Detection and Identification of Phytoplasma of Cleome rutidosperma in Areca Palm Yellow Leaf Disease Field

[Objectives]The paper was to detect and identify the phytoplasma of Cleome rutidosperma in areca palm yellow leaf disease(YLD)field in Wenchang City,Hainan Province,China.[Methods]The nested PCR technique was employed to amplify the phytoplasma 16S rDNA of C.rutidosperma samples,followed by sequence analysis.Concurrently,this study examined C.rutidosperma in YLD field,collecting symptomatic leaves for phytoplasma detection.[Results]The 16S rDNA sequence of the C.rutidosperma witches'-broom phytoplasma was found to be identical to that of the HNWC5 strain associated with areca palm yellows phytoplasma,leading to the identification of this phytoplasma as belonging to the 16SrII-A subgroup.Field investigations revealed a higher incidence of C.rutidosperma in areca palm fields,with symptoms of leaf yellows observed in six of these fields.Quantitative PCR(qPCR)analysis confirmed the presence of phytoplasma infection in these instances.[Conclusions]Through the analysis of geographical distribution,sequence alignment,and field occurrence data,a significant correlation has been identified between witches'broom disease and YLD.It is proposed that the former may act as an intermediate host for the areca palm yellows phytoplasma.

Screening of Growth-Promoting Strains for Areca Palm

[Objectives]The paper was to identify growth-promoting strains within the culturable bacterial flora of areca palm.[Methods]Culturable bacteria were isolated and identified from areca palm using samples obtained from both healthy and yellowing disease-affected plants within the same orchard.Strains that exhibited significant differences between healthy and affected samples,or that were unique to the healthy samples,were subsequently screened for their growth-promoting effects.[Results]Three bacterial strains demonstrated robust and consistent capacity for auxin production,specifically Paenibacillus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,each yielding approximately 50μg of IAA per mL of bacterial solution.The strain Alcaligenes faecalis exhibited the highest efficacy in siderophore production,achieving 21.15%of active units.Additionally,A.faecalis,Bacillus velezensis,and P.aeruginosa were noted for their potassium-solubilizing capabilities,as evidenced by the presence of distinct potassium-solubilizing zones.[Conclusions]The evaluation of the aforementioned growth-promoting strains may offer valuable insights for the development of growth-promoting strains specifically for areca palm.

利用巢式PCR对海南槟榔(Areca catechu L.)黄化病的初步检测

通过对海南槟榔黄化病病原的研究,初步确定其病原物,对开展后续研究及防治策略提供依据。利用巢式PCR方法,对在海南3个市县采集的28个黄化病植株的不同组织进行了植原体检测,结果表明:在2个市县9个槟榔黄化病病株叶片中检测到了植原体,而在根和茎中没有发现植原体。将扩增片段克隆后测序得到1249bp的完整植原体序列。利用MEGA3软件构建了系统发育进化树,同源性聚类发现其属于翠菊黄花组B亚组。初步判断发生在海南的槟榔黄化病是由于植原体引起。

Effect of areca on contraction of colonic muscle strips in rats

AIM: To investigate the effects of areca on the contractile activity of isolated colonic muscle strips in rats and mechanism involved. METHODS: Each strip (LMPC, longitudinal muscle of proximal colon; CMPC, circular muscle of proximal colon; LMDC, longitudinal muscle of distal colon; CMDC, circular muscle of distal colon.) was suspended in a tissue chamber containing 5 mL Krebs solution (37 degrees C), bubbled continuously with 950 mL.L(-1) O(2) and 50 mL.L(-1) CO(2). The mean contractile amplitude (A), the resting tension (T), and the contractile frequency (F) were simultaneously recorded on recorders. RESULTS: Areca dose dependently increased the mean contractile amplitude, the resting tension of proximal and distal colonic smooth muscle strips in rats (P【0.05). It also partly increased the contractile frequency of colonic smooth muscle strips in rats (P【0.05). The effects were partly inhibited by atropine (the resting tension of LMPC decreased from 0.44 +/- 0.12 to 0.17 +/- 0.03; the resting tension of LMDC decreased from 0.71 +/- 0.14 to 0.03 +/- 0.01; the mean contractile amplitude of LMPC increased from -45.8 +/- 7.2 to -30.5 +/- 2.9; the motility index of CMDC decreased from 86.6 +/- 17.3 to 32.8 +/- 9.3; P【0.05 vs areca), but the effects were not inhibited by hexamethonium (P】0.05). CONCLUSION: Areca stimulated the motility of isolated colonic smooth muscle strips in rats. The stimulation of areca might be relevant with M receptor partly.

