Failure Characteristics of Rock-like Mortar Specimens with Arc-shaped Flaws under Freezing-thaw Cycles and Uniaxial Compression

To investigate the freeze-thaw(F-T)damages and failure characteristics of rock mass with arc-shaped joints in cold regions,three types of cement mortar specimens with different central angles and prefabricated arc-shaped flaws are subjected to uniaxial compressive tests under different F-T cycles.Experimental observations show that the uniaxial compressive strength of specimens are significantly influenced by F-T cycles and their failure modes are mainly affected by the central angleαof the prefabricated flaws.Unlike the specimens with a central angle of 60°,the specimens with a central angle of 120°and 180°have greater curvature of flaws,so tensile cracks occur in the arc-top area of their prefabricated flaws.According to experimental images observed by environmental scanning electron microscope(ESEM),as the number of F-T cycles increases,the deterioration effect of the specimen becomes more obvious,which is specifically reflected in the increase of the mass loss,peak stress loss,and damage variables as a power function,and the peak strain decreases as a quadratic polynomial.According to numerical results using two-dimensional particle flow code(PFC2D),it is found that F-T cycles cause more damage to the specimen in the early stages than in the later ones.The area of the concentrated compressive stress zone in the middle is decreased due to the increased number of F-T cycles,while the area of the surrounding tensile-shear stress zone is increased.The models appear different failure modes due to the release of concentrated stress in different tensile-shear zones.

The Origins of the Arc-Shaped Langshan Uplift and Linhe Trench

In the northern part of the Ordos Basin, there is a 325 km long arc-shaped Langshan uplift and a 15 km-deep Linhe Trench in front of Langshan, which are rare geological phenomena for which origins no one has explained. This article comprehensively analyzes the research achievements over the past 40 years of geology, geomorphology, seismic exploration, paleogeography, and oil and gas exploration in the Ordos Basin and Langshan. It recognizes that the northern part of the Ordos Basin experienced a meteorite impact in the Late Cretaceous period. The impact pushed the block northwest ward, subducting after colliding with igneous rocks in the north. This sudden event formed a clear arc-shaped mountain zone in the north and a wedge-shaped trench in front of the mountain. The chaotic layers, prolonged and continuous faults, and numerous thrust layers in the Langshan, a negative anomaly area in the center of the northern Ordos, abnormal orientation of crystalline basement structures in the north of Ordos, Moho uplift, and distribution of meteorite fragments in the northwest of Langshan, all of these geological phenomena support the occurrence of the meteorite impact event, forming the arc-shaped Langshan and the Trench.

基于Cutout-ResNet50的野外环境水稻病害识别系统

针对水稻病害图像在野外环境下存在的光照不均、明暗变化明显、因遮挡导致目标特征缺失和噪声重叠,以及野外环境的水稻数据集少且质量差等问题,提出一种基于改进ResNet50算法的野外环境水稻病害识别方法,并设计识别系统.在传统ResNet50算法的基础上采用迁移学习技术对学习知识跨领域迁移,缓解数据集样本不足和不均衡造成的过拟合现象;利用Cutout增强方法对特征信息随即筛选,模拟复杂的野外环境,加强算法的泛化能力;对学习率采用余弦退火优化策略,提高算法的稳定性.结果表明:改进的ResNet50算法在小型水稻病害数据集上的识别准确率达97.24%,明显高于传统ResNet50算法,且该改进方法亦能提升VGG16、GoogLeNet和MobileNetV3-large等其他卷积神经网络算法的模型识别性能.将该模型部署于系统,可为水稻病害识别在实际应用工程中的发展提供技术参考.

Wave Diffraction on Arc-Shaped Floating Perforated Breakwaters

An analytical method is developed to study the sheltering effects on arc-shaped floating perforated breakwaters. In the process of analysis, the tloating breakwater is assumed to be rigid, thin, vertical, and immovable and located in water with constant depth. The fluid domain is divided into two regions by imaginary interface. The velocity potential in each region is expanded by eigenfunction in the context of linear theory. By satisfying continuity of pressure and normal velocity across the imaginary fluid interface, a set of linear algebraic equations can be obtained to determine the unknown coefficients for eigenfunction expansions. The accuracy of the present model was verified by a comparison with existing results for the case of arc-shaped floating breakwater. Numerical results, in the form of contour maps of the non-dimensional wave amplitude around the breakwater and diffracted wave amplitude at typical sections, are presented for a range of wave and breakwater parameters. Results show that the sheltering effects on the arc-shaped floating perforated breakwater are closely related to the incident wavelength, the draft and the porosity of the breakwater.

