Effectiveness of aromatherapy with lavender compared to progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety and vital signs in patients under spinal anesthesia:A randomized clinical trial

Objective:This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of aromatherapy with lavender essential oil compared to progressive muscle relaxation(PMR)on anxiety and vital signs of patients under spinal anesthesia.Materials and Methods:This clinical trial was conducted on 120 spinal anesthesia candidates who were randomly assigned into three groups of 40 including control,PMR(Jacobsen group),and aromatherapy.The state-trait anxiety inventory was completed on surgery day and 15 min after the end of the intervention by the samples of all three groups,and at the same time as completing the questionnaire,vital signs were also measured and recorded.Results:The mean score of anxiety after intervention was lower than that before the intervention in the aromatherapy group(P<0.001).The mean score of anxiety in the aromatherapy group was significantly lower than that in the Jacobsen group(P<0.001).Moreover,data analysis showed a significant decrease in the mean arterial blood pressure scores of the PMR(P=008)and aromatherapy(P<0.001)groups and a statistically significant increase in the mean heart rate scores in the control group(P=0.002).Conclusion:The use of aromatherapy with lavender is more effective than PMR therapy in reducing the anxiety level of patients undergoing spinal anesthesia.Due to the high level of anxiety and its serious effects on the patient’s hemodynamics,aromatherapy with lavender can be used as an easy and cheap method to reduce anxiety in operation rooms.

Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review

Nowadays, use of alternative and complementary therapies with mainstream medicine has gained the momentum. Aromatherapy is one of the complementary therapies which use essential oils as the major therapeutic agents to treat several diseases. The essential or volatile oils are extracted from the flowers, barks, stem, leaves, roots, fruits and other parts of the plant by various methods. It came into existence after the scientists deciphered the antiseptic and skin permeability properties of essential oils. Inhalation, local application and baths are the major methods used in aromatherapy that utilize these oils to penetrate the human skin surface with marked aura. Once the oils are in the system, they remodulate themselves and work in a friendly manner at the site of malfunction or at the affected area. This type of therapy utilizes various permutation and combinations to get relief from numerous ailments like depression, indigestion, headache, insomnia, muscular pain, respiratory problems, skin ailments, swollen joints, urine associated complications etc. The essential oils are found to be more beneficial when other aspects of life and diet are given due consideration. This review explores the information available in the literature regarding therapeutic, medical, cosmetic, psychological, olfactory, massage aromatherapy, safety issues and different plants used in aromatherapy. All the available information was compiled from electronic databases such as Academic Journals, Ethnobotany, Google Scholar, PubM ed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and library search.

Individualized Aromatherapy in End-of-Life Cancer Patients Care:A Case Report

As one of the methods of palliative care,aromatherapy has been applied gradually in clinical nursing work in China in recent years.Through aromatherapy,terminal cancer patients can get not only relieves of physical symptoms,but also spiritual relaxation and peace,thus have improved quality of life at the end stage.In this paper,we report in detail about how aromatherapy was applied for symptom control in a cancer patient with unknown primary malignancy and multiple metastasis and its effects on the terminal life of this patient.

Effectiveness of Aromatherapy Treatment in Alleviating Fatigue and Promoting Relaxation of Mothers during the Early Postpartum Period

Background: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of aroma hand treatment in alleviating fatigue and promoting relaxation of mothers in their early postpartum period. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with a two-group pretest-post-test design which used purposive sampling and non-random assignment of 242 consenting Japanese early postpartum mothers who were patients from a hospital maternity unit in Tokyo, Japan. The intervention involved a 20-minute aroma hand treatment using an effleurage method. The participants selected from 5 essential oils: pure lavender, ylang-ylang, citron, rosewood, and sweet orange. Relaxation promotion and fatigue alleviation as the main outcomes were measured using self-administered valid and reliable questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed using the two-sample t-test, two-way factorial ANOVA, and simple main effect test. SPSS ver. 23.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analysis at a 5% significance level. Results: Of 242 participants (intervention group, n = 122;comparison group, n = 120), 229 participants (intervention group, n = 115;comparison group, n = 114) were analyzed per protocol. The intervention group showed a significant improvement in relaxation (t = 6.43, p < 0.001). A significant difference in the simple main effect test of relaxation (F = 37.58, p < 0.001) was found. However, there was no significant reduction in fatigue. The majority (88.4%) of the participants indicated high satisfaction with the aroma hand treatment, and 90.5% evaluated the length of intervention time as appropriate. Conclusions: The aroma hand treatment effectively promoted relaxation of early postpartum mothers, but was less effective in alleviating their fatigue. Based on their high satisfaction rate, aroma hand treatment using essential oils may be considered effective in promoting relaxation of early postpartum mothers.

