Ti/(Ti,Cr)N/CrN multilayer coated 316L stainless steel by arc ion plating as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Arc ion plating (AIP) is applied to form Ti/(Ti,Cr)N/CrN multilayer coating on the surface of 316L stainless steel (SS316L) as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The characterizations of the coating are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Interfacial contact resistance (ICR) between the coated sample and carbon paper is 4.9 m Omega cm(2) under 150 N/cm(2), which is much lower than that of the SS316L substrate. Potentiodynamic and potentiostatic tests are performed in the simulated PEMFC working conditions to investigate the corrosion behaviors of the coated sample. Superior anticorrosion performance is observed for the coated sample, whose corrosion current density is 0.12 mu A/cm(2). Surface morphology results after corrosion tests indicate that the substrate is well protected by the multilayer coating. Performances of the single cell with the multilayer coated SS316L bipolar plate are improved significantly compared with that of the cell with the uncoated SS316L bipolar plate, presenting a great potential for PEMFC application. (C) 2016 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science Press. All rights reserved.

Formation of nanocrystalline microstructure in arc ion plated CrN films

Applying negative bias voltages caused significant microstructure changes in arc ion plated CrN films. Nanocrystalline microstructures were obtained by adjusting the negative bias voltage. Structural characterizations of the films were carried out using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The results indicated that increasing ion bombardment by applying negative bias voltages resulted in the formation of defects in the CrN films, inducing microstructure evolution from micro-columnar to nanocrystalline. The microhardness and residual stresses of the films were also affected. Based on the experimental results, the evolution mechanisms of the film microstructure and properties were discussed by considering ion bombardment effects.

Wave Attenuation Performance and the Influencing Factors of A Lower Arc-Plate Breakwater

Comprehensive experimental and numerical studies have been undertaken to investigate wave energy dissipation performance and main influencing factors of a lower arc-plate breakwater. The numerical model, which considers nonlinear interactions between waves and the arc-plate breakwater, has been constructed by using the velocity wave- generating method, the volume of fluid (VOF) method and the finite volume method. The results show that the relative width, relative height and relative submergence of the breakwater are three main influencing factors and have significant influence on wave energy dissipation of the lower arc-plate open breakwater. The transmission coefficient is found to decrease with the increasing relative width, and the minimum transmission coefficient is 0.15 when the relative width is 0.45. The reflection coefficient is found to vary slightly with the relative width, and the maximum reflection coefficient is 0.53 when the relative width is 0.45. The transmission and reflection coefficients are shown to increase with the relative wave height for approximately 85% of the experimental tests when the relative width is 0.19 0.45. The transmission coefficients at relative submergences of 0.04, 0.02 and 0 are clearly shown to be greater than those at relative submergences of 0.02 and 0.04, while the reflection coefficient exhibits the opposite relationship. After the wave interacts with the lower arc-plate breakwater, the wave energy is mainly converted into transmission, reflection and dissipation energies. The wave attenuation performance is clearly weakened for waves with greater heights and longer periods.

Friction and Wear Performances of Cathodic Arc Ion Plated TiAlSiN Coating under Oil Lubricated Condition

TiAlSiN coating was deposited on H13 hot work mould steel using cathodic arc ion plating（CAIP）. The surface-interface morphologies and phases of the obtained coating were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy（FESEM） and X-ray diffraction（XRD）, respectively, and the morphologies, distributions of chemical elements and profiles of worn tracks were also researched using scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, energy disperse spectroscopy（EDS）, and optical microscope（OM）, respectively. The friction-wear performances of TiAlSiN coating under oil lubricated and dry fiction conditions were investigated, and the wear mechanisms of TiAlSiN coating were discussed. The experimental results show that the coating is primarily composed of（Ti, Al）N, AlTiN, and TiN hard phases, Si_3N_4 exists between the（Ti, Al）N crystal grains, increasing the coating microhardness to 3200 HV. The TiAlSiN coating has excellent performances of reducing friction and wear resistance, the average coefficient of friction（COF） of TiAlSiN coating under oil lubricated condition is only 0.05, lowered than the average COF of 0.211 under dry friction condition, the wear rate decreases by about 81.2% compared with that under dry friction condition. The wear mechanism of TiAlSiN coating under oil lubricated and dry friction conditions is composed of abrasive wear, fatigue wear, and abrasive wear, respectively. The internal friction of oil lubrication is a main factor of decreasing fatigue wear.