Numerical simulations of rip currents off arc-shaped coastlines

The rip currents induced by waves off arc-shaped coastlines are seriously harmful to humans, but understanding of their characteristics is lacking. In this study, the FUNWAVE model was used to calculate the wave-induced currents in the Haller experiment and the ideal arc-shaped coast similar to Sanya Dadonghai, Hainan Province,China. The results showed that the FUNWAVE model has considerable ability to simulate the rip currents, and it was used to further simulate rip currents off arc-shaped coastlines to investigate their characteristics. The rip currents were found to be stronger as the curvature of arc-shaped coastline increased. Coastal beach slope exerts a significant influence on rip currents; in particular, an overly steep or overly mild slope is not conducive to creating rip currents. Furthermore, the rip currents were found to become weaker as the size of arc-shaped coast decreased. When the height and period of waves increase, the strength of rip currents also increases, and, in some cases, wave heights of 0.4 m may produce dangerous rip currents.

Plastic Mechanism of Multi-pass Double-roller Clamping Spinning for Arc-shaped Surface Flange

Compared with the conventional single-roller spinning process, the double-roller clamping spinning（DRCS） process can effectively prevent the sheet metal surface wrinkling and improve the the production efficiency and the shape precision of final spun part. Based on ABAQUS/Explicit nonlinear finite element software, the finite element model of the multi-pass DRCS for the sheet metal is established, and the material model, the contact definition, the mesh generation, the loading trajectory and other key technical problems are solved. The simulations on the multi-pass DRCS of the ordinary Q235A steel cylindrical part with the arc-shaped surface flange are carried out. The effects of number of spinning passes on the production efficiency, the spinning moment, the shape error of the workpiece, and the wall thickness distribution of the final part are obtained. It is indicated definitely that with the increase of the number of spinning passes the geometrical precision of the spun part increases while the production efficiency reduces. Moreover, the variations of the spinning forces and the distributions of the stresses, strains, wall thickness during the multi-pass DRCS process are revealed. It is indicated that during the DRCS process the radical force is the largest, and the whole deformation area shows the tangential tensile strain and the radial compressive strain, while the thickness strain changes along the generatrix directions from the compressive strain on the outer edge of the flange to the tensile strain on the inner edge of the flange. Based on the G-CNC6135 NC lathe, the three-axis linkage computer-controlled experimental device for DRCS which is driven by the AC servo motor is developed. And then using the experimental device, the Q235A cylindrical parts with the arc-shape surface flange are formed by the DRCS. The simulation results of spun parts have good consistency with the experimental results, which verifies the feasibility of DRCS process and the reliability of the finite element model for DRCS.

Study on Submerged Upper Arc-Shaped Plate Type Breakwater

Based on the wave radiation and diffraction theory, this paper investigates a new type breakwater with upper arcshaped plate by using the boundary element method(BEM). By comparing with other three designs of plate type breakwater(lower arc-shaped plate, single horizontal plate and double horizontal plate), this new type breakwater has been proved more effective. The wave exiting force, transmission and reflection coefficients are analyzed and discussed. In order to reveal the wave elimination mechanism of this type of breakwater, the velocity field around the breakwater is obtained. It is shown that:(1) The sway exciting force is minimal.(2) When the ratio of the submergence and wave amplitude is 0.05, the wave elimination effect will increase by 50% compared with other three types of breakwater.(3) The obvious backflow is found above the plate in the velocity field analysis.

