Effects of Organic Manure Application with Chemical Fertilizers on Nutrient Absorption and Yield of Rice in Hunan of Southern China

To evaluate the effect of organic manure application with chemical fertilizers on rice yield and soil fertility under long-term double-rice cropping system, a six year field experiment was conducted continually in the paddy soil derived from Quaternary red clay in Hunan Province of southern China. Four different treatments, i.e., no nitrogen with chemical P and K （PK）, swine manure only （M）, N, P and K chemical fertilizers only （NPK）, and half chemical fertilizers combined with half swine manure （NPKM） with four replications were included. Each N, P and K application rate was the same at all the treatments （except the N application rate at PK） and N application rate was 150 kg N ha^-1. All fertilizers were applied to soil tillage layer with once application as baseal fertilizers. The nutrients uptake rate, grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and soil organic matter content at each treatment were investigated. The NPKM treatment achieved the highest mean annual yield of 12.2 t ha^-1 （68% higher than that of PK）. Higher dry matter accumulation and nutrients absorption were observed during the middle-late growth period in the NPKM treatment, with higher panicle number per unit and filled-grain number per panicle. Its average nitrogen use efficiency was 36.3% and soil organic matter increased by 18.5% during the experimental period in the NPKM treatment, which were significantly higher than those in the NPK treatment. Organic manure application with chemical fertilizers increased the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice, reduced the risk of environmental pollution and improved soil fertility greatly. It could be a good practical technique that protects the environment and raises the rice yield in this region.

Carbon sequestration rate,nitrogen use efficiency and rice yield responses to long-term substitution of chemical fertilizer by organic manure in a rice–rice cropping system

Combined application of chemical fertilizers with organic amendments was recommended as a strategy for improving yield,soil carbon storage,and nutrient use efficiency.However,how the long-term substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic manure affects rice yield,carbon sequestration rate(CSR),and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)while ensuring environmental safety remains unclear.This study assessed the long-term effect of substituting chemical fertilizer with organic manure on rice yield,CSR,and NUE.It also determined the optimum substitution ratio in the acidic soil of southern China.The treatments were:(i)NPK0,unfertilized control;(ii)NPK1,100%chemical nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizer;(iii)NPKM1,70%chemical NPK fertilizer and 30%organic manure;(iv)NPKM2,50%chemical NPK fertilizer and 50%organic manure;and(v)NPKM3,30%chemical NPK fertilizer and 70%organic manure.Milk vetch and pig manure were sources of manure for early and late rice seasons,respectively.The result showed that SOC content was higher in NPKM1,NPKM2,and NPKM3 treatments than in NPK0 and NPK1 treatments.The carbon sequestration rate increased by 140,160,and 280%under NPKM1,NPKM2,and NPKM3 treatments,respectively,compared to NPK1 treatment.Grain yield was 86.1,93.1,93.6,and 96.5%higher under NPK1,NPKM1,NPKM2,and NPKM3 treatments,respectively,compared to NPK0 treatment.The NUE in NPKM1,NPKM2,and NPKM3 treatments was higher as compared to NPK1 treatment for both rice seasons.Redundancy analysis revealed close positive relationships of CSR with C input,total N,soil C:N ratio,catalase,and humic acids,whereas NUE was closely related to grain yield,grain N content,and phenol oxidase.Furthermore,CSR and NUE negatively correlated with humin acid and soil C:P and N:P ratios.The technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)showed that NPKM3 treatment was the optimum strategy for improving CSR and NUE.Therefore,substituting 70%of chemical fertilizer with organic manure could be the best management option for increasing CSR and NUE in the paddy fields of southern China.

