About Some Aspects of Use of Optical Sensors for Monitoring the Aquatic Environment

Multi-channel polarization optical technology is increasingly used for prompt monitoring of water systems.Optical devices during the assessment of water quality determine the intensity of light through the studied aquatic environment.Spectrophotometric devices measure the spectrum of weakening of light through the aquatic environment.Spectroellipsometric devices receive spectra in vertical and horizontal polarizations.The presented article develops an adaptive optical hardware and image system for monitoring water bodies.The system is combined.It consists of 2 parts:1)automated spectrophotometer-refractometer,and 2)adaptive spectroellipsometer.The system is equipped with a corresponding algorithmic and software,including algorithms for identifying spectral curves,databases and knowledge of spectral curves algorithms for solving reverse problems.The presented system is original since it differs from modern foreign systems by a new method of spectrophotometric and spectroellipsometric measurements,an original elemental base of polarization optics and a comprehensive mathematical approach to assessing the quality of a water body.There are no rotating polarization elements in the system.Therefore,this makes it possible to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and,as a result,improve measurement stability and simplify multichannel spectrophotometers and spectroellipsometers.The proposed system can be used in various water systems where it is necessary to assess water quality or identify the presence of a certain set of chemical elements.

A ratiometric fluorescent probe for hypoxanthine detection in aquatic products based on the enzyme mimics and fluorescence of cobalt-doped carbon nitride

A ratiometric fluorescent probe for hypoxanthine(Hx)detection was established based on the mimic enzyme and fluorescence characteristics of cobalt-doped graphite-phase carbon nitride(Co doped g-C_(3)N_(4)).In addition to emitting strong fluorescence,the peroxidase activity of Co doped g-C_(3)N_(4)can catalyze the reaction of O-phenylenediamine and H_(2)O_(2)to produce diallyl phthalate which can emit yellow fluorescence at 570 nm.Through the decomposition of Hx by xanthine oxidase,Hx can be indirectly detected by the generating hydrogen peroxide based on the measurement of fluorescent ratio I(F_(570)/F_(370)).The linear range was 1.7-272.2 mg/kg(R^(2)=0.997),and the detection limit was 1.52 mg/kg(3σ/K,n=9).The established method was applied to Hx detection in bass,grass carp,and shrimp,and the data were verified by HPLC.The result shows that the established probe is sensitive,accurate,and reliable,and can be used for Hx detection in aquatic products.

Abiotic Factors Associated with Abundance Dynamics and Antibiotic Multidrug Resistance of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Some Ombessa Aquatic Systems (Central Cameroon Region)

The present study conducted in the town of Ombessa aims to assess the influence of abiotic factors on the abundance dynamics and antibiotic susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis isolated from some aquatic systems from February to July 2022, monthly samples were taken at 10 water points used by the population (8 groundwater points and 2 surface water points). Samples were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity. Bacteriological variables such as BHAM, E. coli and E. faecalis abundances were also assessed. Antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli and E. faecalis was assessed using 06 antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer diffusion disk method. The results show that bacterial abundances were the highest in surface waters. Bacterial densities were the highest in May and the lowest in February. The average densities recorded were 3845 CFU/100mL for BHAM, 380 CFU/100mL for E. coli and 14 CFU/100mL for E. faecalis in groundwater;and 8583 CFU/100mL for BHAM, 6878 CFU/100mL for E. coli and 812 CFU/100mL for E. faecalis in surface water. Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that these bacterial species are sensitive to Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Azithromycin and Ciprofloxacin. They are all resistant to Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole, E. coli is resistant to Doxycycline and E. faecalis has an intermediate sensitivity to Gentamicin. Overall, the Multiresistance to Antibiotics (MRA) indices obtained were above 0.2, indicating the presence of multidrug resistance in bacterial communities. The physico-chemical properties of the water varied over time and space, but on the whole remained below the threshold values of WHO guidelines. The degree of linkage between abiotic water variables and bacteriological parameters has shown that bacterial densities are more abundant in rainy seasons and increased O2 levels favor bacterial growth, while TSS, CO2 and dissolved nitrate levels affect the sensitivity of these bacterial species to antibiotics.

