丁香 [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr .et Perry]挥发油中天然抗菌成分研究(英文)

研究结果表明 ,丁香 [Syzygiumaromaticum (L .)Merr .etPerry]挥发油及其衍生物均可抑制黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger)和扩展青霉 (Penicilliumexpansun) 的生长 ,丁香挥发油对黑曲霉的最小抑菌浓度为 5 0 % ,对扩展青霉的最小抑菌浓度为 2 5 % ;丁香挥发油衍生物对黑曲霉的最小抑菌浓度为 2 5 % ,对扩展青霉的最小抑菌浓度为 2 0 %。用GC MS详细分析了丁香挥发油的化学成分 ,共鉴定了 2 0个化合物 ,其中主要成分为丁香酚 ,含量占挥发油成分总量的6 8.0 2 78%。

Larvicidal efficacies and chemical composition of essential oils of Pinus sylvestris and Syzygium aromaticum against mosquitoes

Objective:To assess the chemical composition and mosquito larvicidal potentials of essential oils of locally sourced Pinus sylvestris(P.sylvestris)and Syzygium aromatkum(S.aromaticum)against Aedes aegypti(A.aegypti)and Culex quinquefasciatus(C.quinquefasciatus).Method:The chemical composition of the essential oils of both plants was determined using GCMS while the larvicidal bioassay was carried out using different concentrations of the oils against the larvae of A.aegypti and C.quinquefasciatus in accordance with the standard protocol.Results:The results as determined by GC-MS showed that oil of S.aromaticum has eugenol(80.5%)as its principal constituent while P.sylvestris has 3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol,.alpha.,.alpha.4-trimethyl(27.1%)as its dominant constituent.Both oils achieved over 85%larval mortality within24 h.The larvae of A.aegypti were more susceptible to the oils[LC_(50)(S.aromaticum)=92.56 mg/L,LC_(50)(P.sylvestris)=100.39 mg/L]than C.quinquefasciatus[LC_(50)(S.aromaticum)=124.42 mg/L;LC_(50)(P.sylvestris)=128.00 mg/L].S.aromaticum oil was more toxic to the mosquito larvae than oil of P.sylvatris but the difference in lethal concentrations was insignificant(P>0.05).Condusioii:The results justify the larvicidal potentials of both essential oils and the need to incorporate them in vector management and control.

Effects of the Syzygium aromaticum L. extract on antioxidation and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase in human dermal fibroblast

Objective: To investigate cosmetic potential of Syzygium aromaticum L.(S. aromaticum L.) and to determine its antioxidant and anti-wrinkling effects. Methods: Using highperformance liquid chromatography, eugenol component was quantitated. The antioxidant activity of S. aromaticum L. was analyzed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and superoxide dismutase like activities. To determine cell viability, elastase and matrix metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1) activity, human dermal fibroblasts(HS68) were treated with S. aromaticum L. The inhibitory effect of S. aromaticum L. on tumor necrosis factor alpha induced MMPs expression in HS68 was analyzed by realtime-PCR. Results: The eugenol content was confirmed in S. aromaticum L. S. aromaticum L. was observed to have high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase like activity. S. aromaticum L. had no cytotoxicity against the HS68 and dose-dependently increased elastase inhibition. Moreover, S. aromaticum L. significantly decreased MMP-1 content and inhibited gene levels of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-9. Conclusions: The findings suggest that S. aromaticum L. has great potential as a cosmeceutical ingredient with antioxidant and antiwrinkling effects.

Ameliorative Effects of <i>Syzygium aromaticum</i>Essential Oil on Fertility in Male Rats Exposed to Manganese

