Hyperbranched polymer hollow-fiber-composite membranes for pervaporation separation of aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures

The separation of aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures is crucial in the petrochemical industry.Pervaporation is regarded as a promising approach for the separation of aromatic compounds from alkanes. Developing membrane materials with efficient separation performance is still the main task since the membrane should provide chemical stability, high permeation flux, and selectivity. In this study, the hyperbranched polymer(HBP) was deposited on the outer surface of a polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membrane by a facile dip-coating method. The dip-coating rate, HBP concentration, and thermal cross-linking temperature were regulated to optimize the membrane structure.The obtained HBP/PVDF hollow-fiber-composite membrane had a good separation performance for aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures. For the 50%/50%(mass) toluene/n-heptane mixture, the permeation flux of optimized composite membranes could reach 1766 g·m^(-2)·h^(-1), with a separation factor of 4.1 at 60℃. Therefore, the HBP/PVDF hollow-fiber-composite membrane has great application prospects in the pervaporation separation of aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures.

Membrane materials in the pervaporation separation of aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures—A review

The separation of aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures is a significant process in chemical industry, but challenged in some cases. Compared with conventional separation technologies, pervaporation is quite promising in terms of its economical, energy-saving, and eco-friendly advantages. However, this technique has not been used in industry for separating aromatic/aliphatic mixtures yet. One of the main reasons is that the separation performance of existed pervaporation membranes is unsatisfactory. Membrane material is an important factor that affects the separation performance. This review provides an overview on the advances in studying membrane materials for the pervaporation separation of aromatic/aliphatic mixtures over the past decade. Explored pristine polymers and their hybrid materials(as hybrid membranes) are summarized to highlight their nature and separation performance. We anticipate that this review could provide some guidance in the development of new materials for the aromatic/aliphatic pervaporation separation.

Highly selective extraction of aromatics from aliphatics by using metal chloride-based ionic liquids

The separation of aromatics from aliphatics is essential for achieving maximum exploitation of oil resources in the petrochemical industry.In this study,a series of metal chloride-based ionic liquids were prepared and their performances in the separation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene(tetralin)/dodecane and tetralin/decalin systems were studied.Among these ionic liquids,1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate([EMIM][FeCl_(4)])with the highest selectivity was used as the extractant.Density functional theory calculations showed that[EMIM][FeCl_(4)]interacted more strongly with tetralin than with dodecane and decalin.Energy decomposition analysis of[EMIM][FeCl_(4)]-tetralin indicated that electrostatics and dispersion played essential roles,and induction cannot be neglected.The van der Waals forces was a main effect in[EMIM][FeCl_(4)]-tetralin by independent gradient model analysis.The tetralin distribution coefficient and selectivity were 0.8 and 110,respectively,with 10%(mol)tetralin in the initial tetralin/dodecane system,and 0.67 and 19.5,respectively,with 10%(mol)tetralin in the initial tetralin/decalin system.The selectivity increased with decreasing alkyl chain length of the extractant.The influence of the extraction temperature,extractant dosage,and initial concentrations of the system components on the separation performance were studied.Recycling experiments showed that the regenerated[EMIM][FeCl_(4)]could be used repeatedly.

Effect of the Structure of Cations and Anions of Ionic Liquids on Separation of Aromatics from Hydrocarbon Mixtures

The effects of the structure of typical cations and anions of ionic liquids on the separation of benzene and toluene from aromatic/paraffin mixtures were studied. The .results showed that the corresponding separation factors were considerably larger than those of the traditional solvents （Benzene＋Hexane＋sulfolane）, and that the ionic liquids could be used as novel solvents for the separation of aromatics from hydrocarbon mixtures. The key parameters governing the ability of ionic liquids for separating aromatics from hydrocarbon sources were investigated. It was found that the effectiveness of the ionic liquids, based on the same anion, changed in the cation order of [BIqu]^＋〈 [BPy]^＋〈 [BMIM]^＋. The selectivity of the ionic liquid toward aromatics decreased apparently with the increasing length of the substituted alkyl chain of its cationic head ring. The separation factors, based on the same cation, changed in the anion order of [Tf2N]^-〈[PF6]^-〈[BF4]^-〈[C2H5SO4]^-. The solubilities of the aromatics were greater in the ionic liquids based on the former three anions than that in the ionic liquids involving [C2H5SO4]^-.