Biophoton emission， free radical and toxicity of benzene to aquatic biosystems

The observation on biophoton emission, free radical and toxicity of benzene to zebra fish and carp hepatic microsome has demonstrated that there is the corresponding relationship between them by means of 60 Coγ radiolysis. Free radicals play a key role in this relationship. A common photon originates of two biosystems are the excited species including singlet and triplet molecules (1O2 and C=0) as well as hydrocyclohexadienyl radical.OH and so on. OH, to a certain extent, directly participates in photon emission and toxicity of benzene to aquatic biosystems.These are the conclusions, but these are also problems. With the solution of the latters,model established in this work could be expected that it will be favorable for the development of photon-toxicology.

Convergent relationships between flower economics and hydraulic traits across aquatic and terrestrial herbaceous plants

Maintaining open flowers is critical for successful pollination and depends on long-term water and carbon balance.Yet the relationship between how flower hydraulic traits are coordinated in different habitats is poorly understood.Here,we hypothesize that the coordination and trade-offs between floral hydraulics and economics traits are independent of environmental conditions.To test this hypothesis,we investigated a total of 27 flower economics and hydraulic traits in six aquatic and six terrestrial herbaceous species grown in a tropical botanical garden.We found that although there were a few significant differences,most flower hydraulics and economics traits did not differ significantly between aquatic and terrestrial herbaceous plants.Both flower mass per area and floral longevity were significantly positively correlated with the time required for drying full-hydrated flowers to 70%relative water content.Flower dry matter content was strongly and positively related to drought tolerance of the flowers as indicated by flower water potential at the turgor loss point.In addition,there was a trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and the construction cost of a flower across species.Our results show that flowers of aquatic and terrestrial plants follow the same economics spectrum pattern.These results suggest a convergent flower economics design across terrestrial and aquatic plants,providing new insights into the mechanisms by which floral organs adapt to aquatic and terrestrial habitats.

Aquatic Medicine Knowledge Graph Completion Based on Hybrid Convolution

Aquatic medicine knowledge graph is an effective means to realize intelligent aquaculture.Graph completion technology is key to improving the quality of knowledge graph construction.However,the difficulty of semantic discrimination among similar entities and inconspicuous semantic features result in low accuracy when completing aquatic medicine knowledge graph with complex relationships.In this study,an aquatic medicine knowledge graph completion method(TransH+HConvAM)is proposed.Firstly,TransH is applied to split the vector plane between entities and relations,ameliorating the poor completion effect caused by low semantic resolution of entities.Then,hybrid convolution is introduced to obtain the global interaction of triples based on the complete interaction between head/tail entities and relations,which improves the semantic features of triples and enhances the completion effect of complex relationships in the graph.Experiments are conducted to verify the performance of the proposed method.The MR,MRR and Hit@10 of the TransH+HConvAM are found to be 674,0.339,and 0.361,respectively.This study shows that the model effectively overcomes the poor completion effect of complex relationships and improves the construction quality of the aquatic medicine knowledge graph,providing technical support for intelligent aquaculture.

Anthropogenic disturbance of aquatic biodiversity and water quality of an urban river in Penang, Malaysia

Malaysia's rapid economic and demographic development have placed negative pressure on its water supplies and the quality of the Juru River, which is close to the nation's capital and its major source of water. Healthy aquatic ecosystems are supported by physicochemical properties and biological diversity. This study evaluated the anthropogenic impacts on aquatic biodiversity, especially plankton, fish, and macrobenthos, as well as the water quality of the Juru River in the Penang area. Aquatic biodiversity and river water parameters were collected from ten sampling stations along the Juru River. Seven variables were used to assess the physicochemical environment: pH, temperature, total suspended solids (TSS), salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand. At each sampling station, the total number of plankton, fish, and macrobenthic taxa were counted and analyzed. The relationships between the physicochemical parameters and aquatic biodiversity were investigated with biotypological analysis, principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and linear regression analysis. These analyses showed that the richness and diversity indices were generally influenced by salinity, temperature, TSS, BOD, and pH. The data obtained in this study supported the bioindicator concept. The findings, as they related to scientifically informed conservation, could serve as a model for Juru River management, as well as for river management throughout Malaysia and other tropical Asian countries.

