Effect of pipe characteristics in umbrella arch method on controlling tunneling-induced settlements in soft grounds

Recent developments in tunneling have stimulated design practitioners to more effectively utilize the underground spaces.However,tunneling at shallow depth in soft grounds gives rise to concerns associated with tunnel instability.Umbrella arch method(UAM),as a pre-reinforcement approach of tunnels in complex geological conditions,is widely used to maintain the tunnel stability.Quantitative assessment of the impacts of the entire approach and forepoling pipe features on tunnel stability remains challenging due to the complex nature of the UAM application.This study aimed to assess the effect of pipe design parameters on reinforcing the tunnels excavated in soft grounds.This practical investigation considered the actual field conditions attributed to the tunneling procedure and UAM deployment.Then,the tunneling process was modeled and the tunnel excavation-induced settlements were calculated.The post-processed results confirmed that deploying the UAM substantially reduced the tunnel crown and ground surface settlements by 76%and 42%,respectively.Investigation of various design parameters of pipes underscored the significance of incorporating the optimum value for each individual parameter into design schemes to more effectively control the settlements.Additionally,contrasting the settlement reduction rates(SRRs)for pipe design variables showed that the tunnel stability is more sensitive to the changes in the values of diameter and length,compared to values of the installation angle and center-tocenter distance of the pipes.

The Types of Tunnels Maintenance in Umbrella Arch Method

During tunneling in loose grounds, the ground deformation caused by drillings around the tunnel, leads to land subsidence and the adjacent tunnel which would affect tunnel structure and surrounding structures. In such situations it is necessary to improve the properties of the ground prior to drilling operations. In order to acquire tunnel face stability during excavation operations in areas with loose soil fault or areas with lack of adhesion, there are various methods such as split cross drilling, frame holder or auxiliary pre-holding methods such as umbrella arch method;pre-holding methods must provide safety when drilling and must be affordable, economically. In this study, we assessed the previous studies on methods and behaviors of umbrella arch strategy in reinforcing the concrete tunnels, reached the purpose with experimental and numerical methods and offered the latest design achievements, implementation progresses and analysis in relation with this method.

Three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann method for simulating blood flow in aortic arch

The three-dimensional （3D） lattice Boltzmann models, 3DQ15, 3DQ19 and 3DQ27, under different wall boundary conditions and lattice resolutions have been investigated by simulating Poiseuille flow in a circular cylinder for a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The 3DQ19 model with improved Fillippova and Hanel （FH） curved boundary condition represents a good compromise between computational efficiency and reliability. Blood flow in an aortic arch is then simulated as a typical haemodynamic application. Axial and secondary fluid velocity and effective wall shear stress profiles in a 180° bend are obtained, and the results also demonstrate that the lattice Boltzmann method is suitable for simulating the flow in 3D large-curved vessels.

Improved methods for decreasing stresses of concrete slab of large-span through tied-arch composite bridge

Mechanical behavior of concrete slab of large-span through tied-arch composite bridge was investigated by finite element analysis (FEA). Improved methods to decrease concrete stresses were discussed based on comparisons of different deck schemes, construction sequences and measures, and ratios of reinforcement. The results show that the mechanical behavior of concrete slab gets worse with the increase of composite regions between steel beams and concrete slab. The deck scheme with the minimum composite region is recommended on condition that both strength and stiffness of the bridge meet design demands under service loads. Adopting in-situ-place construction method, concrete is suggested to be cast after removing the full-supported frameworks under the bridge. Thus, the axial tensile force of concrete slab caused by the first stage dead load is eliminated. Preloading the bridge before concrete casting and removing the load after the concrete reaching its design strength, the stresses of concrete slab caused by the second stage dead load and live load are further reduced or even eliminated. At last, with a high ratio of reinforcement more than 3%, the concrete stresses decrease obviously.

General displacement arch-cantilever element method for stress analysis of arch dam

Based on the general displacement method and the basic hypothesis of the trial load method, a new advanced trial load method, the general displacement arch-cantilever element method, was proposed to derive the transformation relation of displacements and loads between the surface nodes and middle plane nodes. This method considers the nodes on upstream and downstream surfaces of the arch dam to be exit nodes （master nodes）, and the middle plane nodes to be slave nodes. According to the derived displacement and load transformation matrices, the equilibrium equation treating the displacement of middle plane nodes as a basic unknown variable is transformed into one that treats the displacement of upstream and downstream nodes as a basic unknown variable. Because the surface nodes have only three degrees of freedom （DOF）, this method can be directly coupled with the finite element method （FEM）, which is used for foundation simulation to analyze the stress of the arch dam with consideration of dam-foundation interaction. Moreover, using the FEM, the nodal load of the arch dam can be easily obtained. Case studies of a typical cylindrical arch dam and the Wudongde arch dam demonstrate the robustness and feasibility of the proposed method.