Preparation and characterization of biodegradable aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters/nano-SiO_2 hybrids via in situ melt polycondensation

In situ melt polycondensation was proposed to prepare biodegradable aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters/nano-SiO2 hybrids based on terephthalic acid （TPA）, poly（L-lactic acid） oligomer （OLLA）, 1,4-butanediol （BDO） and nano-SiO2. TEM and FT-IR characterizations confirmed that TPA, OLLA and BDO copolymerized to obtain biodegradable copolyesters, poly（butylene terepbthalate-co-lactate） （PBTL）, and the abundant hydroxyl groups on the surface of nano-SiO2 provided potential sites for in situ grafting with the simultaneous resulted PBTL. The nano-SiO2 particles were chemically wrapped with PBTL to form PBTL/nano- SiO2 hybrids. Due to the good dispersion and interfacial adhesion of nano-SiO2 particles with the copolyester matrix, the tensile strength and the Young＇s modulus increased from 5.4 and 5.6 MPa for neat PBTL to 16 and 390 MPa for PBTL/nano-SiO2 hybrids with 5 wt.% nano-SiO2, respectively. The mechanical properties of PBTL/nano-SiO2 hybrids were substantially improved.

BIODEGRADABLE ALIPHATIC/AROMATIC COPOLYESTERS BASED ON TEREPHTHALIC ACID AND POLY(L-LACTIC ACID):SYNTHESIS,CHARACTERIZATION AND HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION

Biodegradable aliphatic/aromatic copolyesters, poly（butylene terephthalate-co-lactate） （PBTL） were prepared via direct melt polycondensation of terephthalic acid （TPA）, 1,4-butanediol （BDO） and poly（L-lactic acid） oligomer （OLLA）. The effects of polymerization time and temperature, as well as aliphatic/aromatic moiety ratio on the physical and thermal properties were investigated. The largest molecular weight of the copolyesters was up to 64100 with molecular weight distribution index of 2.09 when the polycondensation was carried out at 230℃ for 6 h. DSC, XRD, DMA and TGA analysis clearly indicated that the degree of crystallinity, glass-transition temperature, melting point, decomposition temperature, tensile strength, elongation and Young＇s modulus were influenced by the ratio between TPA and OLLA in the final copolyesters. Hydrolytic degradation results demonstrated that the incorporation of biodegradable lactate moieties into the aromatic polyester could efficiently improve hydrolytic degradability of the copolymer even though it still had many aromatic units in the main chains.

Study on Structure and Crystallinity of A New Biodegradable Aliphatic-Aromatic Copolyester

A series of biodegradable aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters, poly(butylene terephthalate-co-butylene adipate-co- ethylene terephthalate-co-ethylene adipate) (PBATE), were synthesized from terephthalic acid (PTA), adipic acid (AA), 1,4-butanediol (BG) and ethylene glycol (EG) through direct esterification and polycondensation. The sequence structure and crystallinity of the copolyester were investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and the wide-angle X-ray diffractometry (WAXD). The analytical results showed that the PBATE copolyester was a random copolymer and the composition of PBATE copolyester was almost consistent with the feed molar ratios. The crystal structure of PBATE copolyester belonged to the triclinic crystalline system; The variation in melting point of the synthesized PBATE copolyester agreed well with the estimation obtained by the Flory equation and was applicable to the random copolymer.

Physical-Rheological Properties and Performances of Rejuvenated(Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene)Asphalt with Polymerized-MDI and Aromatic Oil