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Albizia zygia Extracts on Bacterial Inhibition in Aquatic Microcosm

The objective of this study is the phytochemical analysis and the determination of the antibacterial activity of aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts obtained from the leaves and bark of the trunk of Albizia zygia, against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi bacteria in aquatic microcosms. Phytochemical screening was performed as described by Pareck. The results obtained show that the hydro-ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Albizia zygia trunk bark recorded higher extraction yields (26.71% and 33.2% respectively) compared to the aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts of leaves of the same plant. Secondary metabolites with antibacterial activities such as anthraquinones, anthocyanins, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins and saponins were found in both types of extracts. Flavonoids and anthocyanins were relatively more abundant than the other chemical constituents. The highest cellular inhibition rate of Escherichia coli was 99.88%, obtained after 9 hours of exposure in the hydro-ethanolic extract solution of trunk bark at the concentration 1.5 g/L. The Salmonella typhi rate was 99.95% after 9 hours of exposure of bacterial cells to the hydro-ethanol extract of the bark of the trunk at the concentration 1.5 g/L. This rate increased proportionally with the bacterial-extract contact time. The temperature of the medium did not significantly influence bacterial inhibition (P > 0.05). The obtained results justify the use of the plant Albizia zygia in the reduction of the flow of bacterio-pollutants contained in water intended for consumption.

The Ability of Some Aquatic and Terrestrial Plants to Purify Domestic Wastewater

The study aimed to evaluate the ability of some terrestrial and aquatic plants for wastewater purification.Aquatic plants can remove pollutants from wastewater by consuming and accumulating various contaminants in different parts of plants.Different aquatic and terrestrial plants(Rosa sinensis,Typha latifolia,Ocimm bacilicum,Azolla pinnata,and Salvinia molesta)which have the ability to decrease water pollution were utilized in this study.The capability offive different species of plants was investigated by measuring chemical oxygen demand(COD),biological oxygen demand(BOD),electrical conductivity(EC),total dissolved solids(TDS),and pH of the medium.In this research,some aquatic and terrestrial plants were transplanted in wastewater plastic pots containing domestic wastewater with different ratios of 50%and 100%.Then,after 30 days,the physiological and biochemical parameters of plants were calculated to observe the effect of wastewater on plants.Results revealed higher chlorophyll and carotenoids in typha plants treated with 100%wastewater.The highest percentage of elimination in BOD(65%),COD(27%),TDS(72%),EC(83%),and pH(6.8%)was noted with the use of typha and azolla.Intriguingly,total soluble sugars,total free amino acids,and total proteins were found maximum in the hibiscus plant as compared to the other plants under 100%and 50%domestic wastewater treatment,while typha and ocimum showed lower values of these parameters irrespective of wastewater treatments.Moreover,the COD,BOD,TDS,EC,and pH trend was higher in 100%wastewater as compared to 50%wastewater.Taking into account the accumulation capacity of the tested plants especially typha can be efficiently used for the treatment of domestic wastewater.

Reform and Exploration of Integrating"Service Learning"into the Teaching of Pathogenic Biology of Aquatic Animals to Help Rural Revitalization

This paper intends to combine the development trend of the subject,restructure and optimize the course content,and construct the service learning model of Pathogenic Biology of Aquatic Animals for postgraduates.At the same time,through service practice,it is needed to further consolidate curriculum knowledge and skills,stimulate the learning initiative and enthusiasm of postgraduates,expand professional knowledge,improve professional quality,and lay a solid foundation for serving the national rural revitalization strategy in the future.

添加微藻的水生动植物组合对畜禽养殖场污水净化效应

用正交试验方法研究了添加微藻后的不同水生动植物组合对畜禽养殖场污水的净化效果。结果表明微藻的添加对污水的脱氮除磷效果有促进作用,当小球藻的添加量为1000 mL时,对总氮、硝态氮、总磷的去除效果最好,比未添加小球藻组去除率提高4.8%、32.63%、22.18%;当小球藻的添加量为4.4×10^(6)cell·mL^(-1)时,对氨氮、COD的去除效果较好,比未添加小球藻组去除率提高25.77%、13.30%。其中去除水体总氮、硝态氮效果最佳组合为红鲫鱼270 g·m^(-2),小球藻2.2×10^(6)cell·mL^(-1),田螺400 g·m^(-2),黑藻200 g·m^(-2)。去除氨氮最佳组合为红鲫鱼540 g·m^(-2),小球藻4.4×10^(6)cell·mL^(-1),田螺200 g·m^(-2),添加黑藻和苦草(种植比例1∶1,密度200 g·m^(-2))。去除总磷TP最佳组合为红鲫鱼540 g·m^(-2),小球藻2.2×10^(6)cell·mL^(-1),田螺400 g·m^(-2),黑藻(种植密度200 g·m^(-2))。研究表明,应用正交试验可以优化水生植物组合对畜禽污水净化处理工艺,对于不同的目标污染物,具有不同的最优参数组合,综合考虑各因素对各目标污染物的去除效果的影响,可以选择污水净化工艺的最优参数组合,通过回收沼液养殖的微藻用于水生动植物组合进一步净化养殖场污水,实现废弃物资源化循环利用,对于污水深度处理技术具有良好的应用前景。