Introduction: Several substances were likely to cause the decline in male fertility which could go up to the complete sterility. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil on fertility in male rats exposed to manganese. Materials and Methods: Twenty four male rats, 6 months old, were divided into 2 groups;12 rats in one group received, by oral route, a water containing manganese chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl2·4H2O) is at the dose of 4.79 mg·ml-1 for 12 weeks. The group of control male rats received a distilled water in the same conditions. After a period of experimentation, each group was divided into two subgroups of 6 rats which received daily, by intraperitoneal way, a 0.1 mg/kg body weight, of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil. Results: After a chronic exposure, microscopic examination of the testes showed degeneration of the seminiferous tubules and the gremlin cell. Seminal parameters indicated a decrease in the sperm levels (21.3 × 106 cells/ml) and a rise of morphological abnormalities (66.1%). However, intraperitoneal administration of essential oil extracted from the flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum, during 3 weeks, to the rats previously intoxicated with Mn, showed a significant rising of sperm concentration (61.2 × 106 cells/ml) and a reduction of morphological abnormalities (10.8%). These changes were associated with a significant regeneration of seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells. Conclusion: This study revealed an ameliorative effect of essential oil Syzygium aromaticum in testicular tissue and the sperm quality.

The Potential Application of <i>Syzygium aromaticum</i>and <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i>Essential Oils as Natural Preservatives of Beef Patties

The effect of essential oils from Syzygium aromaticum and Cymbopogon citratus on the lipid oxidation and microbial growth in beef patties was investigated in the present study. Essential oils were incorporated into the beef patties at 0.1% and 0.2% (w/w). The beef patties were then inoculated with cultures of E. coli and S. aureus and stored at 4°C. The control patties were processed without essential oil but inoculated with E. coli or S. aureus. The proximate composition, lipid oxidation and microbial counts were carried out after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Results showed that the incorporation of essential oils in beef patties did not significantly (P S. aromaticum at 0.2% reduced the E. coli growth by 1.48 log CFU/g and that of S. aureus by 6.52 log CFU/g while the incorporation of C. citratus at 0.2% reduced the E. coli growth by 1.21 log CFU/g and that of S. aureus by 1.4 log CFU/g after 28 days of storage. The pH measurement during the storage period showed a slight drop during the first 7 days of storage and an increase during the last 21 days in all samples. The sensory test of the beef patties showed that the consumers accepted patties formulated with the two essential oils. But the one made with 0.1% essential oil of S. aromaticum was the most accepted. The analysis of the color of beef patties between 0 and 28 days of storage revealed that the incorporation of essential oils retarded the degradation of the color of patties. Results obtained in the present study indicate the possibility of exploiting Syzygium aromaticum and Cymbopogon citratus essential oils to protect beef patties against lipid oxidation and microbial growth.

Biological Activity of <i>Syzygium aromaticum</i>and <i>Ravensara aromatica</i>Essential Oils from Madagascar and Their Possible Use against Postharvest Mango Anthracnose

The fungitoxicity of five Malagasy essential oils (Eos) against Colletotrichum asianum was assessed in terms of conidial germination and mycelial growth. Their effect on defense-related compounds content, physicochemical properties and anthracnose lesions in mango fruits was also determined. Four of the tested Eos were from Ravensara aromatica leaves, and the last Eo was extracted from clove leaves. Their chemical compositions were then determined through GC-MS analysis and the active compound of the most fungitoxic Eo was determined by testing the toxicity of its major component to C. asianums spore germination, mycelial growth and its ability to inhibit anthracnose development on mango fruits. The R. aromatica Eos tested were fungistatic to C. asianum, whereas clove Eo was fungitoxic and the 4 chemotypes of R. aromatica Eo exhibited variable inhibiting capabilities: 1) all tested doses of all Eos (112.5 and 225 μL/L of air) were effective against C. asianum mycelial growth (10% - 100% inhibition) but doses of 225 μL/L were more inhibitory than those of 112.5 μL/L, 2) Conidial germination was more resistant to Eos toxicity since only 225 μL/L of methyl eugenol chemotype of R. aromatica Eo, all tested doses of the sabinene chemotype of R. aromatica Eo and clove Eo were found inhibitory toward conidial germination of C. asianum. 30 μL/L of sprayed clove Eoweretested on inoculated mangoes and were found to be effective against anthracnose development without affecting the resorcinol content in mango peel and the physicochemical properties of mango pulp. Tests on the major components of clove Eo showed fungitoxic activities against mycelial growth and conidial germination of C. asianum similar to those of clove Eo.