Effect of Long-Term Fertilization on Organic Nitrogen Forms in a Calcareous Alluvial Soil on the North China Plain

In order to illustrate the change of nitrogen （N） supply capacity after long-term application of manure and chemical fertilizer, as well as to properly manage soil fertility through fertilizer application under the soil-climatic conditions of the North China Plain, organic N forms were quantified in the topsoil with different manure and chemical fertilizer treatments in a 15-year fertilizer experiment in a Chinese calcareous alluvial soil. Soil total N （TN） and various organic N forms were significantly influenced by long-term application of chemical fertilizer and manure. TN, total hydrolysable N, acid-lnsoluble N, amino acid N and ammonium N in the soil increased significantly （P 〈 0.05） with increasing manure and fertilizer N rates, but were not influenced by increasing P rates. Also, application of manure or N fertilizer or P fertilizer did not significantly influence either the quantity of amino sugar N or its proportion of TN. Application of manure significantly increased （P 〈 0.05） hydrolysable unknown N, but adding N or P did not. In addition, application of manure or N fertilizer or P fertilizer did not significantly influence the proportions of different soil organic N forms.

Effect of Long-Term Fertilization on Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in a Subtropical Paddy Soil

A long-term experiment beginning in 1981 in Jinxian County of Jiangxi Province, subtropical China, was conducted in a paddy field under a double rice cropping system with four different fertilization regimes, including 1) no fertilizer as control (CK), 2) balanced chemical N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK), 3) organic manure using milk vetch and pig manure in the early and late rice growing season, respectively (OM), and 4) balanced chemical fertilizers combined with organic manure (NPKM). Samples (0-17 cm) of the paddy field soil, which was derived from Quaternary red clay, were collected after the late rice harvest in November 2003 for determination of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) and fractions of organic C and N. Results showed that TOC and TN in the NPKM and OM treatments were significantly higher than those in other two treatments (CK and NPK). Application of organic manure with or without chemical fertilizers significantly increased the contents of all fractions of organic C and N, whereas chemical fertilizer application only increased the contents of occluded particulate organic C (oPOC) and amino acid N. In addition, application of organic manure significantly enhanced the proportions of free particulate organic carbon (fPOC) and oPOC in total C, and those of amino sugar N and amino acid N (P < 0.01) in total N. In contrast, chemical fertilizer application only increased the proportions of oPOC and amino acid N (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in either contents or proportions of soil organic C and organic N fractions between the NPKM and OM treatments. These indicated that organic manure application with or without chemical fertilizers played the most significant role in enhancing soil organic C and N quantity and quality in the paddy field studied.

有机肥与化肥配施对夏播玉米产量和土壤肥力的影响

为探索有机肥与化肥配施对全株玉米产量和土壤肥力的影响,以乐玉1号玉米为试材,通过田间试验,设置不施肥(CK)、全部化肥(HF)、牛粪单施(N1)、牛粪替代20%化肥(N2)、牛粪替代30%化肥(N3)、羊粪单施(Y1)、羊粪替代20%化肥(Y2)、羊粪替代30%化肥(Y3)共8个处理,测定全株玉米干草产量、氮磷钾素积累量和重金属含量以及土壤理化性质等相关指标。结果表明,Y2和Y3处理的全株玉米干草产量和氮磷钾积累量优于其他处理;N2处理的Cu积累量和Y1处理的Zn积累量最高;0~20cm土层以N3处理的有机质、速效磷、铵态氮、硝态氮和阳离子交换含量最高。可见,低总氮水平下,羊粪替代20%和30%化肥处理对全株玉米生长及养分积累有积极作用,牛粪替代30%化肥改良土壤肥力效果较好。