水生植物在水体污染修复中应用研究进展

随着我国经济飞速发展、工业和城市化步伐加快、人口迅速增长,我们所面临的各类环境污染问题日益突出,水污染问题也是重中之重。水生植物在水体污染修复中发挥重要作用,具有成本低、环境友好、处理效果好等优点。通过查阅相关研究文献,本文介绍了植物选择原则、污染物净化机理,总结了水生植物对水体氮磷、重金属、有机物污染修复的研究进展,未来在水生植物资源回收、净化污染物种类和水生植物组合等方面还需要进一步深入的研究,以期为植物在水体污染修复推广应用中提供科学依据。

水产品优势腐败菌及致腐潜能综述

水产品在贮藏期间呈特定的微生物演替规律,其中优势腐败菌在贮藏后期占据数量优势,且致腐败能力强,是导致水产品腐败变质的重要原因。本文在概述水产品贮藏期间微生物演替规律的基础上,介绍水产品中常见的优势腐败菌类型、生物膜形成及致腐机制,其中相关功能基因的表达、胞外酶的分泌是水产品中优势腐败菌的重要致腐要素。同时,本文从肌原纤维蛋白降解、核苷酸关联产物代谢、脂质氧化角度出发,阐述优势腐败菌的致腐败路径,提出未来可从分子水平、全基因组序列层面建立编码基因表达-优势腐败菌-水产品品质特性间的内在调控机制,特别是混合优势腐败菌的致腐机制。同时建议利用代谢组学技术构建优势腐败菌的代谢路径,关注不同代谢路径间的交互作用,为揭示水产品腐败机理、靶向抑制腐败菌以及采取有效的保鲜策略提供理论参考。

芳香中药在动物健康养殖中的研究与应用

多年来,动物生产中滥用抗生素等药物给人类健康带来了严重威胁,着眼于提高动物机体健康水平或将成为未来畜禽水产业可持续发展的方向。芳香中药通常指以挥发性物质为主要有效成分具有芳香气味的中药材及其提取物,具有抗菌、抗炎、增强免疫等作用。近年来,很多研究都在探讨芳香中药作为饲用替抗产品的潜力,文章综述了芳香中药的作用机制及其动物生产中的研究进展,并分析了芳香中药与动物健康养殖的关系及芳香中药当前存在的问题,对其发展前景进行了展望。文章旨在总结芳香中药目前的研究状况,为芳香中药在畜禽、水产健康养殖及饲料工业等方面的研究提供参考意见。

水产资源刑法保护的实践面向与规范适用研究

我国行政法和刑法对水产资源双重保护的法律体系已经形成。水产资源行政保护规范的专门化设置和刑法保护规范的精细化调整对司法实践的理性化规制提出了新要求。水产资源刑法保护司法实践呈现出违法性判断中实质性解释欠缺、罪量要素违法评价机能缺位以及共同责任与上下游责任界定模糊的特征,需要从罪质、罪量和关联责任方面进行完善。水产资源刑法保护的罪质厘定,应在厘清水产资源犯罪双重违法性的评判立场与认定路径的前提下,对水产资源犯罪危害行为的时空要素和手段要素进行实质解释。水产资源犯罪“情节严重”的罪量标准呈现出“以侵害方式为主、犯罪数额为辅”的二元评价模式,宜准确把握犯罪数额要素的多维嬗变,对侵害方式要素进行有限化出罪,明确兜底性规定的一般判断规则和特殊情形中的规范借力。水产资源共同犯罪责任的划定以二元审查机制为基础,具体要依照共同犯罪的组织方式和行为特点进行类型化分析,对水产资源上下游犯罪责任判别的关键词要精准解释。

