DWI was performed along the axial plane, using a single shot, multislice spin-echo planar diffusion pulse sequence and b-values of 0 and 900 s mm-2. The mean and standard deviation of the ADC values of normal testicular parenchyma were calculated for each age group separately. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） followed by post hoc analysis （Dunnett T3） was used for statistical purposes. The ADC values （x 10-3 mm2s-1） of normal testicular tissue were different among age groups （group 1：1.08 ± 0.13; group 2：1.15 ±0.15 and group 3：1.31± 0.22）. ANOVA revealed differences in mean ADC among age groups （F= 11.391, P〈 0.001）. Post hoc analysis showed differences between groups 1 and 2 （P= 0.008） and between groups 1 and 3 （P= 0.043）, but not between groups 2 and 3 （P= 0.197）. Our findings suggest that ADC values of normal testicular tissue increase with advancing age.

Apparent permeability variation of underground water aquifer induced by an earthquake:A case of the Zhouzhi well and the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

t Taking the M2 wave as calibration signals, we extract the phase shifts of the water level relative to the Earth tide in the Zhouzhi well by utilizing the cross-correlation function. And we further obtain the apparent permeability variation in the aquifer of the Zhouzhi well in 2008. Comparison with the commonly used tidal analysis software Baytap-G shows that phase shifts obtained by cross-correlation function are more stable. The resulting apparent permeability of the Zhouzhi well aquifer fluctuates with time, indicating it is a dynamically controlled parameter. The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake caused the apparent permeability increasing drastically, which is interpreted as the combination effects of effective stress changes and the barriers removing in the flow channel due to seismic wave pressure pulse. After the Wenchuan earthquake, the effective stress began to recover and the impurities deposited gradually, causing the apparent permeability to decrease a month later and almost recover to the pre-earthquake level in six months.