化肥有机肥配施对黑土团聚体稳定性及其富里酸结构的影响

为探讨化肥有机肥配施对黑土团聚体稳定性及其富里酸结构的影响,依托中国科学院海伦农业生态试验站2001年设置的长期定位试验,分析不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、化肥+15000 kg·hm-2有机肥(NPKM1)及化肥+22500 kg·hm-2有机肥(NPKM2)处理对土壤团聚体稳定性、团聚体富里酸结构及光学特性的影响。结果表明:(1)化肥有机肥配施显著提高了0~40 cm土层>0.25 mm团聚体分布比例,增强了土壤团聚体稳定性;与CK相比,NPKM1和NPKM2处理的0~20 cm土层>0.25 mm团聚体分布比例分别增加6.2%~26.3%和8.4%~50.2%。(2)土壤各粒径团聚体富里酸包含类富里酸、类胡敏酸和类蛋白质共3种荧光组分,化肥有机肥配施提高了类富里酸、类胡敏酸组分荧光强度及百分比和类蛋白质组分荧光强度,降低了类蛋白质组分荧光强度百分比;与CK相比,NPKM1和NPKM2处理>0.25 mm团聚体富里酸的类富里酸和类胡敏酸组分荧光强度分别提高7.0%~30.5%和12.8%~45.4%。同时土壤各粒径团聚体富里酸均受自生源和外生源共同作用的影响(FI(荧光指数)>1.4,0.8<BIX(自生源系数)<1.0),呈现强腐殖化和新近自生源特征(3.0<HIX(腐殖化指数)<6.0)。(3)土壤各粒径团聚体富里酸的SUVA 254、SUVA 280和E 4/E 6值随有机肥施用量增加而增加,芳香性增强,分子结构变简单。相关性分析表明,土壤团聚体富里酸荧光组分、芳香性(SUVA 254)、腐殖化程度(HIX、E 4/E 6)是影响团聚体稳定性的重要因素。因此,化肥有机肥配施通过增加团聚体富里酸荧光组分强度,提高团聚体芳香性和腐殖化程度,进而提高土壤团聚体稳定性。

增施微藻和牛粪有机肥对土壤化学性质和细菌群落以及烤烟产质量的影响

【目的】研究增施微藻和牛粪有机肥对烟草生长、产质量及土壤细菌群落的影响。【方法】设置微藻、牛粪有机肥、微藻+牛粪有机肥和空白对照(CK)4个田间试验处理,监测烟株农艺性状、烤后烟叶产量和化学成分,测定土壤化学性质,运用荧光定量PCR、Illumina Miseq测序等分子生物学技术分析土壤细菌群落丰度和组成。【结果】与CK相比,增施微藻+牛粪有机肥可显著增加土壤硝态氮、溶解性有机碳、有效磷和速效钾含量,改善土壤pH;烟株圆顶期株高和叶数显著增加,烤后烟叶中总氮、钾、烟碱、总糖和还原糖含量以及氮碱比和钾氯比显著增加,烟叶产量和产值分别提高13.70%和16.78%;可提高土壤细菌群落多样性,优化土壤细菌群落结构,其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)的相对丰度升高,提升了土壤细菌群落抑制青枯病害的能力。典型对应分析结果表明:土壤pH以及硝态氮和速效钾含量是影响土壤细菌群落结构组成的关键因素。【结论】增施微藻和牛粪有机肥可提高土壤养分含量,活化土壤有益微生物,提高细菌群落抑制青枯病菌的能力,改善土壤微生态环境,促进烟草生长,提高烟叶产量和品质。