磺胺类药物水环境行为及水生生物毒性研究进展

磺胺类药物(SAs)在水环境中普遍存在,大部分SAs以母体分子或代谢产物形式排放到环境中,地表水、地下水、海水甚至饮用水中都能检测到低浓度的SAs。因SAs排放量大、环境假性持久性强等特点,其对水生态环境和人类健康构成潜在风险。针对SAs在水环境中的归趋问题,总结了SAs在水环境中吸附、迁移、转化、降解、生物富集等典型行为规律,进一步分析SAs对水生植物、水生动物及水生微生物产生的毒性效应。结果表明:SAs在水环境中行为的研究多集中在环境介质表面的吸附特性与规律,而对SAs依赖水动力条件的迁移转化和生物富集规律研究较少;SAs在环境介质表面的吸附主要以阳离子交换和分子结合的形式发生,吸附质表面的电荷密度是决定吸附量的重要因素;SAs在水环境中广泛存在,虽然浓度水平较低,但对水生生物造成的负面影响会产生潜在的生态风险,主要表现为干预水生植物的生长发育过程,造成水生动物的特征性畸形,干扰水中微生物的群落结构与功能,最终会对整个水环境及其循环造成宏观的影响。未来应加强SAs在水环境中衰减过程的浓度和贡献率研究以及对水生生物毒性标准化测试,以期深入研究SAs生态毒理学、解决SAs污染问题。

PRiME HLB前处理技术联合超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱系统检测水产品中17种磺胺类药物残留

使用通过型固相萃取小柱PRi ME HLB处理水产品样品,建立了一种水产品中17种磺胺类药物的简单、快速的筛选分析方法。水产品样品经80%乙腈水溶液(含0.2%甲酸)提取,过PRi ME HLB固相萃取柱净化,浓缩后经C_(18)色谱柱梯度洗脱分离,超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱系统进行定量分析。结果表明,17种磺胺类药物在1.0~50.0 ng·mL^(-1)线性关系良好,相关系数R^(2)>0.99;该方法检出限为2μg·kg^(-1);添加浓度为10μg·kg^(-1)时方法回收率在71.3%~118.4%,RSD值均小于20%。

改良QuEChERS技术结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水产品中扑草净及其代谢物残留

采用改良QuEChERS技术作为前处理方法,建立了水产品中扑草净及其代谢物残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。样品用乙腈提取,经增强型脂质去除吸附剂与Cleanert LipoNo组合净化,采用选择反应监测正离子模式测定,内标法定量。结果表明:扑草净及其代谢物在1.0~500 ng/mL质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,确定系数R2大于0.992,方法检出限和定量限分别低至0.20μg/kg和0.50μg/kg,在草鱼、克氏原螯虾和中华绒螯蟹等基质的加标实验中呈现良好的准确度与精密度,平均加标回收率和相对标准偏差分别为74.4%~113.7%和3.17%~11.47%。经内标法校正,5种扑草净及其代谢物在不同水产品中的基质效应不明显。方法实现了水产品中扑草净及其代谢物的识别与定量分析,并通过检测药浴扑草净的克氏原螯虾阳性样品验证了方法的适用性。

寄生虫抗药性及其对水产动物寄生虫病药物防治的启示

抗药性是病原体在药物作用下发生生理变化和遗传变异而获得的能经受住药物毒性的一种能力。随着水产养殖集约化程度提高和药物长期大量使用,寄生虫抗药性越来越普遍和严重,不仅影响寄生虫病的防治效果,还带来环境污染和食品安全问题。文章通过对陆生动物抗寄生虫药物、寄生虫抗药性机制、抗药性主要测定方法、抗药性控制策略及水产动物寄生虫抗药性的研究现状进行综述,为我国水产养殖中寄生虫抗药性研究提供思路,同时为减缓寄生虫抗药性提供科学的防控策略。

卵黄抗体在水生动物疾病防治中的研究进展

卵黄抗体(Immunoglobulin of yolk,IgY)因在水生动物疾病中具有被动免疫疗效而受到广泛的关注。本文综述了IgY基本结构和理化性质的研究进展,重点介绍了IgY在水生动物细菌和病毒感染防控、治疗中的潜在应用,为今后IgY的研究和水产养殖中的应用提供参考。