Safety Assessment and Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ethanolic Extract of <i>Syzygium aromaticum</i>in Albino Rats

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of the ethanolic extract of Syzygium aromaticum to albino rats. Forty eight Albino rats were employed to test the safety and the anti-inflammatory effect of the extract. Safety of the extract was examined on experimental animal’s model at three dose levels of the extract orally in daily doses for three weeks. Effects of S. aromaticum on rats revealed no significant effect on biochemical or haematological parameters. The anti-inflammatory effect of the extract was tested in four equal groups;groups 1 and 2 were treated with 250 and 500 mg/kg of the extract, respectively, group 3 was treated with indomethacine and group 4 was the untreated control. Carrageenan was used as an acute form inducer of inflammation. Indomethacine, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), was used as a reference compound. Oedema size was monitored at the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th and after 24 hours. The ethanolic extract of S. aromaticum showed significant (P 0.001) decreased in the oedema size at efficacy rates of 79.41%, 82.39% and 63.92% for the dose, 500 mg/kg body weight at the 2nd, 4th and 6th hour respectively higher than that produced by indomethacine.

Potential of <i>Syzygium aromaticum</i>(Clove) Leaf Extract on Immune Proliferation Response in Balb/c Mice Infected with <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>

Background and Objective: Syzygium aromaticum is an immunomodulator with the main active compound eugenol which can stimulate the function of lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage production. Lymphocytes play an important role for body protection against infection. This study aims to analyze the effect of S. aromaticum extract to increase proliferation of lymphocytes, lymphoblasts and macrophage production in Balb/c mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium. Methodology: Mice strain Balb/c were divided into 4 groups: treatment group infected with S. typhimurium and control group (without treatment) to tested the activity of peritoneal macrophages. The treatment group was administrated by S. aromaticum leaf extract (15 mg, 75 mg, 150 mg/kgbw) for 12 days. Results: S. aromaticum leaf extract increased the proliferation activity (p Conclusion: Administration of S. aromaticum leaf extract increased the proliferation activity of lymphocytes, lymphoblasts and ROI secretion of macrophagesin Balb/c mice infected with S. typhimurium.

Insecticidal Activity of the Powders Obtained from the Bauxite Red Mud, Zyzygium aromaticum and Citrus sinensis Peel Extracts on the Conservation of Corn against Sitophilus zeamais: Physicochemical Properties

The remarkable push of technologies increasingly recommends materials for their constructions.Hence the extraction of alumina is for different uses.The exploitation of bauxite pollutes the surrounding areas in this case the discharge of mud wheel.Furthermore,the excessive use of dangerous conventional synthetic insecticides continues to be in circulation in Cameroon despite the known adverse effects.These problems lead us to formulate bio insecticides from rejection of the extraction of alumina and extracts of S.aromaticum and Citrus sinensis which respectively offer us essential oils eugenol and limonene having insecticidal properties against the main insects,pests of corn stocks,Sitophilus zeamais.From the kinetic point of view of the adsorption of the extracts of eugenol,limonene and their association by the red mud,the adsorption curve shows that the Eu/Li mixture(30/70)is better by 0.36 mg/g during the 24 h.The results showed a high toxicity of the Eu-Li binary mixture of ratio 30/70 with respective mortality rates of 95.88%after 8 days of exposure to the concentration of 5 mL/L on the adults of Sitophilus zeamais.The other composites induce an average rate of 80%.The results from the physicochemical analysis of corn before and after treatment with formulated insecticides showed a slight loss in nutritional quality of 14.90%in ash,12.5%in protein,16.14%in lipids and 13.63%in total sugars for 180 days.The powdery formulation from red mud and Eu-Li(30/70)mixture can therefore ensure the protection of corn stocks against Sitophilus zeamais in a farming environment.