Traditional asphalt rejuvenators,like aromatic oil(AO),are known to be effective in improving the low-temperature properties and fatigue performances of aged SBS(styrene-butadiene-styrene)modified asphalt(SBSMA)binders and mixtures.However,these rejuvenators inevitably compromise their high-temperature properties and deformation resistances because they dilute asphalt binder but do not fix the damaged structures of aged SBS.In this study,a highly-active chemical called polymerized 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate(PMDI)was used to assist the traditional AO asphalt rejuvenator.The physical and rheological characteristics of rejuvenated SBSMA binders and the moisture-induced damage and rut deformation performances of corresponding mixtures were comparatively evaluated.The results showed that the increasing proportion of AO compromises the hightemperature property and hardness of aged SBSMA binder,and an appropriate amount of PMDI works to compensate such losses;3%rejuvenator at mass ratio of AO:PMDI=70:30 can have a rejuvenated SBSMA binder with a high-temperature performance similar to that of fresh binder,approximately at 71.4°C;the use of AO can help reduce the viscosity of PMDI rejuvenated SBSMA binder for improving its workability;PMDI can help improve the resistance of AO rejuvenated SBSMA binder to deformation,especially at elevated temperatures,through its chemical reactions with aged SBS;moisture induction can enhance the resistance to damage of rejuvenated mixtures containing AO/PMDI or only PMDI;and the rejuvenator with a mass ratio of AO:PMDI=70:30 can lead the rejuvenated mixture to meet the application requirement,with a rut depth of only 2.973 mm,although more PMDI can result in a higher resistance of rejuvenated mixtures to high-temperature deformation.

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Toluene-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon System in Sub- and Supercritical State

The phase behaviors of toluene/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixture systems were investigated with a continuous-flow type apparatus at 573.2, 598.2, 623.2 and 648.2 K, while the pressure changed from 1 to 5MPa. The pseudo-binary phase behaviors were predicted with the Peng-Robinson equation of state with interaction parameters between toluene and pseudo-components considered. The phase diagrams of the system have been classified following the category of phase boundary diagram models. The extraction selectivity and efficiency of tolu-ene as a solvent was discussed by comparing with that of hexane. The prediction model for selectivity was also suggested.

Computational Study for the Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction on 1-Dimethylamino-2,4-bis(trifluoroacetyl)-naphthalene with Amines

Our previous research showed that aliphatic amines were put in order of high reactivity as “ethylamine > ammonia > t-butylamine > diethylamine” on the aromatic nucleophilic substitution of 1-dimetylamino-2,4-bis(trifluoroacetyl)-naphthalene 1 in acetonitrile. The DFT calculation study (B3LYP/6-31G* with solvation model) for the reactions of 1 with above four amines rationally explained the difference of each amines reactivity based on the energies of their Meisenheimer complexes 3 which are assumed to formed as the reaction intermediates in the course of the reaction giving the corresponding N-N exchange products 2. Intramolecular hydrogen bond between amino proton in 1-amino group and carbonyl oxygen in 2-trifluoroacetyl group stabilizes Meisenheimer complexes 3 effectively, and accelerates the substitution reaction from 1 to 2. Our calculation results also predicted that the above order of amines is also true if less polar toluene is used as a solvent instead of acetonitrile even though more enhanced conditions are required.

乌兰煤生物产气过程中大分子结构的变化特征

为阐明煤的大分子结构特征及其在生物产气过程中的变化,选择内蒙古锡林郭勒盟乌兰图噶矿区的褐煤进行生物产气实验,通过^(13)C-NMR测试、元素分析、X射线光电子能谱测试研究其结构变化特征。结果表明:原始乌兰煤样的芳香结构基本单元由3个苯环、3个萘环、1个蒽环和3个吡咯组成,碳原子总数为129个。经过微生物的生物产气作用,碳原子总数减少了21个,其中芳香族碳减少了4个,脂肪族碳减少了17个。原始乌兰煤样大分子结构中的脂肪碳原子为55个,生物产气结束后,脂肪碳数量减少了21.8%,亚甲基碳数量减少了25%,次甲基碳和季碳数量减少了16.7%,氧接脂碳和甲基碳数量分别减少了14.3%和33.3%。煤大分子的芳香结构基本单元和侧链脱落主要发生在水解阶段,在后期产甲烷阶段,煤的结构改造基本停止,仅依靠已脱落于反应液中的物质参与生化反应,这证实了在生物产气过程中,煤大分子结构向更高芳构化程度转化是一个显著的趋势。