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Phenolic Compounds of Areca Nut(Areca catechu)

Areca catechu L.（Palmae）, commonly known as an important economical seed crop, is widely culti- vated in tropical and subtropical areas, including India, Southeast Asia, East Africa and New Guinea. Areca nut（frequently known as betel nut） is the ripe fruit of the tree A. catechu. Areca nut can be chewed and it is a common masticatory in tropical and subtropical countries. It was estimated in the early 1990s that 10% to 20% of the world＇s population chewed betel quid daily. Areca nut is commonly used in folklore medicine for treatment of various diseases such as dyspep sia, constipation, beriberi and oedema.

槟榔（ArecacatechuL．）的民族植物学

本文从民族植物学的观点介绍了我国南方各省嚼槟榔的习俗、历史及演变，分析了这个习俗的形成原因及槟榔的药用价值。作者认为咀嚼槟榔有成瘾性，但是否对人的中枢神经系统有损害，必须进一步研究。作者对这种习俗提出了几点看法和建议，对槟榔的开发利用有重要参考价值。

Influence of Boric Acid and Sucrose on the Germination and Growth of Areca Pollen

This study investigates the effect of boric acid and sucrose on the germination and growth of Areca catechu L (areca palm). Using areca pollen from Hainan, China, this study determines the influence of culture media with different concentrations of boric acid and sucrose on the germination and growth of areca pollen. Results show that the germination and growth of the pollen tube growth are highest under a boric acid concentration of 0.4 g/L to 0.6 g/L. The germination rate of areca pollen is highest in solid medium with a sucrose concentration of 40 g/L. The optimum culture medium for developing areca pollen comprises 5 g/L agar, 0.4 g/L to 0.6 g/L boric acid, 40 g/L sucrose, and water. Furthermore, areca pollen grows most rapidly approximately 1.5 h after in vitro cultivation at normal temperature, and growth stabilizes at approximately 3 h. The principle that governs the development of areca pollen is also discussed.

Analysis of arecoline in Semen Arecae decoction pieces by microchip capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection

A new method for the determination of arecoline in Semen Arecae decoction pieces by microchip capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection （MCE-CCD） was proposed. The effects of various electrophoretic operating parameters on the analysis of arecoline were studied. Under the optimal conditions, arecoline was rapidly separated and detected in 1 rain with good linearity over the concentration range of 20 1500 uM （r2=0.9991） and the detection limit of 5 uM （S/N=3）. The method was used for the analysis of arecoline satisfactorily with a recovery of 96.8 -104%.

Dyeing of Polyester and Nylon with Semi-synthetic Azo Dye by Chemical Modification of Natural Source Areca Nut

Various azo compounds(Modified dyes)have been synthesised by chemical modification of areca nut extract(epicate-chin),a plant-based Polyphenolic compound to get semi-synthetic dyes.Three different primary amines namely p-nitro aniline,p-anisidine and aniline,were diazotized to form their corresponding diazonium salts which were further coupled with an areca nut extract.Preliminary characterization of the areca nut extract and the resultant azo compounds(Modified dyes)was carried out in terms of melting point,solubility tests,thin layer chromatography,UV-Visible and FTIR spectroscopy.These modified dyes were further applied on polyester and nylon fabrics and%dye exhaustion was evaluated.Dyed fabrics were further tested for their fastness properties such as wash fastness,rubbing fastness,light fastness and sublimation fastness.The results of the fastness tests indicate that,all the three modified dyes have good dyeability for polyester and nylon fabrics.The dyed fabrics were also tested for ultraviolet protection factor which showed very good ultraviolet protection.

Analysis of the Adsorption of Toxic Chromium (VI) by Untreated and Chitosan Treated Banana and Areca Fiber