牛粪与化肥配施比例对苹果园土壤有机碳库和酶活性的影响

【目的】研究牛粪化肥配施比例对苹果园土壤活性有机碳组分和酶活性的影响,揭示不同配施比例对土壤碳库的影响,为苹果园牛粪与化肥的科学配施及土壤质量改善提供理论支撑。【方法】选取中国农业科学院果树研究所砬山施肥试验平台中不施肥(CK)、100%化肥(CF100)、25%牛粪配施75%化肥(CM25CF75)、50%牛粪配施50%化肥(CM50CF50)、75%牛粪配施25%化肥(CM75CF25)、100%牛粪(CM100)6个处理,分别测定施肥区(F)与非施肥区(NF)土壤活性有机碳组分(颗粒有机碳,POC;微生物量碳,MBC;易氧化有机碳,ROC)和酶活性(α-D-葡萄糖苷酶,AG;β-D-葡萄糖苷酶,BG;纤维素酶,CBH;过氧化物酶,PER;脲酶,UR)等相关指标。【结果】(1)牛粪化肥配施后施肥区土壤SOC、POC和ROC的含量随着牛粪施入比例的增加而增加;CM50CF50处理的MBC含量最高,比CK提高了139.7%。非施肥区,CF100、CM25CF75、CM50CF50、CM75CF25处理与CK相比土壤POC含量分别下降了32.8%、28.4%、21.6%、14.7%,CM50CF50和CM75CF25处理ROC含量分别下降了31.5%和17.4%。同一处理施肥区活性有机碳组分含量明显高于非施肥区。(2)CM25CF75、CM50CF50、CM75CF25、CM100处理施肥区土壤α-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性较CK分别提高了87.7%、68.4%、278.1%、331.6%;CM25CF75处理β-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性最高(39.00μg·g^(-1)·h^(-1));脲酶活性随牛粪施入比例的增加先升高后降低。牛粪化肥配施非施肥区土壤α-D-葡萄糖苷酶和脲酶活性也显著提高。(3)牛粪化肥配施显著提高了施肥区土壤POC/SOC和碳库管理指数(CPMI),CM25CF75、CM50CF50、CM75CF25、CM100处理的碳库管理指数分别提高了19.7%、38.3%、56.2%、103.5%。非施肥区牛粪化肥配施碳库管理指数显著下降。同一处理施肥区土壤碳库管理指数明显高于非施肥区。(4)相关分析和主成分分析表明,施肥区土壤中活性有机碳组分与α-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性呈显著正相关,牛粪比例的提高对土壤活性有机碳的提高贡献较大。【结论】牛粪化肥配施对于苹果园施肥区土壤的改善效果大于非施肥区。高比例的牛粪(配施比例在50%以上)能够提高土壤有机碳各组分含量和促进土壤酶活性增强,是苹果园科学施肥的较好的配施比例。

部分有机肥代替化肥对中强筋小麦产量及品质的影响

为探索淮北麦区高产、优质中强筋小麦在保持产量和品质情况下的绿色施肥方式。以中强筋小麦‘徐麦44’为材料,研究设计3种施肥方式:单施化肥(T_(1))、1/3有机肥+2/3化肥配施(T_(2))、单施有机肥(T_(3)),通过对籽粒蛋白质含量、粉质质量指数、面粉吸水率、面团的形成时间和稳定时间、粉质质量指数等粉质参数、淀粉含量、淀粉糊化特性、籽粒容重进行测定,并进行差异显著性检验,分析施肥对产量及品质的影响。结果表明,T_(2)处理的产量及其三因素、籽粒容重、沉降值、吸水率、淀粉含量、糊化特性与T_(1)处理相比均无显著差异,而籽粒蛋白质含量、形成时间、稳定时间、粉质质量指数均显著高于T_(1)处理,弱化度显著低于T_(1)处理;与T_(1)、T_(2)处理相比,T_(3)处理显著降低了中强筋小麦的产量及其三因素、蛋白质含量、容重、沉降值以及粉质参数,但是增加了籽粒的淀粉含量和糊化特性相关参数。T_(2)处理在减少化肥施用量的情况下能够稳定小麦产量与品质,甚至在有些品质参数上有所提升,提高了中强筋小麦的面筋强度及加工品质,这在淮北麦区高产、优质中强筋小麦生产绿色施肥方式的探索上有一定指导意义。