Predicting toxicity of aromatic ternary mixtures to algae

Aquatic ecosystems are often polluted with more than one type of contaminant, and information on the combined toxic effects of mixed pollutants on aquatic organisms is scarce at present. Acute toxicity of aromatic compounds and their ternary mixtures to the alga (Scenedesmus obliquus) was determined by the algae growth inhibition test. The median effective concentration (EC50) value for a single aromatic compound and EC50mix values for mixtures were obtained. the logarithm of n-octanol/water partition coefficient (logPmix) and the frontier orbital energy gap (ΔEmix) for mixtures were calculated. Based on the quantitative structure-activity relationship model for single chemical toxicity log(1/EC50) =0.426logP -1.150ΔE +12.61 (n=15, R2=0.917 and Q2=0.878), the following two-descriptor model was developed for the ternary mixture toxicity of aromatic compounds: log(1/EC50mix)=0.682logPmix-0.367ΔEmix+ 4.971 (n=44, R2=0.869 and Q2=0.843). This model can be used to predict the combined toxicity of mixtures containing toxicants with different mechanisms of action.

Sodium Bisulfite： An Efficient Catalyst for Ether Formation via Dehydration of Aromatic/Aliphatic Alcohol

Straightforward etherification of benzyl alcohols （1） via intermolecular dehydration can be efficiently catalyzed by sodium bisulfite under solvent-free conditions. In the presence of 0.3 mol% or 0.6 mol% amount of sodium bisulfite, symmetric and unsymmetric ethers are prepared from the corresponding alcohols in high yields （up to 95%）. Etherification of benzhydryl alcohols is also discussed.

Organosoluble Aliphatic-Aromatic Poly(ether-amide)s Based on Pyridine Moiety in the Main Chain: Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Studies

A series organosoluble and heterocyclic poly（ether-amide）s （PEA）s were synthesized from a new diamine containing pyridine moiety and four aliphatic-aromatic dicarboxylic acids by direct polycondensation reactions. Dicarboxilic acids 4a-4d containing ether groups were synthesized in two step reactions. At first, dialdehydes 3a-3d were synthesized from four dibromo alkanes la-ld and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde 2, then dicarboxilic acids 4a-4d were synthesized from dialdehydes 3a-3d and malonic acid in a solvent free reaction. On the other hand, the new diamine 8 containing pyridine ring was synthesized in two step reactions. The structures of synthesized monomers and polymers were proven by FTIR, NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Also all of the above polymers were fully characterized by inherent viscosity, solubility tests, gel permeation chromatography （GPC）, differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and thermogravimetric analysis （TGA）. The resulted PEAs have shown good inherent viscosities, solubility and thermal properties.

生物基半芳香族共聚酰胺PA5T/56与脂肪族聚酰胺PA56的性能对比

生物基聚酰胺PA56凭借其绿色低碳的原料来源以及与商业化PA66相近的综合性能而受到关注,但受限于脂肪族的柔性主链结构,无法满足高温场景下的使用需求。为解决上述问题,引入对苯二甲酸构筑生物基半芳香族共聚酰胺PA5T/56,对PA5T/56的结构及性能进行系统研究,并与生物基脂肪族聚酰胺PA56进行对比分析。红外光谱与核磁共振氢谱的表征结果验证了PA5T/56与PA56结构上的差异;相比PA56,PA5T/56具有更高的玻璃化转变温度(t_(g)=113℃)、更优的热稳定性(t_(d,5%)=392℃,t_(dmax)=423℃),以及更佳的热机械性能,同时其在高温下具有适宜加工的熔体黏度(<10^(3)Pa·s),这些优势赋予生物基半芳香族PA5T/56广阔的应用前景。

伊敏褐煤腐植酸结构特征及其分子模型构建

从褐煤中提取腐植酸对于实现褐煤的清洁高效利用具有重要的意义,而探究蒙东地区褐煤腐植酸结构并构建相应的分子模型对于该地区褐煤应用具有广泛的指导作用。采用碱溶酸析法提取蒙东伊敏褐煤的腐植酸,通过采用X射线衍射、^(13)C核磁共振以及X射线光电子能谱等方法对腐植酸的结构特征进行全面表征。结果表明:伊敏褐煤腐植酸中的芳香结构是基础,而脂肪结构主要以交联键以及侧链形式存在;褐煤腐植酸中的芳香团簇尺寸较小,芳香层间距相对较大,且呈现无序排列。根据结构表征相关参数,重构了具有代表性的中国蒙东伊敏褐煤腐植酸分子模型。所构建的伊敏褐煤腐植酸分子结构模型计算数据与实验数据大体吻合,能够充分反映伊敏褐煤腐植酸的化学结构特点。模型中芳香碳结构主要以苯、萘环的形式呈现,少量以菲环形式的存在;脂肪碳主要以较短的侧链和脂肪环形式存在,起到连接芳香基本结构单元的作用。氧元素主要以羧基和酯等O—C=O形式存在,同时还包括一定量的酮、醛、醌、酚、醇以及醚氧,其中羰基C O和醚氧具有交联作用。氮元素则主要以吡咯环的形式存在,并伴有少量的吡啶环和季氮。与西南地区云南褐煤腐植酸结构相比,伊敏褐煤中的芳香碳含量更高且吡咯含氮官能团所占比例也更大,并呈现出一定的地区差异性。