Inhibition of Escherichia coli nitroreductase by the constituents in Syzygium aromaticum

Gut bacterial nitroreductases play an important role in reduction of various nitroaromatic compounds to the corresponding N-nitroso compounds,hydroxylamines or aromatic amines,most of which are carcinogenic and mutagenic agents.Inhibition of gut nitroreductases has been recognized as an attractive approach for reducing mutagen metabolites in the colon,so as to prevent colon diseases.In this study,the inhibitory effects of 55 herbal medicines against Escherichia coli(E.coli)nitroreductase(EcNfsA)were examined.Compared with other herbal extracts,Syzygium aromaticum extract showed superior inhibitory potency toward EcNf-sA mediated nitrofurazone reduction.Then,the inhibitory effects of 22 major constituents in Syzygium aromaticum against EcNfsA were evaluted.Compared with other tested natural compounds,ellagic acid,corilagin,betulinic acid,oleanic acid,ursolic acid,urolith-in M5 and isorhamnetin were found with strong to moderate inhibitory effect against EcNfsA,with IC50 values ranging from 0.67 to 28.98 mol·L^(−1).Furthermore,the inhibition kinetic analysis and docking simulation demonstrated that ellagic acid and betulinic acid potently inhibited EcNfsA(Ki<2μmol·L−1)in a competitively inhibitory manner,which created strong interactions with the catalytic triad of EcNfsA.In summary,our findings provide new scientific basis for explaining the anti-mutagenic activity of Syzygium aromaticum,where some newly identified EcNfsA inhibitors can be used for developing novel agents to reduce the toxicity induced by bacteri-al nitroreductase.

姜属植物Zingiber aromaticum中的倍半萜与黄酮醇苷及其对CYP3A4和CYP2D6的抑制活性

姜属植物Z．aromaticum Vahl是印度尼西亚广泛使用的传统药用植物之一。作者发现该植物乙酸乙酯部位对CYP3A4介导的代谢具强抑制活性。对该提取物进一步分离，得到3个新的倍半萜(1～3)和2个新的黄酮醇苷(4和5)，以及13个已知化合物。

Safety evaluation of an anti-haemorrhoid(pile)herbal recipe(locally called‘Agbo jedi-jedi’)of Southwestern Nigeria using animal genetic assays

Objective:In this study,an anti-haemorrhoid herbal recipe containing bark of Alstonia boonei and dried cloves–Syzygium aromaticum was investigated for cytogenotoxicity,mutagenicity and histopathological effects following the micronucleus and sperm morphology assays using Wistar albino rats.Methods:The rats were administered anti-haemorrhoid herbal recipe at 25.0%,50.0%and 100.0%,while distilled water and 0.05%sodium azide were the negative and positive controls,respectively.Phytochemicals in the herbal recipe were elucidated using the Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR)and Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detection(GC-FID)techniques.Results:In the treated rats,there was increase in body weight,cells division inhibition,micronucleated polychromatic/normochromatic erythrocytes(MNPCEs&MNNCEs)and abnormal sperm cells were significantly induced at 100.0%(P<0.05),whereas 25.0%herbal recipe promoted cell division.The herbal recipe at 50.0%and 100.0%did not cause any histopathological damages on the liver,kidney and testis except at 25.0%.Polyphenolics,terpenoids and alkaloids were detected in this anti-haemorrhoid herbal recipe which could be cytotoxic,clastogenic and spermatotoxic at a high concentration(100.0%).Conclusion:These results necessitate regulation and control of consumption of the anti-haemorrhoid herbal recipe by people through the authorized government agencies in Nigeria.

丁香和瑞香狼毒提取物对苦瓜枯萎病菌抑菌机理初探

近年来,苦瓜因其独特的药理作用种植面积越来越大,但由于连作使得苦瓜枯萎病发病情况日趋严重,极大影响着苦瓜的产量及品质。试验以丁香(Syzygium aromaticum)、瑞香狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)、羌活(Notopteryg iumincisum)、芫花(Daphne genkwa)、结香(Edgeworthia chrysantha)和八角(Illicium verum)等6种植物提取物为供试材料,测定其对苦瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.momordicae)的菌丝生长速率、孢子萌发以及酶活性的影响,旨在筛选对苦瓜枯萎病菌高效抑制的植物源农药,为进一步开发植物源农药提供理论依据。结果表明,丁香和瑞香狼毒提取物在质量浓度为4.0 mg/mL时,抑菌率均达到了100%,在质量浓度为2.0 mg/mL时,抑菌率分别达到了100%、87.02%,丁香和瑞香狼毒提取物EC50值为0.2565、0.3548 mg/mL;且在质量浓度为4.0 mg/mL时,二者对苦瓜分生孢子萌发抑制率均达到了80%以上。丁香和瑞香狼毒提取物处理苦瓜枯萎病菌后,丙二醛含量、丙酮酸含量较对照组均有明显提高,几丁质酶活性较对照组明显降低,处理组菌丝中的可溶性蛋白明显低于对照组。综上,丁香和瑞香狼毒提取物对苦瓜枯萎病菌有良好的抑制效果,二者均可破坏病原菌的膜脂结构以及细胞壁结构,从而影响病原菌的正常生长。