化肥减量配施羊粪有机肥对烤烟生长、产质量及土壤养分的影响

为探究羊粪有机肥与传统无机肥配施在烤烟生产中的效应,并为洛阳烟区合理利用羊粪有机肥提供理论依据,本研究以中烟101为材料,采用田间小区等氮量施肥(各处理施氮量均为60 kg/hm^(2))对比试验,设置单施100%化肥N(T0)、25%羊粪有机肥N+75%化肥N(T25)、50%羊粪有机肥N+50%化肥N(T50)、75%羊粪有机肥N+25%化肥N(T75)4个处理,研究化肥减量配施不同比例羊粪有机肥对烤烟农艺性状、光合特性、经济性状、烟叶品质及土壤养分的影响。结果表明:化肥减量配施羊粪有机肥处理较T0能够改善烤烟农艺性状和叶片光合特性,有利于烟田土壤养分的均衡供应和肥力水平的提高。与T0相比,配施羊粪有机肥处理烤烟圆顶期的株高、茎围、最大叶面积、有效叶片数、SPAD值、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别提高5.49%~8.63%、2.78%~7.46%、0.71%~19.67%、4.82%~9.64%、15.41%~20.42%、21.78%~24.11%、17.05%~24.03%、33.33%~50.00%、13.02%~30.63%、30.08%~68.57%、31.54%~45.51%和14.67%~20.73%,其中以T50处理效果最优。化肥减量配施羊粪有机肥处理也能够提升烤后烟叶的经济性状、感官评吸质量及化学成分的协调性。与T0相比,T50的上等烟比例、均价、产值和B2F等级烟叶感官质量总分值分别提高9.10%、5.36%、7.20%和4.77%,提升效果最佳,烤后烟叶的化学成分更为协调。综合来看,等氮量施肥条件下,羊粪有机肥N替代50%化肥N更有利于促进洛阳烟区烟株的生长发育、提升烤后烟叶产量和品质,以及维持烟田土壤肥力,保障洛阳烟区烟叶的可持续发展。

化肥减量配施有机肥对木薯生长及根际土壤细菌菌群的影响

为了研究化肥减量配施有机肥对木薯根际土壤细菌多样性和群落结构及产量的影响,采用Illumina Nova 6000测序平台,对未施肥(CK)、有机肥(T_(1))、常规施肥+有机肥(T_(2))和化肥减施+有机肥(T_(3))等施肥方式处理下的华南12号木薯根际土壤进行16S rRNA高通量测序分析。结果表明,与CK相比,T_(3)处理不仅能显著增加木薯株高和茎粗,还能提高木薯产量。在相似水平为97%下聚类分析得到木薯根际土壤OTUs,分别为3603个(CK)、1688个(T_(1))、1276个(T_(2))和3317个(T_(3))。不同施肥方式改变土壤细菌的多样性和丰度,其物种多样性由高到低依次为:CK>T_(3)>T_(1)>T_(2)。基于土壤细菌群落的PCoA和聚类分析,CK和T_(3)细菌群落结构组成较为相似,T_(1)与T_(2)细菌群落结构组成相似。不同施肥处理下木薯根际土壤中优势菌门为变形菌门、拟杆菌门、酸杆菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门和绿弯菌门。化肥减施配施有机肥增加了变形菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度,降低了厚壁菌门和绿弯菌门的相对丰度。冗余性分析结果表明速效钾是影响木薯根际土壤菌群的主要效应因子。研究表明,化肥减量配施有机肥不仅能增加木薯的产量,还能改变木薯根际土壤细菌群落结构和多样性,为发展绿色、高效、可持续的木薯产业提供坚实的理论支撑。