This paper work involves bunch experiments to investigate the effect of contact time, pH, and adsorbent dose on the extent of adsorption by bio-composites. Adsorption capacity of Chromium (VI) onto chitosan coated with banana and areca fiber was investigated in a batch system by considering the effects of various parameters like contact time, initial concentration, pH and adsorbent dose. The chitosan and fibers (banana and areca) were then cross-linked with glutaraldehyde to remove chromium [Cr (VI)] from water via static adsorption. It was found that optimum chromium absorption capacity of chitosan was assessed at pH of 2.5 to 4.5 and contact time of 30 to 180 minutes for raw banana and areca fiber and for chitosan treated banana & areca fiber. Though optimum adsorption of chromium of chitosan was measured 34.17 ppm (85.42%) from a 100 ml solution containing 40 parts per million (ppm) of Cr (VI) at 120 minutes, pH of 3.0 and 120 milligram (mg) adsorbent dose size, use of composite will be more favorable in the point of environmental concern as well as low cost because chitosan preparation is comparatively costly then banana and areca fiber. On the other hand, untreated banana and areca fiber optimum adsorption of chromium measured 3.65 ppm (9.1%) at 180 min and, pH of 4.5 and 140 mg adsorbent dose size and 3.76 ppm (9.4%) at 180 min, pH of 4.5 and 160 mg adsorbent dose size respectively. In case of chitosan treated banana fiber, it was observed that adsorption was increased from 17.664 to 30.057 (75.14%). On the other hand, for areca fiber with chitosan, it was observed that adsorption was increased from 21.664 to 30.156 (75.39%) ppm. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were used for the mathematical description of the adsorption of chromium ion onto composites and it was found that the Langmuir adsorption isotherm was more fitted models which mean that a monolayer adsorption surface was created. After analyzing from IBM SPSS 25 software, we got the standard deviation value of adsorbed Cr by raw chitosan, untreated banana and areca of pH test results were 9.399, 1.072, 0.728 ppm, time test results were 2.163, 0.859, 0.896 ppm and adsorbent dose test results were 6.588, 0.966, 1.211 ppm correspondingly. The standard deviation results of pH, time and amount of treated banana fiber test results were 1.831, 2.693 and 5.469 ppm congruently. On the other hand, the standard deviation results of pH, time and amount of treated areca fiber test results were 3.293, 2.673 and 4.152 ppm individually. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis indicated that both amino and hydroxyl groups of chitosan, banana and areca fiber were engaged in the adsorption.

First Report of Phomopsis Leaf Spot on Patchouli [Pogostemon cablin( Blanco) Benth. ]Caused by Diaporthe arecae in China

A severe leaf spot disease on patchouli,was observed in Guangdong,China.Early symptom appeared as circular or irregularly shaped and dark brown spots along the leaf margins and tips.As the disease progressed,the spots enlarged and with masses black,sessile conidiomata were observed in lesions.The results of morphology,molecular biology and pathogenicity test indicate that the causal agent of leaf disease of patchouli is Diaporthe arecae.

Research progress in pharmacological effects of polyphenols in Areca catechu L.

Betel nut is the dry and mature seed of Areca catechu L.,which is originated in Malaysia and cultivated in Yunnan,Hainan and Taiwan and other tropical areas of China.It is also known as big belly,binmen,olive seed,green seed and so on.Betel nut is a dual-use resource for medicine and food,which was first contained in LI Dang′s Pharmaceutical Record.Betel nut tastes bitter,pungent,warm in nature,and belongs to the stomach and large intestine meridian.It contains a variety of chemical components such as alkaloids,phenolic compounds,polysaccharides,fatty acids,amino acids, flavonoids, minerals, terpenoids, and steroids. It has the advantages of promoting digestion, lowering blood pres sure, anti-depression, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-parasites, antibacterial and other activities. The content of total phenols in fresh fruits of areca nut was 31.1%, mainly including catechin, isorhamnetin, chrysopanthoxanthin, luteolin, tannin and other polyphenols. The commonly used methods for determination of polyphenols in areca are vanil lin titration potassium permanganate titration and potassium ferricyanide spectrophotometry. The main activities and mechanisms of areca polyphenols include: ① Antidepressant effect: polyphenols bind to monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A) receptors that inhibit the production of neurotransmitters, thereby increasing the content of amine transmitters in the brain and playing a therapeutic effect on depression. ② Antioxidant effect: polyphenols contain multiple adjacent hydroxyl groups, which are easily oxidized and can effectively remove superoxide anion free radical, hydroxyl free radi cal, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, showing good antioxidant activity. ③ Bacteriostatic effect: polyphenols can spe cifically bind to the surface of bacteria, thus achieving bacteriostatic effect. Studies have found that betel nut polyphenols have varying degrees of inhibitory effects on a variety of bacteria. ④ Inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes: polyphenols deplete the mercaptan in lymphocytes and make them unable to survive, thus inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes. ⑤ Anti-aging effect: polyphenols have the effect of anti-hyaluronidase and anti-elastase, so as to protect elastin fiber and pro mote collagen synthesis. ⑥ Anti-allergic effect: studies have found that polyphenols can reduce ovalbumin induced aller gic reactions. ⑦ Other functions: betel nut can freshen breath, eliminate bad breath, and resist the activity of cobra venom. At present, domestic and foreign scholars′ research on betel nut mainly focuses on arecoline and its carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, effects on reproductive function, addiction and toxicity to the nervous system, and there are few studies on the positive effects of betel nut, especially on it. There is less research on phenolic ingredients. Therefore, this article reviews the polyphenolic chemical constituents of betel nut, and fully excavates its pharmacological activity to provide a reasonable basis for the scientific use of betel nut.