Aromatherapy for Laboring Women: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Aromatherapy is the therapeutic use of oil from herbs, flowers, and other plants. The aim of this meta-analysis was to quantify the effectiveness of aromatherapy for laboring women. We searched five electronic databases till November 15th 2013 including those Chinese and English language articles. A total of 4 eligible studies were identified. Aromatherapy was effective in reducing the length of labor, but there were no statistically significant effects in the use of pharmacological analgesia, spontaneous vaginal delivery, caesarean delivery and assisted vaginal birth. Due to the limited number of articles identified, the evidence is not sufficiently convincing that aromatherapy is an effective therapy for laboring women.

Research Progress of Aromatherapy in the Treatment of Obesity

Obesity is a common clinical disease,in order to take a healthy and simple way to treat it,the volatile properties of traditional Chinese medicine play a role in lifting weights.Aromatherapy uses the four qi and five flavors of traditional Chinese medicine as a typical representative.In order to explore the mechanism of action of aromatherapy in depth,through the etiology and pathogenesis of obesity,the historical origin of modern times,related organs,pathogenesis,and the research progress of aromatherapy in the treatment of obesity,the classification of aromatherapy,and the related research of aromatic drugs,it is found that aromatherapy has a large number of significant clinical effects in modern times.It can be used to treat obesity independently under the guidance of the basic theory of Chinese medicine,and can also be combined with other Chinese medicines to form prescription drug treatment,and in combination with other ways to treat obesity.However,at present,this method of treating obesity has not received widespread attention,and it still needs to be studied and promoted by scholars.

Lavender aromatherapy on anxiety and depression in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: a single-blind randomized clinical trial

Objective:In cardiovascular disease,a patient’s anxiety and depression can increase cardiac rehabilitation duration and recovery.Lavender aromatherapy as a non-pharmacological intervention effective in other contexts may be an efficient intervention to alleviating anxiety and depression in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome(ACS).Methods:In this study,110 ACS patients were randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups.Inhalation of the lavender fragrance was prescribed for the intervention group and the drop of aromatic almond for the control group for 3 days.Results:The first-day anxiety and depression were significantly different in the two groups at 1 h and 9 h after the intervention.The’morning’s difference before the intervention was not significant,but it was substantial 1 h after the intervention.On the third morning of the intervention,this difference was confirmed.Conclusions:This study confirmed the effectiveness of lavender aromatherapy in reducing anxiety and depression in ACS patients.This’study’s results enable intensive care nurses to use aromatherapy with lavender oil as a non-pharmacological and cost-effective intervention to reduce their psychological tensions and increase patient satisfaction during hospitalization in the cardiac care units(CCU).

Development Prospect of Aromatherapy Industry in Yunnan Province

This paper firstly introduced domestic and foreign supply of products processed by aromatherapy plant. On the basis of predicting market demand of aromatherapy plant,it analyzed current development situation of the plant in Yunnan Province. It arrived at the conclusion that the industry has broad market prospect. Then,it analyzed competitive advantages and risk factors of aromatherapy plant in Yunnan Province. There are climate,location and price advantages,but due to lack of product standard,it is difficult to guarantee quality,and there are certain market risks. Finally,it put forward recommendations for development of aromatherapy industry:( 1) taking full advantage of preferential policies to set up leading enterprises and realize radiated development;( 2) bringing into play of resource advantages and introducing capitals and technologies;( 3) Fostering market and driving the industrial development.