Study on Submerged Upper Arc-Shaped Plate Type Breakwater

Based on the wave radiation and diffraction theory, this paper investigates a new type breakwater with upper arcshaped plate by using the boundary element method(BEM). By comparing with other three designs of plate type breakwater(lower arc-shaped plate, single horizontal plate and double horizontal plate), this new type breakwater has been proved more effective. The wave exiting force, transmission and reflection coefficients are analyzed and discussed. In order to reveal the wave elimination mechanism of this type of breakwater, the velocity field around the breakwater is obtained. It is shown that:(1) The sway exciting force is minimal.(2) When the ratio of the submergence and wave amplitude is 0.05, the wave elimination effect will increase by 50% compared with other three types of breakwater.(3) The obvious backflow is found above the plate in the velocity field analysis.

Gas metal arc welding of duplex stainless clad steel plates

The 2205 duplex stainless ＋ DH36 clad steel plate was welded by gas metal arc welding（GMAW）, and the welding performance of the clad steel plate was investigated. The results show that the adaptability of the welding procedure for the base metal of carbon steel, the transition layer, and the cladding material is excellent. The test results indicate that the phase proportion and component dilution of the GMAW-welded joints of clad steel plate can be effectively controlled to yield joints with good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.

新型桥梁“耗能-限位”一体化弧形板装置力学性能试验及参数敏感性分析

为解决强震作用下中小跨径简支梁桥的落梁问题,研发了一种经济高效、安装便捷的新型“耗能限位”梁一体化弧形板装置.首先采用拟静力试验研究了不同截面的弧形板装置滞回耗能行为和疲劳破坏机理,接着采用数值分析的手段探讨了参数对装置力位移骨架曲线及等效阻尼比的影响规律,并补充了弧形板装置的防落梁行为模式与极限承载能力.结果表明:提出的新型弧形板装置具有优异的耗能能力,T形截面的弧形板结构更加合理,等效阻尼比最大能达到近40%;弧形板装置可通过分离几何参数对耗能能力、滞回强度、刚度及位移能力进行设计,增大中间截面的腹板高度h2是提高弧形板耗能能力的最有效手段,增加50%的h2能提高50.1%的最大强度与约4.7%的等效阻尼比.所提出的新型防落梁装置为桥梁中小震消能和强震柔性防落梁提供一体化装置解决方案.

电弧离子镀特种钢厚铬膜及其性能研究

为提高火炮身管内壁的耐磨损性能和抗高温氧化性能,以此延长身管的使用寿命。提出采用电弧离子镀技术在特种钢基体上制备一层厚铬膜,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、纳米压痕仪、划痕仪、摩擦磨损试验机、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等表征方法研究了在不同制备工艺参数下厚铬膜的表面形貌和机械特性,以及最佳工艺参数下厚铬膜在不同氧化温度与时间下的抗氧化行为。结果显示,当偏压为-80 V、沉积温度为350℃、厚度为50μm时,膜层表面均匀致密,磨损率降为特种钢基体的24.07%、硬度提高5.23倍。经过1100℃高温氧化1 h后膜层表面仅有Cr和Cr_(2)O_(3)的特征峰,生成的氧化层厚度仅约为6.4μm,且与基体结合处形成了17μm的Cr-Fe扩散层,有助于提高膜层的牢固度;随着氧化循环周期的增加膜层表面氧化膜增重并不明显,厚铬膜在800℃经5 h循环氧化后增重49.293 g/m^(2),仅为特种钢基体的17.93%。实验表明厚铬膜具良好的耐磨损性能,高温生成的氧化层能有效抑制O元素向基体的扩散侵蚀,对身管内壁能起到一定的保护作用。