渗透汽化芳烃/烷烃分离膜材料

芳烃/烷烃混合物的分离在石油化工及环保领域都具有重大意义。与传统的萃取精馏等技术相比,渗透汽化膜技术以其清洁、节能和高效的优点,应用于芳烃/烷烃混合物的分离并受到重视。本文综述了渗透汽化芳烃/烷烃分离膜的研究进展,概述了渗透汽化技术的基本原理和应用,重点介绍了用于渗透汽化芳烃/烷烃分离的聚酰亚胺、聚氨酯等高分子膜材料的结构特点和分离性能。总结了膜材料的接枝、共聚和共混,添加传质促进剂的改性方法。分析了渗透汽化芳烃/烷烃分离膜材料的研究思路,在此基础上对渗透汽化芳烃/烷烃分离膜材料的研究方向和发展前景进行了展望。

不同变质程度煤的碳结构特征及其演化机制

应用X射线衍射(XRD)与核磁共振碳谱测试(13C-NMR)相结合的方法,对5个不同变质程度煤(WMC长焰煤、LL3焦煤、LL4焦煤、CZ无烟煤与SH无烟煤)的碳结构特征及其演化进行了研究。结果表明:(1)变质程度是影响煤中碳结构演化的最重要因素。随着煤变质程度的增加,煤中芳碳率增大,芳香核缩聚程度增加,芳香结构单元排列趋于有序。(2)变质环境对煤的碳结构演化具有重要影响。高温低压环境下,WMC煤中芳香结构单元发生超前演化,形成一系列堆垛高度大延展度小的芳香结构体系;脂肪类物质中,一方面脂肪侧链发生快速热解,形成较多的环甲基,另一方面煤中已有的脂肪环发生热解断裂,形成新的脂肪链,导致支链化程度增加。(3)中等变质程度的LL4与LL3煤中发生了显著的脂环化作用,导致其季碳含量明显增高,支链化程度降低。(4)随着变质程度增加,CZ与SH煤样中,脂肪环发生断裂,形成新的脂肪链致使支链化程度增加,成为高变质程度煤中形成更大芳香体系的前奏。

生物可降解脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯的研究进展

综述了以脂肪族酯和芳香族酯为单体制备生物可降解脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯的研究进展。随脂肪族酯链段的长度和共聚酯无规立构度的变化,共聚酯的物理性能(强度、柔韧性)和降解性能发生明显的变化。这类共聚酯通常结合脂肪族聚酯的生物可降解性和芳香族聚酯优异的热和力学性能(其力学性能甚至超过低密度聚乙烯),成为一类新型可替代传统塑料的生物可降解材料,因此可推广应用于生物医学和环境友好的材料领域。

含芳香组分共聚酯的生物降解性研究

采用稀土-钛催化剂,以1,4-丁二醇、己二酸和对苯二甲酸二甲酯为原料制备了聚己二酸丁二醇酯和对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(BT)的一系列共聚酯,对共聚酯的相对分子质量、熔点、断裂拉伸强度和断裂伸长率进行了测试。并采用堆肥埋片法,将BT 摩尔分数为40％和60％的两种共聚酯与纸、聚乙烯、环保餐盒薄膜进行了生物降解性对比实验;以失重率、降解速率和相对分子质量变化作为指标,考察了共聚酯的生物降解性,并简述了生物降解行为的作用方式。实验结果表明,通过在聚己二酸丁二醇酯中引入摩尔分数为40％-60％的BT,所制备的共聚酯既具有一定的力学性能,又具有一定的生物降解性;且随BT含量的增加, 共聚酯的生物降解性变差。