洞桩法地铁车站边桩结构受力机制的模型试验设计

为了方便学生更形象地理解洞桩法地铁车站边桩结构的受力机制,该文以广州地区某洞桩法地铁车站工程为依托,设计了一种简化的洞桩法车站边桩结构模型试验。基于该试验方法,演示分析了边桩结构在洞桩法车站开挖过程中的施工力学行为规律,并对比研究了不同桩型布置参数下的桩后土压力、边桩结构的力学和变形规律。通过该试验,为学生展示了洞桩法边桩结构模型的设计、制作、试验具体操作及数据监测的全过程,从而让学生更好地掌握洞桩法车站边桩结构力学行为演变规律,以及采用不同边桩布置型式的力学行为差异。

Seismic damage analysis of the outlet piers of arch dams using the finite element sub-model method

This study aims to analyze seismic damage of reinforced outlet piers of arch dams by the nonlinear finite element （FE） sub-model method. First, the dam-foundation system is modeled and analyzed, in which the effects of infinite foundation, contraction joints, and nonlinear concrete are taken into account. The detailed structures of the outlet pier are then simulated with a refined FE model in the sub-model analysis. In this way the damage mechanism of the plain （unreinforced） outlet pier is analyzed, and the effects of two reinforcement measures （i.e., post-tensioned anchor cables and reinforcing bar） on the dynamic damage to the outlet pier are investigated comprehensively. Results show that the plain pier is damaged severely by strong earthquakes while implementation of post-tensioned anchor cables strengthens the pier effectively. In addition, radiation damping strongly alleviates seismic damage to the piers.

Nonlinear simulation of arch dam cracking with mixed finite element method

This paper proposes a new, simple and efficient method for nonlinear simulation of arch dam cracking from the construction period to the operation period, which takes into account the arch dam construction process and temperature loads. In the calculation mesh, the contact surface of pair nodes is located at places on the arch dam where cracking is possible. A new effective iterative method, the mixed finite element method for friction-contact problems, is improved and used for nonlinear simulation of the cracking process. The forces acting on the structure are divided into two parts： external forces and contact forces. The displacement of the structure is chosen as the basic variable and the nodal contact force in the possible contact region of the local coordinate system is chosen as the iterative variable, so that the nonlinear iterative process is only limited within the possible contact surface and is much more economical. This method was used to simulate the cracking process of the Shuanghe Arch Dam in Southwest China. In order to prove the validity and accuracy of this method and to study the effect of thermal stress on arch dam cracking, three schemes were designed for calculation. Numerical results agree with actual measured data, proving that it is feasible to use this method to simulate the entire process of nonlinear arch dam cracking.

钢筋混凝土拱桥主拱圈加固方式及效果研究

目的 寻求钢筋混凝土拱桥主拱圈最佳加固方式,以改善加固效果,给同类危旧拱桥加固提供参考。方法 基于某实际加固桥例提出3种不同卸载方式的加固改造方案,采用Midas civil软件建立有限元模型,分析不同加固方式的影响规律;对原拱圈初始应力水平、施工阶段内力、成桥状态下应力、内力及挠度进行分析;利用加固层最大应力比、荷载置换率和挠度变化率对加固效果进行评价。结果 方案三的加固层最大应力比分别比方案一、二大45.12%与52.74%,荷载置换效果最显著,最大值达3.82,挠度变化率最大。结论 选择拱上建筑拆除得越多的方式进行加固,加固效果越好;对钢筋混凝土拱桥进行加固时,应基于加固方式制定加固施工方案,同时需考虑施工工期与加固成本。

浅埋无中导洞连拱隧道先行洞衬砌承担围岩荷载确定方法

不同于常规隧道衬砌结构,无中导洞连拱隧道先行洞衬砌施作稳定后还要受到邻近后行洞开挖的二次扰动,后行洞开挖对先行洞衬砌受力的影响不可忽视。依托杨家寨公路隧道工程,基于考虑了后行洞开挖影响的隧道围岩压力计算方法,结合现场监测位移数据采用荷载-结构法进行位移反分析,提出了一种确定浅埋无中导洞连拱隧道先行洞衬砌承担围岩荷载的方法,最后和衬砌背后围岩荷载现场监测值进行对比验证。研究结果表明:后行洞开挖对先行洞衬砌承担围岩荷载的影响较为显著,监测点增长幅度均值高达142%;先行洞衬砌受力呈现“拱腰较小,拱顶及拱肩较大”的分布规律,且靠近后行洞一侧拱肩位置受力最大;通过现场监测位移反分析得到的先行洞衬砌受力结果和现场监测结果较为一致,论证了该方法的合理性和实用性,研究成果可为无中导洞连拱隧道结构设计提供参考。