牛粪有机肥与化肥配施对土壤重金属形态的影响

为缓解畜牧业产能的提高和日益严峻的畜禽粪污污染之间的矛盾,充分挖掘畜禽粪污肥料化利用的潜力,避免过量施用对环境带来的潜在重金属危害,本试验采用牛粪有机肥为研究对象进行盆栽试验,根据牛粪有机肥和化肥的不同配施比例,设置5个处理,测定收获后不同处理土壤中重金属铜、锌各形态质量分数,并进行土壤有机碳和pH的测定。结果表明,与CK组相比,配施牛粪有机肥可以降低土壤中重金属Cu、Zn的总质量分数,DF1处理组降低幅度最大,分别下降了25.54%、39.20%;与CK组相比,DF1和DF2处理组可交换态Cu分配率从15.86%分别提高至28.13%、42.02%,促进残渣态向可交换态转化,DF2处理组对分配率的提高幅度最大;与CK组相比,CD和DF1处理组残渣态Zn分配率分别降低至39.27%、38.40%,DF2处理组变化幅度最大,降低至24.33%。配施牛粪有机肥后,土壤pH、有机碳含量有上升趋势,其中土壤有机碳与土壤中有效态铜、锌的分配率变化趋势呈正相关,相关性显著(P<0.05),同时土壤有效态锌与土壤pH的变化趋势呈正相关,相关性显著(P<0.05),但重金属铜的有效态与pH的相关性不显著(P>0.05)。施用牛粪有机肥时应严格遵循测土配方算出的实际需求量,避免过量施用,增加土壤环境的重金属污染风险。

畜禽粪便超高温堆肥技术研究进展

本研究旨在深入探究超高温堆肥技术在畜禽粪便处理领域的研究现状与应用潜力。通过分析超高温堆肥中试研究、超高温堆肥工程案例和超高温堆肥产物的质量及其应用效果,结果显示,外源供热和超嗜热菌剂添加是实现超高温堆肥的关键因素,其中超嗜热菌剂的添加尤为关键。研究表明,超高温堆肥适用于不同规模和不同种类的畜禽粪便处理,具有经济可行性。同时,超高温堆肥的产物符合中国有机肥料标准,并在种植中显示出良好的效果,具有广阔的推广应用前景。然而,超高温堆肥的微生物菌株资源挖掘利用和超高温堆肥产物的大田应用示范等工作仍有待开展。

减氮配施有机粪肥对土壤理化性质及玉米产量的影响

为提高畜禽粪便等农业废弃物在农业生产过程中循环利用效率,改善土壤肥力,促进作物增产增收,于2022年春季在宝泉岭农场开展有机粪肥还田减施氮肥试验,设置生育期不施化肥(CK)、当地常规施肥(FFP)、优化施肥(OPT)、有机粪肥替代15%N(OPT-1)、有机粪肥替代30%N(OPT-2)5个处理,研究有机粪肥和减施氮肥对土壤理化性质和玉米产量的影响。结果表明,在拔节期,与常规施肥(FFP)相比,有机粪肥替代30%氮肥处理(OPT-2)土壤有机质和速效钾含量分别显著提高14.28%和6.71%,有机粪肥替代15%氮肥处理(OPT-1)土壤有机质和速效钾含量分别显著提高10.20%和11.32%;与优化施肥处理(OPT)相比,OPT-2处理土壤有机质含量显著提高7.63%,OPT-1处理土壤速效钾含量显著提高7.01%。在成熟期,与FFP处理相比,OPT-2处理土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量分别提高15.60%、9.64%和6.83%,玉米产量显著提高8.46%,OPT-1处理土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量分别显著提高10.33%、5.26%和10.62%,玉米产量显著提高5.14%;与OPT处理相比,OPT-2处理土壤有机质、碱解氮含量分别显著提高11.09%和8.93%,OPT-1处理土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量分别显著提高6.03%、4.57%和5.80%。综合分析,施用有机粪肥可以改善土壤理化性质,提高玉米产量,改善籽粒品质,其中,30%有机粪肥替代氮肥(OPT-2)施用效果最优。