The effects of inhaled aromatherapy on complications of hemodialysis patients: a systematic review

Objective:To evaluate the effect of inhaled aromatherapy on complications in patients undergoing hemodialysis.Methods:We search the PubMed,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,Embase and China Biomedical Literature Database from their inception to December,2019 to collect randomized controlled trials about the effects of inhaled aromatherapy on hemodialysis complications.Literatures screening,data extraction and risk of bias assessment for the included studies were conducted by two reviewers independently.We summarized all findings with qualitative analysis.Results:A total of 15 studies with 967 participants were included in the systematic review.Inhaled aromatherapy can reduce anxiety,depression,arteriovenous fistula puncture pain,stress and fatigue,and improve the quality of sleep and perceived well-being in hemodialysis patients.Conclusion:Inhaled aromatherapy had certain effects on complications in hemodialysis patients,which can be used as a simple and convenient treatment,but further research was needed to determine standardized implementation procedures and standards.

Effect of lavender aromatherapy on pruritus, anxiety, and sleep quality of patients undergoing hemodialysis: a randomized controlled trial

Background:Patie nts un dergo ing hemodialysis experie nces some symptoms.Pruritus,an xiety,and sleep quality are three of the most com mon symptoms.Eve n though some pharmacological treatme nts use to cope with these symptoms,they are still experie need by the patie nts at a high level.Aim:This study aimed to determine the effect of lavender oil aromatherapy on pruritus,anxiety,and sleep quality of patients undergoing hemodialysis.Method:This randomized con trolled study was carried out betwee n December 2019 and March 2020.Eighty of 895 eligible patients were included in the study.Aromatherapy inhalation and massage together applied to the patients for six weeks.5D-Itch Scale,State Anxiety Inventory(SAI),and Richard Campbell Sleep Questio nn aire(RCSQ)were used for data collecti on.IBM SPSS 25.0 were used for statistical an alysis.Mann-Whit ney U,Wilcox on sig ned-ra nks test,and repeated measures-ANOVA tests were used to compare the difference between the groups and simple regression analysis to investigate the relationship between the dependent and independent variables.Results:Most of the patients were male(57.5%)and aged between 41 and 55 years(52.5%).There was significant difference in the mean scores of SAI(Pretest:44.02±5.33,Post-test:35.40±4.52,P=0.003),5D-Itch scale(Pretest:9.80±2.04,Post-test:7.00±2.31,P=0.001),and RCSQ(Pretest:17.11±40.30,Post-test:58.55±33.74,P=0.002)with in time in the in terve ntio n group.There was a statistically significant differenee between the groups regarding the mean scores of SAI(Intervention:35.40±4.52,Control:46.84±4.62,P=0.003),5D-Itch scale(Intervention:7.00±2.31,Control:8.96±2.05,P=0.004),and RCSQ(Intervention:58.55±33.74,Control:19.93±28.36,P=0.001)after the intervention.Conclusion:After six-weeks intervention,lavender aromatherapy was found an effective way to reduce pruritus,anxiety and to improve the sleep quality of patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Application Progress of Aromatherapy in Perioperative Patients

Aromatherapy is a sort of natural therapy for body maintenanceusing essential oils and vegetable oils extracted from natural plants. It belongsto the category of homeopathy. Aromatherapy combines the dual functions ofart and treatment, comprehensively considers the needs of human physiologyand psychology, and is widely used in the field of medical care. Aromatherapyis one of the complementary and alternative treatments extensively studiedat home and abroad. It has a relieving effect on postoperative pain, sleepdisturbance, nausea, vomiting and preoperative anxiety, and is an importantintervention in perioperative care. A large number of research data show thatfor a long time, the application of aromatherapy is an effective alternativeand auxiliary medical means, which can improve people’s comfort and solvemany health problems. There are a lot of controversies about the possiblerisks and safety of aromatherapy, but in general, compared with traditionaldrugs for the treatment of same diseases, aromatherapy is safe and has fewrecords of serious side effects. This review intends to provide an overview ofaromatherapy and its application status in the perioperative period, in orderto provide a reference for improving the comfort and quality of life of patientsin the perioperative period.