黄土丘陵区典型人工幼林土壤水分特征

为明确黄土丘陵区典型人工幼林土壤水分时空变化特征,采用ECH2O土壤水分监测系统,基于标准径流小区坡面土壤水分观测方法,收集土壤水分及气象数据,分析了撂荒地与不同类型人工幼林土壤水分状况及时间稳定性。结果表明:(1)与撂荒地相比,人工幼林土壤含水量整体较低,且具有明显的季节性变化特征,变化趋势基本一致,均随降水量的增加(减少)而升高(降低);(2)不同类型人工林土壤水分垂直分布差异较大,相较于撂荒地,刺槐和油松在50 cm深度土层土壤含水量较低,在80—120 cm深度土层土壤含水量较高,丁香幼林土壤水分整体偏低;(3)油松和撂荒地土壤水分代表深度分别为:120 cm和80 cm,决定系数(R2≥0.9)和纳什系数(NSE≥-0.1)对该结果的评价显示土壤水分代表深度的选择均是可接受的,刺槐和丁香不同深度土层土壤水分差异较大。研究认为,在黄土丘陵区,人工幼林显著影响土壤水分垂直分布规律,土壤含水量整体呈低态势,相较于撂荒地,刺槐和丁香土壤水分变异性较大,油松较为稳定。

正交试验优选神农香菊挥发油提取条件

采用水蒸气蒸馏法,运用正交试验设计,研究浸泡时间、提取时间、加水量对神农香菊(Dendranthe-ma indicum var.aromaticum)挥发油提取率的影响。结果显示,加水量为药材质量的8倍,浸泡3.0 h,提取6.0 h,所得神农香菊挥发油的提取率最高;在放大生产中,提取时间为6.5 h时可得到挥发油最大提取收益;但作为烟用香料使用时,只需提取5.0 h,挥发油中主要成分对伞花烃和芳樟醇的含量即达到最大。

神农香菊全草精油的化学成分及抑菌机理研究

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法分析神农香菊全草精油的化学成分,并采用滤纸片琼脂扩散法和常量稀释法对其抑菌活性进行探讨;同时,运用透射电子显微镜及SDS-PAGE对其抑菌机理进行研究。结果表明:神农香菊精油含有149种组分,鉴定出63种成分,主要成分为萜烯类(13.99%)、醇类(25.82%)和醛酮类(3.69%);神农香菊精油对4种供试细菌均有抑菌作用,在实验质量浓度下,精油抑抑菌圈直径8.15～10.90mm,对革兰氏阳性菌的抑菌效果明显优于革兰氏阴性菌;透射电子显微镜和SDS-PAGE分析表明,神农香菊全草精油抑菌机制可能在于破坏细菌细胞壁,导致细菌细胞变形和菌体蛋白质减少,直至菌体分解为碎片。

神农香菊化学成分研究

目的:研究神农香菊的化学成分。方法:运用柱层析、半制备液相色谱进行分离纯化,根据理化性质和光谱数据鉴定化合物结构。结果:共分离鉴定了7个化合物,分别为刺槐素(Ⅰ)、芹菜素(Ⅱ)、刺槐素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(Ⅲ)、芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(Ⅳ)、木犀草素(Ⅴ)、β-谷甾醇(Ⅵ)和β-胡萝卜苷(Ⅶ)。结论:其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ为首次从该植物中分离得到。

丁香对赤拟谷盗卵和幼虫的致死作用

在室内条件下,研究了丁香干燥花蕾粉末对赤拟谷盗卵和幼虫的影响。结果表明:丁香对赤拟谷盗卵孵化有明显的抑制作用,对赤拟谷盗幼虫有致死作用并且全部致死时间随着赤拟谷盗幼虫龄期的增大而延长,龄期越小的幼虫其全部致死时间越短。