Coastline configuration and geomorphologic development mode of arc-shaped coast in South China

Coastline configuration indexes of 34 typical arc-shaped coasts in South China are investigated by the method of principal component analysis, and meanwhile deposition and geomorphologic features of arc-shaped coast are also analyzed. The results show: (1) The configuration of arc-shaped coast in South China is of the characteristic of variability and complexity. (2) The wave power and the openings of the bay are the decisive factors to result in the changes of the configuration of the arc-shaped coast in South China, however, incidence direction of the wave has no effect on configuration development of the coast. (3) Commonly, geomorphologic modes of the arc-shaped coast system in South China consist of barriers, lagoons and tidal-inlets, and can be divided into four types:the openings of the bay leaning to the east, the openings of the bay leaning to the south, the openings of the bay leaning to the west and the openings of the bay leaning to the north.

Numerical simulations of stress wave propagation and attenuation at arc-shaped interface inlayered SiC/Al composite

The effects of interface shape on stress wave distribution and attenuation were investiga- ted using finite element method （ FEM ）. The simulation results indicate that when the stress wave propagates from SiC ceramic to A1 alloy, the tensile stress decreases and the attenuation coefficient of the stress wave increases with increasing central angle of the concave interface between SiC and A1. But for the convex interface, the tensile stress increases and attenuation coefficient decreases with increasing central angle. As the stress wave propagates from A1 alloy to SiC ceramic, the atten- uation coefficient of stress wave decreases with increasing the central angle of the concave interface. For the convex interface, the attenuation coefficient increases with increasing central angle.

Hydrodynamic Performance of the Arc-Shaped Bottom-Mounted Breakwater

The problem of the hydrodynamic interaction with the arc-shaped bottom-mounted breakwaters is investigated theoretically. The breakwater is assumed to be rigid, thin, impermeable and vertically located in a finite water depth. The fluid domain is divided into two sub-regions of inner and outer by an auxiliary circular interface. Linear theory is assumed and the eigenfunction expansion approach is used to determine the wave field. In order to examine the validity of the theoretical model, the analytical solutions are compared to agree well with published results with the same parameters. Numerical results including wave amplitude, surge pressure, and wave force are presented with different model parameters. The major factors including wave parameters, structure configuration, and water depth that affect the surge pressure, wave forces, and wave amplitudes are discussed and illustrated by some graphs and cloud maps.

A DECAGONAL QUASICRYSTAL WITH AN ARC-SHAPED CRACK

A decagonal quasicrystal, which is weakened by an arc-shaped crackpenetrating through the solid in the period direction, and which is subjected to remote uniformphonon stresses, is investigated by applying the complex variable method which is just developed bythe authors. It is found that the phonon and phason stresses near the crack tips exhibit inversesquare root singularities. The four complex stress functions characterizing the phonon and phasonfields are derived. Explicit expressions for the phonon and phason stress intensity factors, crackopening displacements and energy release rate are also presented.

Determination of Wind Pressure Coefficients for Arc-Shaped Canopy Roof with Numerical Wind Tunnel Method

In this paper,the wind load on an arc-shaped canopy roof was studied with numerical wind tunnel method(NWTM) .Three-dimensional models were set up for the canopy roof with opened or closed skylights.The air flow around the roof under wind action from three directions was analysed respectively.Wind pressure coefficients on the canopy roof were determined by NWTM.The results of NWTM agreed well with those of wind tunnel test for the roof with opened skylights,which verified the applicability and rationality of NWTM.The effect of the closure of skylights was then investigated with NWTM.It was concluded that the closure of the skylights may increase the wind suction on the top surface of the roof greatly and should be considered in the structure design of the canopy roof.

Free Vibration Analysis of Rectangular Plate with Cutouts under Elastic Boundary Conditions in Independent Coordinate Coupling Method

Based on Kirchhoff plate theory and the Rayleigh-Ritz method,the model for free vibration of rectangular plate with rectangular cutouts under arbitrary elastic boundary conditions is established by using the improved Fourier series in combination with the independent coordinate coupling method(ICCM).The effect of the cutout is taken into account by subtracting the energies of the cutouts from the total energies of the whole plate.The vibration displacement function of the hole domain is based on the coordinate system of the hole domain in this method.From the continuity condition of the vibration displacement function at the cutout,the transition matrix between the two coordinate systems is constructed,and the mass and stiffness matrices are completely obtained.As a result,the calculation is simplified and the computational efficiency of the solution is improved.In this paper,numerical examples and modal experiments are presented to validate the effectiveness of the modeling methods,and parameters related to influencing factors of the rectangular plate are analyzed to study the vibration characteristics.