Effects of Aromatherapy on Physical and Mental Health of Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy and/or Chemotherapy: A Meta-Analysis

Backgroup:Currently,aromatherapy is being increasingly utilized in clinical practice,particularly in managing the side effects associated with radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy.However,it remains to be established whether aromatherapy can effectively alleviate these symptoms.Objective:To investigate the effects of aromatherapy on the physical and mental health of patients with cancer undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Methods:Seven databases were researched from inception until September 29,2023,including PubMed,Scopus,and Web of Science,Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wanfang database,China Biology Medicine disc and VIP Chinese Medical Journal Database.Review Manager version 5.3 was utilized for data analysis.The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool RoB2 was employed to evaluate the quality of the literature included in the study.Evidence quality rating was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluation(GRADE) approach through the GRADEpro GDT online tool.Results:Nineteen studies involving 1,541 patients were included.Aromatherapy can alleviate nausea [relative risk(RR)=0.64,95% confidence interval(CI):0.53 to 0.78,P<0.05,I^(2)=46%;standardized mean difference(SMD)=-0.86,95% CI:-1.21 to-0.51,P<0.05,I^(2)=64%] and vomiting(RR=0.54,95% CI:0.42 to 0.69,P<0.05,I^(2)=35%;SMD=-1.28,95% CI:-1.52 to-1.03,P<0.05,I^(2)=92%),improve sleep disorders [mean difference(MD)=-3.39,95% CI:-3.95 to-2.84,P<0.05,I^(2)=0%],relieve pain(SMD=-1.58,95% CI:-1.96 to-1.21,P<0.05,I^(2)=0%),mitigate fatigue(SMD=-1.28,95% CI:-2.44 to-0.11,P<0.05,I^(2)=93%) and enhance quality of life(SMD=0.50,95% CI:0.22 to 0.79,P<0.05,I^(2)=0%) in cancer patients after radiotherapy and chemotherapy,but it may not have a significant effect on anxiety.The risk of bias was high in the included studies using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool RoB2,and no studies were considered to be of high grade according to the GRADE system.Conclusions:Aromatherapy is an efficacious,safe and economic adjunctive therapy for cancer patients,which can mend the physical symptoms and mental health of cancer patients.However,more high-quality studies are needed to verify it.(PROSPERO registration No.CRD42023390171)

Effects of aromatherapy with Rosa damascena on nulliparous women's pain and anxiety of labor during first stage of labor

Background： Reducing labor pain and anxiety is one of the most important goals of maternity care. Objective： This study aimed to assess the effects of aromatherapy with Rosa damascena on pain and anxiety in the first stage of labor among nulliparous women. Design, setting, participants and interventions： This was a randomized clinical trial of 110 nulliparous women. The eligible participants were randomly assigned to two groups of aromatherapy and control in an Iranian maternity hospital. The participants received 0.08 mL of Rosa damascena essence in the aro- matherapy group and 0.08 mL of normal saline in the control group, every 30 min. Pain was measured 3 times, once each at three stages of cervical dilation （4-5, 6-7, and 8-10 cm）. Anxiety was measured twice, once each at two stages of cervical dilation （4-7 and 8-10 cm）. The tools for data collection were the Spielberger anxiety questionnaire, numerical pain rating scale, demographic and obstetric questionnaire, and an observational checklist. Data analyses included the t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test. Main outcome measures： Severity of labor pain and severity of anxiety were used as primary outcome measures. Labor and delivery characteristics （including number of contractions, duration of contractions in second stage, Bishop score, augmentation by oxytocin, Apgar score, and mode of delivery）, demographic characteristics, and fertility information were used as secondary outcome measures. Results： Pain severity in the group receiving aromatherapy with R. damoscena was significantly lower than in the control group after treatment at each pain assessment （cervical dilation of 4-5, 6-7, and 8-10 cm; P 〈 0.05）. Anxiety levels were also significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group after treatment at each time of measurement （cervical dilation of 4-7 and 8-10 cm; P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： Aromatherapy with R. damascena reduced the severity of pain and anxiety in the first stage of labor. Aromatherapy with R. damascena is a convenient and effective method for pain and anxiety reduc- tion during the first stage of labor.