华夏造山系元古宙-早古生代洋板块地层分布与演化

本文按洋板块地层理论与方法,系统收集和梳理了华夏造山系元古宙-早古生代与洋壳生成扩张和俯冲消亡遗存的洋壳残块和洋盆建造(称之为洋板块地层)共96处,均有测年和岩石地球化学分析数据控制,主要包括洋脊、洋岛和洋内弧3类洋壳的火成岩建造,以及海山、远洋深海和海沟3类洋盆内的沉积建造。本文还对洋盆汇聚俯冲的直接产物-陆缘弧和叠加在裂离地块上的火山弧建造(非洋板块地层)系统收集梳理了85处,其中59处有测年和岩石地球化学分析数据控制,26处无测年与地球化学分析,但有实测剖面控制。笔者对上述181处中的39处进行了野外实地考察和相关样品采集与分析。在上述所获大量资料的基础上,本文主要以图解形式展示了华夏造山系元古宙-早古生代主要洋板块地层分布与构造演化历程。横向上将华夏造山系划分为江绍-郴州-钦防对接带(主要含陈蔡-龙游、神政桥-神山、鹰扬关和糯垌4个含蛇绿岩残块增生楔,以及绍兴-兰溪增生弧和钦防残余洋盆)、武夷-赣州多岛弧盆系(主要含罗霄弧、赣州弧间盆地、北武夷弧和南武夷弧以及南平-宁化构造混杂岩带)和东南沿海多岛弧盆系(主要含龙泉-政和-大埔、贵子-石窝2个含蛇绿岩残块增生楔,以及伴生的云开地块-弧、粤南弧-弧背盆地和东南沿海地块);纵向上据洋板块地层和相关火山弧时空分布,从老至新划分出华夏造山系(华南洋)的7个构造演化阶段:(1)约1800~1200 Ma,洋盆拉张形成期;(2)约1200~820 Ma,洋盆扩张与汇聚转换期;(3)约820~635 Ma洋盆汇聚俯冲、弧-弧和弧-陆增生峰期;(4)约635~541 Ma洋盆汇聚与扩张转换期;(5)约541~458 Ma洋盆扩张期;(6)约458~443 Ma洋盆汇聚俯冲、弧-陆增生峰期;(7)约443~420 Ma洋盆关闭与陆-陆碰撞、残留洋(海)期。

Microstructure and mechanical properties of TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings deposited by arc ion plating with separate targets

TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings were prepared by arc ion plating with separate targets. In order to decrease the unfavorable macroparticles, a straight magnetized filter was used for the low melting aluminium target. The results show that the output plasmas of titanium target without filter and aluminium target with filter reach the substrate with the same order of magnitude. Meanwhile, the number of macropartieles in TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings deposited with separate targets is only 1/10-1/3 of that deposited with alloy target reported in literature. Al atom addition may lead to the decrease of peak at （200） lattice plane and strengthening of peak at （111） and （220） lattice planes. The measured hardness of TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings accords with the mixture principle and the maximum hardness is HV2495. The adhesion strength reaches 75 N.

基于SYSWELD的大厚板窄间隙双丝埋弧焊热过程数值模拟

基于60 mm厚Q345R钢,开展了窄间隙双丝埋弧焊焊接试验,得到了合理的工艺参数,焊缝成型平整均匀无任何缺陷.通过SYSWELD有限元软件对大厚板窄间隙双丝埋弧焊焊接热过程进行数值模拟分析,模拟的熔池宽与高和实际相比,误差率均控制在5%以内,并利用热电偶装置测得热影响区热循环曲线与模拟的热循环曲线变化趋势基本一致,具有升温快,降温慢的特点,验证了该模型的有效性.为后续利用该模型,进一步探究不同参数或边界条件对于大厚板窄间隙双丝埋弧焊焊接热过程与应力-应变规律提供理论指导.

CrN涂层制备中氮气比例对耐磨抗黏附性能的影响

采用多弧离子镀技术在38CrMoAl样片表面制备CrN涂层,利用扫描电子显微镜、纳米压痕仪、摩擦磨损试验机、X射线衍射仪及接触角测量仪,研究了氮气比例对CrN涂层耐磨抗黏性能的影响。结果表明,随着氮气比例的增加,CrN涂层由Cr、Cr_(2)N和CrN的混合相向CrN单相转变;CrN涂层磨损率远低于基体磨损率,CrN⁃65涂层的磨损率最低仅为1.01×10^(-6)mm^(3)/(N·m),低于基体磨损率一个数量级。所有CrN涂层表面均表现出疏水性;聚碳酸酯(PC)熔体高温接触角试验中,CrN⁃15涂层与PC熔体的高温接触角最高为110.8°,高于基体的102.2°;经过低温退火处理后,所有表面与PC熔体的高温接触角均降低,但是CrN⁃15涂层退火后仍能保持最高的高温接触角(102.9°),明显高于退火后基体的高温接触角(85.3°),表现出最佳的抗黏附性能。CrN⁃15涂层表现出较好的耐磨性和抗黏附性,综合性能较好,为CrN涂层在塑料加工螺杆和注塑模具表面应用提供一定的技术支撑。