Fe-SMA主动加固钢桥面横隔板弧形切口疲劳裂纹实桥应用研究

为确定铁基形状记忆合金(Fe-SMA)主动加固正交异性钢桥面板横隔板弧形切口疲劳裂纹的可行性,以某在役钢箱梁斜拉桥为背景进行实桥加固研究。根据现场横隔板弧形切口的开裂特征,在对裂纹钻孔止裂的基础上,提出利用Fe-SMA材料对横隔板弧形切口裂纹进行粘贴加固的方案,并进行加固施工。通过现场测试得到Fe-SMA板条热激活过程的应变和温度变化,分析Fe-SMA板条和钢板之间的相互作用及加固机理。结果表明:粘贴Fe-SMA板利用Fe-SMA热驱动形状记忆效应可有效便捷地为结构施加预压应力,实现对受损部位的主动加固;经过Fe-SMA联合止裂孔修复后,热驱动作用下的Fe-SMA可以产生200~240 MPa的预拉应力,并在钢板止裂孔边缘施加43~90 MPa的压应力,可有效阻止裂纹进一步扩展;加固体系在加热激活过程完好可靠,当控制一侧加热区域中部温度为200℃时,热传导作用下非加热区域中部的温度为60℃以下,而背面总体温度基本在90℃以下。

基于断裂力学的横隔板弧形切口CFRP加固参数研究

横隔板弧形切口疲劳开裂为正交异性钢桥面板的主要疲劳病害之一。为研究该部位的疲劳性能,分析碳纤维增强复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)参数对加固效果的影响,首先,建立钢梁节段模型,在弧形切口应力幅最大处引入初始裂纹,基于断裂力学理论得到疲劳荷载作用下横隔板弧形切口处的开裂模式及疲劳寿命;然后,建立CFRP板加固模型,改变各加固参数,对比不同初始裂纹条件下裂纹扩展过程中的应力强度因子变化规律,探究CFRP板长度、宽度、厚度、弹性模量以及胶层剪切模量等参数对加固效果的影响;最后,给出推荐加固参数组合。研究结果表明:横隔板弧形切口处疲劳裂纹为I型裂纹,疲劳寿命约为576.42万次;CFRP板加固能有效降低裂纹尖端应力强度因子幅值,但是CFRP板长度与宽度存在加固的临界尺寸,当尺寸大于这一临界值时,其对加固效果影响极小;CFRP板厚度、胶层剪切模量对加固效果的影响随参数增大而逐渐减弱;采用长×宽×厚为45.0 mm×30.0 mm×2.0 mm、弹性模量为460 GPa的CFRP板进行加固后,裂纹将不再扩展,疲劳寿命显著提高。

正交异性钢桥面板横隔板疲劳损伤处治研究

钢箱梁上翼缘的正交异性钢桥面板,在车辆轮载的反复作用下,极易发生损伤和裂纹,且90%以上为疲劳损伤,而横隔板是正交异性钢桥面板主要损伤构件,占比28.8%.为研究钢箱梁正交异性钢桥面板横隔板病害的处治方法,通过病害统计、病害形成过程跟踪、病害成因分析、病害实桥处治,详述钢箱梁正交异性钢桥面板横隔板弧形切口处母材裂纹、横隔板上过焊孔处母材裂纹、横隔板与U肋焊缝裂纹、横隔板与面板焊缝裂纹四大类横隔板病害的处治方法.通过对例桥1维修三年后病害再生情况统计,所修480处横隔板相关病害中发生再生病害30处,再生病害发生率6.25%;通过对例桥2横隔板CFRP板补强完工三年后的检测,例桥3横隔板与U肋焊缝加强角钢补强完工后的检测,未发现补强部位再生病害.结果表明:所述各类病害维修方法可靠,对同类型病害维修具有参考价值.