Optimizing methyl-eugenol aromatherapy to maximize posttreatment effects to enhance mating competitiveness of male Bactrocera carambolae （Diptera： Tephritidae）

Methyl-eugenol （ME） （1,2-dimethoxy-4-（2-propenyl）benzene）, a natural phy- tochemical, did enhance male Bactrocera carambolae Drew ＆ Hancock （Diptera： Tephri- tidae） mating competitiveness 3 d after ingestion. Enhanced male mating competitiveness can significantly increase the effectiveness of the sterile insect technique （SIT）. ME appli- cation to mass reared sterile flies by feeding is infeasible. ME application by aromatherapy however, would be a very practical way of ME application in fly emergence and release facilities. This approach was shown to enhance mating competitiveness ofB. carambolae 3 d posttreatment （DPT）. Despite this added benefit, every additional day of delaying re- lease will reduce sterile fly quality and will add cost to SIT application. The present study was planned to assess the effects of ME-aromatherapy on male B. carambolae mating competitiveness 1DPT and 2DPT. ME aromatherapy 1DPT or 2DPT did enhance mating competitiveness of B. carambolae males whereas ME feeding 1DPT and 2DPT did not. Male mating competitiveness was enhanced by the ME aromatherapy irrespective if they received 1DPT, 2DPT or 3DPT. ME aromatherapy, being a viable approach for its applica- tion, did enhance mating competitiveness of male B. carambolae 1 d posttreatrnent as ME feeding did 3 d after ingestion.

To Blend or Not to Blend? Anxiety Buffering Effects of Essential Oil Aromas

Essential oils of pure lavender and lavender blends have been employed as potential anxiolytic aromas in aromatherapy, but a direct comparison of their effectiveness is lacking. The current study investigated the effects of aroma on induced anxiety in non-clinical adults, comparing pure lavender, a commercially available blend and a no aroma control. An experimental, quantitative, mixed factorial design with an opportunity sample of 60 participants was employed. Participants were randomly allocated to three equal groups, one tested in a room infused with lavender aroma, the second with the doTerra Peace® blend, and the third free from any aroma. Participants’ state anxiety scores were measured before and after a novel video-based anxiety induction procedure. Data analysis revealed that the anxiety induction was successful and that both aromas delivered small to medium-sized buffering effects compared to no aroma. The findings add to a small body of research in an area where the practice is global yet has limited scientific evaluation. Future studies utilising brain imaging and blood serum analysis to investigate the anxiolytic mechanism of aromas would be beneficial to further our understanding.

Precision grounding augments the therapeutic benefits of simultaneous topical essential oil application

Grounding or earthing involves making physical contact with the Earth's surface by walking barefoot on natural surfaces or using grounding devices that simulate direct contact with the Earth.Precision Grounding is believed to balance the electrical charge in the human body and has potential physical and psychological benefits,including reduced inflammation,improved sleep quality,and decreased anxiety and depression symptoms.Combining earthing therapy with essential oils is gaining popularity as a natural and effective therapeutic technique.Essential oils contain antioxidants and anti-inflammatory chemicals that complement the benefits of earthing therapy.This study aims to highlight a novel method for reducing inflammation by combining essential oils with precision grounding and to emphasize the significance of the duration and intensity of grounding on inflammation and injury.The findings indicate that essential oils combined with precision grounding can reduce pain and alter the levels of neutrophils,lymphocytes,and inflammation-related chemicals in circulation.The review underscores the potential of earthing with essential oils as a simple and widely available clinical intervention with potentially significant therapeutic implications.Precision Grounding therapy is safe and theoretically beneficial for most people,but medical advice should be sought before beginning any new wellness practice.

Evidence for accuracy of pain assessment and painkillers utilization in neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia in Calabria region,Italy

During the clinical course of dementia,beside cognitive impairment and memory loss,a very complex challenge is posed by the neuropsychiatric symptoms（NPSs）.Accurate evaluation and treatment of pain impacts positively the agitation of demented patients aged ≥ 65 years.To gather information on the utilization of pain killers in demented patients a preliminary survey has been conducted in collaboration with the Calabrian Pharmacovigilance Territorial Service of the health district of Catanzaro（Italy）.The study has taken into consideration the prescriptions of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine during the period ranging from July 2015 to June 2016 and the percentage of patients treated against pain with non steroidal antinflammatory drugs,opioids,and anticonvulsants have been monitored.The latter have been evaluated statistically for difference between the treatment before（pre） and after（post） the settlement of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors（ACh EI） or memantine therapy.The results do support accuracy in painkillers utilization in the course of dementia in the regional population of Calabria（Italy）.