Pt改性梯度NiCrAlY涂层的热腐蚀行为研究

为了进一步提高NiCrAlY涂层的抗热腐蚀性能,利用电弧离子镀技术在DZ125合金表面分别沉积NiCrAlY/NiAl/Al涂层(coating A)、NiCrAlY/Pt/NiAl/Al涂层(coating B),再经真空扩散退火处理形成成分渐变的梯度涂层结构。在涂层中引入改性元素Pt以改善涂层的抗热腐蚀能力,对比研究了2种涂层体系在900℃不同混合盐中的热腐蚀行为;利用SEM、EDS、XRD以及EPMA分析了涂层经过热腐蚀后的微观形貌、物相组成和元素分布。结果表明:在900℃的K_(2)SO_(4)+Na_(2)SO_(4)混合盐中,coating A表面的氧化膜发生了大面积的剥落,coating B中的Pt抑制了S在涂层/氧化膜界面处的偏析,增强了氧化膜的黏附性。在900℃的NaCl+Na_(2)SO_(4)混合盐中,coating A的Cr元素和O元素分别发生了外扩散和内扩散,Cr外扩散易与S反应生成有害相Cr_(x)S_(y)。coating B中的Pt抑制了Cr、O元素的外扩散和内扩散。在NiCrAlY层和NiAl层之间增加Pt层,显著提升了NiCrAlY涂层在混合盐中的抗热腐蚀能力。

空间燃料电池金属钛表面复合涂层制备与性能研究

金属Ti因其密度小(仅为不锈钢的0.6倍)和比强度高等特点,是轻量化空间燃料电池金属板材料的首要选择,但其在弱酸性环境中长时间工作容易被腐蚀。为了改善金属Ti双极板耐蚀性,采用多弧离子镀技术在金属Ti表面制备了由Ti过渡层及TiN表层构成的Ti/TiN复合涂层,研究制备工艺参数对Ti/TiN复合涂层微观结构及力学、电化学性能的影响规律。利用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析涂层的微观形貌,利用X射线衍射仪分析涂层的相组成,利用纳米压痕仪评价涂层的力学性能,利用电化学工作站评价涂层在模拟质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)阴极工作环境下的耐蚀性。结果表明:制备工艺参数优化后的Ti/TiN复合涂层具有优异的表面质量和良好的耐蚀性,腐蚀电流密度为6.383μA/cm^(2),是金属Ti腐蚀电流密度的0.6倍,Ti/TiN复合涂层显著提高了金属Ti的耐蚀性,可为空间燃料电池金属双极板表面改性提供技术支持。

电弧离子镀Al-Cr-O/Zr-O+NiCoCrAlSiY和Al-Cr-O+NiCoCrAlSiY涂层的抗氧化性和隔热性能

采用电弧离子镀在高温合金表面沉积Al-Cr-O/Zr-O多层涂层和Al-Cr-O单层涂层+NiCoCrAlSiY结合层,并在1000~1200℃下进行热处理。利用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪分析涂层的显微组织和物相结构。结果表明,Al-Cr-O/Zr-O多层涂层和Al-Cr-O单层涂层均呈现出致密的球形结构。热处理后,Al-Cr-O/Zr-O涂层表面出现裂纹,且裂纹随着温度的升高而增多和变粗。然而,Al-Cr-O涂层经热处理后其表面胞状结构转变为紧密连接的粒状结构,并且随着热处理温度的升高,粒状结构显著长大。由于作为氧离子导体以及t-ZrO_(2)的致密度低于α-Al_(2)O_(3),Al-Cr-O/Zr-O涂层中的t-ZrO_(2)为氧离子向涂层内扩散提供了通道,因此,Al-Cr-O单层涂层+NiCoCrAlSiY涂层体系的高温抗氧化性优于Al-Cr-O/Zr-O多层涂层+NiCoCrAlSiY涂层体系。但是,由于更大的陶瓷涂层厚度,t-ZrO_(2)相的低热导率以及层间界面的热反射作用,Al-Cr-O/Zr-O多层涂层+NiCoCrAlSiY涂层体系的隔热性能优于Al-Cr-O单层涂层+NiCoCrAlSiY涂层体系。