正交异性钢桥面板横梁切口裂纹的Lamb波监测分析

为探究钢桥面板横梁切口裂纹的Lamb波技术监测效果,设计了2个钢桥面板足尺模型,通过循环加载使其横梁切口处发生疲劳开裂,利用Lamb波监测裂纹扩展情况,进而从波信号中提取标准化特征,用于评估裂纹扩展.建立并验证了钢桥面板有限元模型,进行了裂纹长度、传感器位置等各种参数分析,以确定最佳传感器布置.试验结果表明:当裂纹扩展长度与波传播路径垂直时,标准化特征增大;当两者路径平行时,标准化特征减小.参数化分析结果确定了切口处裂纹监测的最佳传感器位置,建议在选定横梁切口区域,预先布置1个激励器和4个接收器,激励器位于距切口50 mm处,接收器位于距离切口50 mm处或距顶板50~100 mm处.

钢桥面横隔板弧形切口维修加固与寿命评估

正交异性钢桥面板弧形切口在使用中经常发生开裂,不合理的弧形切口设计导致的应力集中是产生疲劳开裂的主要原因。热切割改进弧形切口能有效地降低横隔板所受车载应力,但过程中会产生高水平的残余应力影响疲劳寿命。为此,提出了热维护+冷维护的疲劳维护方案,以热切割优化改进切口,并在纵肋与横隔板连接处粘贴钢板加固。采用ABAQUS软件建立钢箱梁节段模型计算维护前后车载应力,开展热切割残余应力测试试验,并通过数值模拟分析热切割弧形切口切向残余应力分布规律,基于钢材的本构模型对车载应力与热切割残余应力进行耦合,结合实测交通数据、采用线疲劳累计损伤理论计算了考虑热切割残余应力影响的弧形切口疲劳寿命,并对比分析了不同维护方案的效果。结果表明:采用热切割改进弧形切口后可明显改善应力集中问题,车辆荷载作用下的压应力峰值降低50%;但改进弧形切口会产生高水平的残余应力,显著影响其疲劳性能,疲劳寿命仅为67.75年,低于桥梁设计使用寿命;在改进切口上粘贴钢板进行冷维护,可进一步减小弧形切口的车载应力峰值,双面粘贴10mm钢板应力峰值降低79%,并显著增加其疲劳寿命;当采用相同厚度的补强钢板时,单面粘贴的疲劳维护效果优于双面粘贴。本文提出的热维护+冷维护方案可以降低热切割残余应力的影响,获得更优的疲劳维护效果,为钢桥面板弧形切口疲劳维护提供了新的技术选择。

基于扩展有限元法的钢桥面横隔板弧形切口疲劳裂纹扩展特性研究

为了解正变异性钢桥面板横隔板弧形切口疲劳开裂的规律,以某跨径350 m的独塔单跨钢箱梁自锚式悬索桥为背景,基于扩展有限元法建立纵肋-横隔板弧形切口多尺度裂纹扩展数值模型,求解弧形切口在轮载作用下的应力强度因子,分析轮载-热残余应力耦合作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展形态和特性。结果表明:当顺桥向车轮作用于弧形切口正上方时,应力强度因子急剧增大,基于该响应曲线可以识别疲劳荷载模型的轴组,但无法识别轴组内的单轴。弧形切口切向热残余拉应力峰值达到341.1 MPa,使得轮载作用下的压应力幅转换为拉应力幅,裂纹扩展方向与实桥疲劳裂纹的扩展形态基本吻合。由于弧形切口处于复杂的三维变形状态,以面内变形为主,因而弧形切口为Ⅰ型断裂主导的Ⅰ-Ⅱ-Ⅲ型复合裂纹扩展模式,裂纹扩展速率与应力强度因子幅均随着裂纹扩展呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。

DYNAMIC STRESS CONCENTRATIONS IN AMBARTSUMIAN'S PLATE WITH A CUTOUT

Based on the motion equations of flexural wave in Ambartsumian' s plates including the effects of transverse shear deformations,by using perturbation method of small parameter,the scatter- ing of flexural waves and dynamic stress concentrations in the plate with a cutout have been studied. The asypmtotic solution of the dynamic stress problem is obtained.Numerical results for the dynamic stress concentration factor in Ambartsumian's plates with a circular cutout are graphically presented and discussed.