山东省作物秸秆和畜禽粪尿有机肥资源现状及替代化肥潜力分析

【目的】计算作物秸秆、畜禽粪尿资源数量及养分总量,分析其替代化肥潜力,为统筹与合理利用全省有机肥资源提供数据支撑。【方法】对不同作物(小麦、玉米、水稻/稻谷、大豆、马铃薯、花生和棉花)和畜禽(牛、猪、羊、家禽和兔),利用草谷比和排泄系数法,估算山东省2016—2020年作物秸秆和畜禽粪尿资源总量及养分总量,分析变化趋势,计算不同区域和种类有机肥替代化肥潜力。【结果】(1)2020年全省作物秸秆资源总量为7 616.8×10^(4)t,养分总量为163.2×10^(4)t,N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O养分量分别为63.6×10^(4)、9.2×10^(4)和90.5×10^(4)t。秸秆养分资源理论替代化肥潜力为42.9%,实际替代化肥潜力为20.9%;秸秆中N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O资源理论替代化肥潜力分别为35.3%、9.0%和92.2%,实际替代化肥潜力分别为12.5%、4.2%和53.7%;2016—2020年作物秸秆资源总量增加了16.8%。(2)2020年全省畜禽粪尿资源总量为9 131.2×10^(4)t,养分总量为82.7×10^(4)t,N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O养分量分别为35.2×10^(4)、11.7×10^(4)和35.7×10^(4)t。畜禽粪尿养分资源理论替代化肥潜力为21.7%,实际替代化肥潜力为19.5%;畜禽粪尿中N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O资源理论替代化肥潜力分别为19.6%、11.4%和36.4%,实际替代化肥潜力分别为17.7%、10.3%和32.9%;2016—2020年畜禽粪尿资源总量减少了25.4%。(3)不同区域作物秸秆和畜禽粪尿养分资源理论替代化肥潜力大小为鲁西和鲁北>鲁南>鲁中南>鲁中>鲁东地区。鲁西和鲁北、鲁南地区最高,分别为77.0%和75.6%;鲁东地区最低,为46.5%。其中德州潜力最大,为95.3%,其次是东营、滨州,分别为92.6%和91.2%;烟台和威海最小,分别为35.5%和40.6%。(4)不同作物秸秆和畜禽粪尿养分资源理论替代化肥潜力分别为玉米秸秆(16.7%)>小麦秸秆(16.2%)>马铃薯秸秆(4.9%)>花生秸秆(3.6%)>水稻秸秆(0.7%)>棉花秸秆(0.4%)、大豆秸秆(0.4%),牛粪尿(8.7%)>猪粪尿(6.5%)>羊粪尿(3.2%)、家禽粪(3.2%)>兔粪(0.1%)。【结论】2020年全省作物秸秆和畜禽粪尿资源总量为16 748.0×10^(4)t,养分总量为245.9×10^(4)t。作物秸秆和畜禽粪尿养分资源理论替代化肥潜力为64.6%,实际替代化肥潜力为40.4%。作物秸秆和畜禽粪尿中氮(N)、磷(P_(2)O_(5))和钾(K_(2)O)资源理论替代化肥潜力分别为54.8%、20.4%和128.6%,实际替代化肥潜力分别为30.2%、14.5%和86.6%。鲁西、鲁北以及鲁南地区作物秸秆和畜禽粪尿有机肥资源非常丰富,鲁中、鲁东地区相对较少;玉米和小麦等作物秸秆有机肥资源较多,牛和猪等畜禽粪尿有机肥资源较多,高效合理利用作物秸秆和畜禽粪尿等有机肥资源,是实现化肥减施增效的重要保障。