基于位移等代法的深部直墙半圆拱形隧洞松动圈厚度预测

【目的】位移等代法是在工程实践中被广泛应用的一种等效圆法。为进一步探索该方法在深部非均匀应力场下预测松动圈厚度的工程效果,并建立具有工程适用性的等效圆半径计算公式,【方法】选取深部隧洞常采用的直墙半圆拱形断面为研究对象,根据位移等代法基本原理,利用FLAC~(3D)数值模拟和理论计算相结合的方式,建立了侧压系数λ为1.1~1.5,跨高比b_0/h为1.3~1.5条件下的等效圆半径函数关系式,并应用到江西曲江某煤矿水仓围岩的松动圈厚度预测。【结果】结果显示:根据等效圆公式计算出的水仓围岩松动圈的纵轴厚度为1.41 m,横轴为1.20 m,呈椭圆形;现场实测的松动圈也呈椭圆形,厚度平均值在1.15~1.45 m,其中最大均值在纵轴1.45 m,最小均值在横轴为1.15 m。理论预测值与实测值相吻合。【结论】结果表明:位移等代法适用于深部软岩松动圈厚度预测;所建等效圆半径公式具有良好的工程适用性,可为评价和预测类似隧洞工程松动圈厚度提供一种简化的、可借鉴的方法和思路。

基于总安全系数法的系统锚杆支护承载能力试验研究

鉴于隧道现行规范缺乏系统锚杆支护的承载能力分析方法,总安全系数法提出了锚−岩承载拱的荷载结构模型与承载力计算方法,在理论上实现了锚杆的量化设计,但缺少试验验证。基于此,从结构试验角度研制了大型隧道结构模型试验系统,开展了毛洞与不同间距系统锚杆支护下的锚−岩承载拱结构承载试验。通过监测围岩内部应力−应变、隧道位移与锚杆应变,分析了围岩与锚杆材料的破坏状态与破坏荷载,研究了锚−岩承载拱变形与受力特征、锚杆轴力分布。对比分析了模型试验的结构承载力与总安全系数法理论下锚−岩承载拱的计算承载力。研究结果表明:锚杆能有效地与围岩协同承载,显著增加围岩的侧限力,提高围岩抗压强度与承载能力;试验得到的锚−岩承载拱承载能力与理论计算结果较为吻合,表明了总安全系数法的锚−岩承载拱计算模型是合理的,并具有合适的安全性。

CARCH模型在上证指数收益率分析中的应用

本文运用Engle的ARCH法对上证指数收益率的异方差性进行了详细的分析,得出涨跌幅制制度的实施对收益率的异方差性有明显的影响,序列异方差性与序列长度存在密切的关系.在运用CARCH模型对序列进行拟合时,发现拟合模型的阶数与序列长度也存在一定的关系.

基于面板数据模型的拱坝缺失数据填补方法

混凝土拱坝作为重要的水工建筑物,由于监测设备故障、人为因素等影响,导致其监测数据频繁出现缺失的现象,降低了大坝安全评估与预测的有效性与准确性。传统方法多仅依赖单测点测值进行插补,忽略了测点之间的相关性与异质性。本文提出了一种基于面板数据模型的变形缺失数据插补方法。首先,改进传统变形相似性增量速度指标,解决了其分母可能等于零的问题。其次,提出了一种组合加权方法以计算变形相似性综合指标,并采用改进的基于密度聚类方法对变形监测点进行分类。随后,建立了面板模型,以填补不同区域内的缺失数据。本文提出的方法可以更准确地填补混凝土拱坝变形数据的缺失,从而能够有效地解决变形监测数据缺失的问题。