Cutaneous implications of essential oils

Essential oils(EOs) as home remedies and for health benefits have been used for millennia,but with the recent surge in the popularity of natural products,these oils have garnered increased attention.EOs are complex natural mixtures obtained plant materials,and have demonstrated potent biological effects in vitro.They have commercial value in the food,cosmetics,and fragrance industries,and also have also experienced a steady rise in personal and home use as part of aromatherapy.Currently,widespread acceptance and use of EOs is limited by a lack of large-scale clinical trials in humans.In addition,they are associated with notable side effects such as contact and allergic dermatitis,among a myriad of rare but serious systemic side effects.This review is intended to provide the clinician with key background information and biology of essentials oils,identify key trials demonstrating benefits,and describe adverse effects,with a focus on cutaneous presentations.

The Effects of Aroma Hand Massage on Fatigue and Sleeping among Hospice Patients

Purpose: The purpose of this study was the comparative effects on fatigue and sleep of aroma hand massage vs. hand massage among hospice patients in a hospital. Methods: The design of this study was a nonequivalent comparison group pretest-posttest design. This study was performed from May to December 2012 in a hospice ward. A total of 30 hospice patients in a hospice ward participated in the study (17 in an aroma massage group and 13 in a massage group). The Piper Fatigue Scale was used to measure the fatigue level. The quantity of sleep was measured using sleep hours and the quality of sleep using the Verran & Snyder-Halpern sleep scale (1987). The aroma massage group used 1:1 lavender and bergamot diluted to 1% with 100 ml jojoba carrier oil. The massage group used carrier oil without an essential oil. Each treatment was performed for 10 minutes prior to the subject’s sleeping time, once a day and for 5 days. Data were analyzed using t-test, x2-test, Fisher’s exact test and the repeated measures ANOVA with the SPSS program. Results: The increase in the fatigue and decrease in the sleep quantity were lower in the aroma hand massage compared to the only hand massage but they were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The quality of sleeping improved in the aroma hand massage group compared to the control group even though it was not significant. For the further studies, assessing and respecting the patient’s aroma preference were important considerations when providing aromatherapy and the appropriation of using 1% essential oil to dilute needs to be tested for the hospice patients in the further studies

Essential Oil from Citrus aurantium Alleviates Anxiety of Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective To determine the effectiveness and safety of essential oil from Citrus aurantium on anxiety in patients undergoing coronary angiography.Methods A single-blind,randomized controlled trial was conducted in 80 patients experiencing coronary angiography in Imam Ali Hospital in Kermanshah,Iran from April to November in 2016.All patients were randomly divided into intervention and control groups by a random number table,40 cases in each group.The patients in the intervention group inhaled Citrus aurantium essential oil for 15–20 min about 60 min before angiography.Following the same procedure,distilled water was used instead of Citrus aurantium in the control group.Spielbergers State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI)was filled in and vital signs including systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP),respiratory and pulse rate were recorded before and 20 min after the intervention.Adverse reactions after intervention were observed.Results In the intervention group,the mean scores of STAI,SBP,DBP,respiratory and pulse rate were 53.30±10.13,134.82±11.75 mm Hg,84.49±6.99 mm Hg,17.87±1.73 times/min,and 76.48±12.55 beats/min at baseline and significantly decreased to 42.37±10.15,124.49±10.48 mm Hg,79.23±6.62 mm Hg,14.54±1.43 times/min,and 70.03±13.66 beats/min respectively 20 min after intervention(all P<0.05);however,in the control group,neither anxiety scores nor vital signs changed significantly(P>0.05).All subjects reported no adverse reactions.Conclusion Inhalation of the essential oil from Citrus aurantium was effective in reducing anxiety and stress levels in patients undergoing coronary angiography.