Effects of areca nut consumption on cell differentiation of osteoblasts, myoblasts, and fibroblasts

Areca nut is used worldwide as a hallucinogenic addicting drug along the tropical belt.Arecoline,a toxic compound,is the most important alkaloid in areca nuts.The adverse effects of oral uptake and chewing of areca nut are well known.For example,the possibility of cancer caused by chewing areca nuts is widely discussed.Chewing areca nut has other adverse effects on other organs,including abnormal cell differentiation,oral cancer,and several other diseases.The use of areca nut is also associated with low birthweight.Skeletal musculature is the largest organ in the body and is attached to the bones.During embryo development,the differentiation of bone and muscle cells is critical.In this article,we reviewed the effects of areca nut and arecoline on embryonic cell differentiation,particularly osteoblasts,myoblasts,and fibroblasts.

Distribution of Nutrient Content in Soil and Leaves of Adult Areca catechu Trees

The annual dynamic changes of nutrient content in soil and leaves of adult Areca catechu trees in the A.catechu producing area Tunchang were studied by fixed point observation method to provide the scientific basis for the rational fertilization of A.catechu.The results showed that the soil of the A.catechu plantation was weakly acidic on the whole,and soil pH was 5.53.Soil phosphorus content was extremely low,only 5.46 mg/kg.Nitrogen content in A.catechu leaves was the highest( up to 20.24 g/kg),while phosphorus content was the lowest( only 0.31 g/kg).The differences in nutrient content were related to the characteristics of nutrient demand.There was a difference in nutrient content of A.catechu leaves during the annual growth period.Because the maximum nutrient requirement period of A.catechu trees was from April to September,the important fertilization period of A.catechu trees was also from April to September.

Areca traindra过氧化物酶的分离及其应用于合成木质素模型物的研究

从棕榈科植物三药槟榔(Areca triandra)的果实中分离了过氧化物酶(AtrP)用于催化异丁香酚合成脱氢聚合物。实验结果表明,Atr P粗酶液经过盐析和丙酮沉淀得到了部分纯化,酶活回收率70.2%,比活力达到2216 IU/mg(25℃测定)。该酶适宜的温度范围是25～40℃,最适p H_6,受MnSO_4、FeCl_2、Mg SO_4、乙醇、丙酮和1,4-二氧六环的抑制。AtrP/H_2O_2氧化异丁香酚单体得到不溶于水的油状物,红外光谱显示侧链丙烯基发生氧化,可能生成醛基、酮基、羧基等新的官能团,芳环则参与单体的聚合,甲氧基脱除不显著。气质联用(GC-MS)和液质联用(LC-MS)分析表明,AtrP/H_2O_2氧化异丁香酚的产物含有二聚体(50.3%)、香草醛(40.2%)和4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯丙酮等杂质(8.1%),Atr P作为一种新的氧化还原酶,在人工合成脱氢聚合物以及生产木质素基化学品方面具有一定的应用前景。

基于Areca Backup和云存储的开源免费备份策略

介绍一种基于开源备份软件Areca Backup和云存储的数据备份策略。该策略充分利用云存储技术实现备份数据的低成本和高可靠性存储。Areca Backup的数据加密功能使备份文件的云存储容易符合公司的安全规定。操作简易,适用于可靠性要求一般的数据备份。

Overlap in oncogenic and pro-inflammatory pathways associated with areca nut and nicotine exposure

Background:Betel nut/areca nut/Areca catechu is one of the most commonly used psychoactive substance,and is also a major preventable cause of cancer.Unlike other psychoactive substances,such as nicotine,the mechanisms underlying addiction to areca nuts and related oncogenesis remain elusive.Recent reports suggest a possible overlap in the mechanisms of action of nicotine and areca nuts in the human body.Thus,this study aimed to investigate the interactome of human proteins associated with areca nut exposure and the intricate similarities and differences in the effects of the two psychoactive substances on humans.Methods:A list of proteins associated with areca nut use was obtained from the available literature using terms from Medical Subject Headings(MeSH).Protein-protein interaction(PPI)networks and functional enrichment were analyzed.The results obtained for both psychoactive substances were compared.Results:Given the limited number of common proteins(36/226,16%)in the two sets,a substantial overlap(612/1176 nodes,52%)was observed in the PPI networks,as well as in Gene Ontology.Areca nuts mainly affect signaling pathways through three hub proteins(alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase,tumor protein 53,and interleukin-6),which are common to both psychoactive substances,as well as two unique hub proteins(epidermal growth factor receptor and master regulator of cell cycle entry and proliferative metabolism).Areca nut-related proteins are associated with unique pathways,such as extracellular matrix organization,lipid storage,and metabolism,which are not found in nicotine-associated proteins.Conclusions:Areca nuts affect regulatory mechanisms,leading to systemic toxicity and oncogenesis.Areca nuts also affect unique pathways that can be studied as potential markers of exposure,as well as targets for anticancer therapeutic agents.