钻爆法隧道下穿既有双连拱隧道施工技术研究

钻爆法隧道穿越新建既有双连拱隧道结构,下穿隧道为大跨度隧道,高度大、埋深较深,且在穿越既有隧道时,不能影响其安全运营和造成结构破坏,施工难度大、风险高。采用有限元软件Midas GTS NX对钻爆法隧道下穿既有隧道的变形和受力情况进行数值模拟计算,并研究了下穿施工前对上方隧道间地层采用大管棚和锚杆联合加固产生的效果。研究表明:未加固时,施工侧隧道结构的沉降要大于另一侧,呈现出“一峰二谷”变形形状,既有隧道上下部极易发生结构破坏。采用大管棚及锚杆联合加固,有效地转移了应力集中现象,降低了结构破坏风险,并且既有隧道沉降量仅为前者变化量的1/1.83,在控制标准以内。

隧道进口穿越断层破碎带洞身开挖施工分析

为探讨隧道进口穿越断层破碎带洞身开挖施工,以立洲水电站工程实例为背景,分析了三台阶设置临时仰拱法在穿越断层破碎带洞身开挖中的应用。分析表明,断层破碎带洞身地质条件复杂,围岩稳定性比较差,存在塌方的概率比较大,利用三台阶设置临时仰拱法配合系统锚杆、钢筋网、钢架及湿喷混凝土联合支护的施工方法,既能保证施工效率,也可以很好地控制塌方问题,促使施工任务高效、安全、有序完成,可为类似工程施工提供参考和借鉴。

基于GARCH-TARCH模型的国内天然橡胶期货市场有效性研究

天然橡胶是促进我国国民经济增长的重要经济作物。中国作为天然橡胶市场的最大需求国和进口国,国内期货市场有效性能否充分发挥,对用胶企业以及宏观经济的发展起着至关重要的作用。以2011—2014年上海期货交易所天然橡胶日交易数据为实证数据,建立自回归条件异方差模型,运用方差比检验方法对我国天然橡胶期货市场有效性进行分析。结果表明,天胶期货市场日收益率序列存在显著的自回归异方差特性,该市场存在严重的信息不对称性且尚未达到弱式有效,易受投机等其他异常因素的影响,总体风险系数较高。针对上述问题,提出增强我国天然橡胶期货市场有效性的对策建议。

连拱隧道无导洞后扩挖法设计参数及其影响性分析

为了研究双连拱隧道采用无导洞后扩挖法施工时的设计参数取值及其对隧道稳定性的影响,采用数值模拟方法分析连拱隧道主洞错距、台阶长度、中隔墙厚度以及二衬施作时机4个参数对隧道受力与变形的影响规律,并与现场监测结果进行对比验证。研究结果表明:主洞错距达到75 m时,既能保证先行洞隧道的变形稳定,又能缩短工期;隧道先行洞台阶长度可以按单洞隧道取值,后行洞台阶长度建议控制在5~10 m为宜;考虑施工扰动的影响,隧道中隔墙厚度在1.4~1.6 m范围内取值较为合理;先行洞二衬在后行洞掌子面前保持35 m以上距离施工有利于隧道稳定性的控制。研究结果可为隧道工程施工提供参考。

复杂环境下地铁纪念堂站暗挖施工风险控制技术——以广州地铁十三号线二期工程纪念堂站为例

广州地铁工程拱盖法暗挖车站较多,由于暗挖车站顶部存在砂层、淤泥质黏土、粉质黏土等软弱地层,其普遍具有高含水量性、高压缩性、低透水性和低强度等特点,施工阶段易造成较大变形,将会引起隧道坍塌和周边建构筑物设施破坏,造成严重的生命与财产损失,继而造成重大的社会影响。以复杂环境下的纪念堂站为施工风险论述对象,采用合理设计、施工方案,降低施工风险,同时增加地质补勘、深层注浆以及施工监测等方法取得很好效果。对软弱地层暗挖车站进行分析和总结,为暗挖车站施工安全提供依据。

堆石混凝土高拱坝施工期温度应力仿真分析

为研究堆石混凝土高拱坝施工期温度场和应力场的分布特点,并探究堆石混凝土在高拱坝上的适用性,本文运用数值仿真及顺序耦合法,综合考虑堆石混凝土弹模变化、堆石混凝土入仓温度、环境气候变化等因素,对不同温控措施的堆石混凝土高拱坝进行施工期全过程仿真计算。对比分析不同温控措施下高拱坝施工期的温度场和应力场,结果表明:不同温控工况下,坝体温度场和应力场的分布规律基本一致,施工期温度应力与混凝土入仓温度相关,运行期坝体应力随环境气温变化;应力线性化后最大拉应力分别为1.68 MPa、1.60 MPa、1.48 MPa。因此,堆石混凝土运用于高拱坝时,在分缝浇筑的情况下,仅需采取简单温控措施即可满足温度防裂要求。