扬州市农田肥料投入现状调查及对策分析

为精准评估扬州市主要农作物肥料投入量,摸清其投入现状及存在问题,提出平衡施肥的丰产对策。基于统计数据和实地调查数据,分析了“十三五”期间(2016—2020年)扬州市各县(市、区)氮、磷、钾肥投入量变化、各县(市、区)化肥和有机肥施用总量(氮、磷、钾肥总量)变化等特征。结果表明,“十三五”期间(2016—2020年)扬州各县(市、区)肥料施用量总体呈下降趋势。其中有机肥施用量以2017年为转折点,呈先逐年增加后下降趋势。宝应县平均有机肥施用量最高,广陵区平均有机肥施用量最低。化肥施用量总体呈下降趋势,广陵区化肥平均施用量最低,江都区化肥平均施用量最高。整体上扬州市氮肥施用总量呈逐年下降,磷和钾肥施用总量呈逐年上升趋势。在此基础上,阐述了扬州市当前存在的化学肥料比例偏高、化肥氮肥总量投入居高不下、肥料运筹简单化等问题,并提出了优化施肥结构,充分利用有机肥;调整施肥比例,合理平衡施肥;科学研判墒情,提高施肥效率等化肥使用的建议,以确保“十四五”期间进一步提高耕地质量,促进农业高质高效绿色可持续发展。

有机肥和化肥配施对大豆产量的影响

为了探讨安徽省阜阳市太和县有机肥和化肥配施对大豆产量的影响,设置了6个试验处理,研究不同施肥水平下大豆产量和品质的差异。结果表明,处理B(140 kg/hm^(2)尿素+40 kg/hm^(2)有机肥+70 kg/hm^(2)硫酸钾+50 kg/hm^(2)过磷酸钙)的有机肥和无机肥配施量最有利于促进大豆产量、品质及质量的提升。

不同有机肥用量对毕纳1号烤烟生长发育及产质量的影响

为确定毕节市烟叶原料生产适宜的有机肥配施比例,就不同有机肥用量对毕纳1号烤烟生长发育及产质量的影响进行研究。结果表明:2020年、2021年两年中,在CK(烟草专用基肥525 kg/hm^(2)+烟草专用提苗肥37.5 kg/hm^(2)+烟草专用追肥300 kg/hm^(2))的基础上,配施牛粪有机肥1800 kg/hm^(2)的处理生育期最短,株高、茎围及最大叶长均最大;与CK相比,产值分别增长13.21%、12.18%;配施牛粪有机肥的处理糖碱比等多项化学成分指标均在适宜范围内,烟株病害发生情况均较轻。

有机肥与无机肥配施对小麦产量及土壤质量的影响

为深入探究有机肥与无机肥配施对小麦生长发育、产量形成以及土壤质量的综合效应,从而为当地小麦生产制订科学合理的施肥策略,在实现化肥减量的同时提高肥料利用效率。本试验设置了5种不同的处理方案:空白对照组(CK)、常规化肥单独施用组、化肥用量减少20%并配合有机肥施用组、化肥用量减少40%并配合有机肥施用组,以及化肥用量减少60%并配合有机肥施用组,通过田间小区试验方法进行对比研究。结果表明,不同比例的有机肥与无机肥配施方式对小麦植株生长特性、最终产量表现及土壤性质均有一定影响。其中,当化肥用量减少20%并配施有机肥的处理条件下,小麦的产量达到较优水平(8910 kg/hm^(2))。相较于单一使用化肥的情况,有机肥与无机肥合理配施不仅能够明显促进小麦的生长与高产,还能有效地改善和优化土壤质量,体现出良好的生态效益和经济效益。

Investigation and analysis of the linkage mechanism and whole process cost of livestock manure organic fertilizer

In recent years,the utilization of manure resources for livestock and poultry farming has attracted a widespread attention,and manure resources utilization models suitable for different regional characteristics have formed gradually.Among them,the production of organic fertilizer from animal manure is a vital utilization method.However,there are still some problems such as high production costs,difficult sales,and the unwillingness of farmers to use organic fertilizers which have affected the breeding cycle and the sustainability of manure treatment in livestock and poultry breeding.This article selected 371 organic fertilizer plants,related farms and farmers in China,focusing on the main links of the entire process of livestock manure-organic fertilizer-farm application,and studied the mode of animal manure collection by organic fertilizer plants.The costs of organic fertilizer production and farmland application were discussed.Moreover,suggestions were made for the promotion and implementation of large-scale organic fertilizers to make good utilization of manure resources in livestock and poultry farming.