槟榔干燥动力学模型及微观结构、代谢物变化规律研究

干燥是槟榔加工的第1步,干燥过程直接影响槟榔的品质和货架期。为了明确槟榔热风干燥过程的水分变化、纤维微观结构及代谢物的变化规律,以期对槟榔干燥时间进行精准调控。本研究以槟榔鲜果和槟榔杀青果为研究对象,利用5种模型对不同温度下槟榔热风干燥曲线进行拟合,建立槟榔干燥动力学模型,同时利用扫描电子显微镜、LC-MS等探讨干燥过程中槟榔微观结构、代谢物的变化规律。结果表明:槟榔干燥曲线呈指数下降,干燥速率曲线分为加速和降速2个阶段,温度对干燥速率有显著影响;Page模型对槟榔热风干燥曲线拟合较好,模型决定系数(R^(2))在0.98以上,均方差(mean square deviation,RMSE)在0.02~0.06范围内,模型预测值和真实值差异不显著,可以较好地反映槟榔干燥过程中的水分变化规律。微观结构分析表明,随着干燥时间的增加槟榔纤维层变得致密、紧实,杀青处理导致槟榔纤维结构松散。质构结果表明,随着干燥时间的增加,槟榔硬度和咀嚼度增加,弹性降低。差异代谢物结果显示,干燥过程通过影响氨基酸代谢通路、中心碳代谢通路、亚油酸代谢通路、黄酮类生物合成、苯丙烷类生物合成进而影响有机酸、脂质和类脂分子等发生变化。研究结果为丰富槟榔加工基础研究,以及为槟榔热风干燥时间的选择提供理论依据。

Morphological, Physical, Mechanical, Chemical and Thermal Characterization of Sustainable Indian Areca Fruit Husk Fibers （Areca Catechu L.） as Potential Alternate for Hazardous Synthetic Fibers

Natural fibers can play a major role in composite industry due to its renewable, biodegradable, and eco-friendly properties. Areca Fruit Husk （AFH） is rich in fiber, but is wasted in large quantity from tobacco industries. Comprehensive characterization of AFH fiber is done to examine its morphological, physical, mechanical, chemical and thermal properties. High cellulose content of the fiber （57.35 wt%） provides better tensile strength （231.66 MPa） whereas the porous surface morphology （40.8 %） ensures better bonding with the matrix. Moreover, the low density of the fiber （0.78 g.cm^-3） makes it an attractive alternative for hazardous synthetic fibers. The semi-crystalline nature and large crystalline size of the fiber reduce the water absorption char- acteristics. The thermo gravimetric analysis confirms its stability up to 240℃, which is higher than the polymerization tem- perature. The results confirm the potential of AFH fibers as a reinforcement in bio-reinforced polymer composites for automo- tive and structural applications.

Analysis of oral microorganism diversity in healthy individuals before and after chewing areca nuts using PCR-denatured gradient gel electrophoresis

To analyze oral microbial diversity in the saliva of 8 healthy individuals before and after chewing areca nuts. Saliva samples were collected before chewing areca nuts, after chewing areca nuts for 5 min and after chewing areca nuts for 30 min. DNA was extracted, and microbial diversity was examined using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE). When examining DGGE profiles collectively,the bands associated with Streptococcus and Veillonella were the most intense, making them the most prevalent bacteria. Furthermore, the band intensities did not decrease after chewing areca nuts for 5 or30 min; thus, these bacteria were unaffected. However, when examining some individuals, the band intensities for Streptococcus and Veillonella became more intense after 5 min of chewing and then returned to the pre-chewing level. This difference may be attributed to the mechanical movements of the oral cavity or individual differences. Other bacteria, such as Neisseria, Actinomycetes, and Rothia dentocariosa, were also found to have an increased or decreased prevalence following areca nut-chewing.Since the predominant species that are present following areca nut-chewing include Streptococcus and Veillonella, it would seem likely that these bacteria play an important role in the periodontal diseases associated with areca chewing.