2Cr13钢离子渗氮和WCrAlTiSiN离子镀复合处理及电化学行为

马氏体不锈钢的常规表面改性方法基本局限在单一化学热处理或镀膜,对表面性能的提升有限。对2Cr13不锈钢进行离子渗氮与多弧离子镀WCrAlTiSiN纳米多层涂层复合强化处理,研究其在天然海水环境中的耐腐蚀性能。采用不同的表面强化工艺,即未处理(Untreated)、低温渗氮处理(LPN)、高温渗氮处理(HPN)、单一镀膜处理(Coating)、低温渗氮+镀膜处理(LPN+C)和高温渗氮+镀膜处理(HPN+C)。采用X射线衍射、光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜和维氏硬度计对不同样品的组织结构、化学成分和硬度等进行表征。采用电化学阻抗法和动态电位极化法对2Cr13在天然黄海海水中的电化学行为进行测试。试验结果表明:WCrAlTiSiN涂层可在一定程度上提升腐蚀性能,但是溶液中的Cl^(−)通过较薄单一涂层的缺陷侵入基体。LPN样品因渗氮层的存在提升了一定的耐腐蚀性能,而HPN样品因为渗氮温度过高而导致CrN大量析出,使得样品表面出现“贫Cr”现象,耐腐蚀性能下降。复合处理样品的渗氮层-WCrAlTiSiN涂层可形成保护屏障,有效阻止电荷转移和电流从阳极流向阴极,提高2Cr13钢在海水环境中的耐腐蚀性能。通过离子渗氮-多弧离子镀WCrAlTiSiN纳米涂层复合强化方法可有效提升马氏体不锈钢在海水中的耐腐蚀性能。

脉冲偏压占空比对电弧离子镀AlCrSiN涂层结构和性能的影响

为优化电弧离子镀AlCrSiN涂层的制备工艺,获得最佳的脉冲偏压占空比,采用全自动脉冲电弧离子镀技术,在不同脉冲偏压占空比下分别制备AlCrSiN涂层,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、划痕仪、球-盘式摩擦磨损试验机等对涂层物相组成、表面形貌、力学性能及摩擦学行为进行表征。结果表明:当脉冲偏压占空比从60%上升到80%时,制备的AlCrSiN涂层表面微坑缺陷和大颗粒数量逐渐减少,涂层结构变得更加致密;当脉冲偏压占空比增大到90%时,涂层表面粗糙度增加。当脉冲偏压占空比为70%时,AlCrSiN涂层硬度最高,约为11.35 GPa;当脉冲偏压占空比为80%时,涂层临界载荷Lc3达最大值98.5 N。当脉冲偏压占空比为80%时,涂层摩擦系数最低,约为0.50。涂层磨损率随脉冲偏压占空比增加,先上升后下降,当脉冲偏压占空比为60%时,制备的AlCrSiN涂层磨损率最低,约3.21×10^(-3)μm^(3)/(N·μm)。经比较,当脉冲偏压占空比为70%时,制备的涂层具有最佳的综合性能。

大电流空气电弧栅片烧蚀数值模拟与分析

电网输配电容量不断增加对低压断路器的开断性能提出了更高的要求。低压断路器开断大电流时,电弧烧蚀灭弧栅片产生的金属蒸汽会极大的影响断路器开断性能,阻碍断路器发展并且不利于电网安全运行。因此,建立了开断电流为10 kA的栅片烧蚀模型,研究了栅片烧蚀特性。模型考虑了栅片阴极端和阳极端不同的电弧能量注入,栅片材料的熔化、蒸发以及栅片表面形貌变化,并将弧根运动引入模型中。利用此模型计算了铁栅片烧蚀质量以及温度和熔化材料分布。仿真结果表明:栅片阴极端温升大小和范围均小于栅片阳极端的值。栅片表面熔化区域尺寸和位置随着弧根的移动而改变。栅片阳极端熔沸点来临时刻分别是2.19 ms和2.89 ms,烧蚀质量为1.84 mg。而栅片阴极端熔点来临时刻为4.12 ms,温度始终低于栅片材料沸点,烧蚀质量近乎为0。该文得到了单次开断下栅片两端烧蚀形貌,为研究多次开断下栅片烧蚀引起的栅片间短弧长度和移动路径变化对断路器开断性能的影响献力。

硬质合金表面预处理状态对TiAlCrSiN/TiAlN涂层结构与机械性能的影响

采用电弧离子镀工艺在不同预处理后的硬质合金表面制备TiAlCrSiN/TiAlN涂层,采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、纳米压痕仪、压痕法等研究硬质合金表面形态和涂层结构、力学性能和结合强度。结果表明:抛光处理后的硬质合金表面十分平整,表面粗糙度低至7.7 nm。酸洗处理使硬质合金表层Co相溶解而暴露出更多的硬质相,表面粗糙度增大,TiAlCrSiN/TiAlN涂层在酸洗处理的硬质合金上生长速率增大,晶粒细小,硬度和弹性模量高,但硬模比较低。喷砂处理使Co相塑性变形而包络更多的硬质相,表面粗糙度大幅增加,TiAlCrSiN/TiAlN涂层在喷砂处理的硬质合金上生长速率稍降低,晶粒粗大,硬度和弹性模量小,但硬模比较高。酸洗+喷砂复合处理的硬质合金表面TiAlCrSiN/TiAlN涂层的硬度、弹性模量、硬模比介于两种单独处理方式的之间。