Artificial intelligence-assisted repair of peripheral nerve injury: a new research hotspot and associated challenges

Artificial intelligence can be indirectly applied to the repair of peripheral nerve injury.Specifically,it can be used to analyze and process data regarding peripheral nerve injury and repair,while study findings on peripheral nerve injury and repair can provide valuable data to enrich artificial intelligence algorithms.To investigate advances in the use of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis,rehabilitation,and scientific examination of peripheral nerve injury,we used CiteSpace and VOSviewer software to analyze the relevant literature included in the Web of Science from 1994–2023.We identified the following research hotspots in peripheral nerve injury and repair:(1)diagnosis,classification,and prognostic assessment of peripheral nerve injury using neuroimaging and artificial intelligence techniques,such as corneal confocal microscopy and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy;(2)motion control and rehabilitation following peripheral nerve injury using artificial neural networks and machine learning algorithms,such as wearable devices and assisted wheelchair systems;(3)improving the accuracy and effectiveness of peripheral nerve electrical stimulation therapy using artificial intelligence techniques combined with deep learning,such as implantable peripheral nerve interfaces;(4)the application of artificial intelligence technology to brain-machine interfaces for disabled patients and those with reduced mobility,enabling them to control devices such as networked hand prostheses;(5)artificial intelligence robots that can replace doctors in certain procedures during surgery or rehabilitation,thereby reducing surgical risk and complications,and facilitating postoperative recovery.Although artificial intelligence has shown many benefits and potential applications in peripheral nerve injury and repair,there are some limitations to this technology,such as the consequences of missing or imbalanced data,low data accuracy and reproducibility,and ethical issues(e.g.,privacy,data security,research transparency).Future research should address the issue of data collection,as large-scale,high-quality clinical datasets are required to establish effective artificial intelligence models.Multimodal data processing is also necessary,along with interdisciplinary collaboration,medical-industrial integration,and multicenter,large-sample clinical studies.

Toward a Learnable Climate Model in the Artificial Intelligence Era

Artificial intelligence(AI)models have significantly impacted various areas of the atmospheric sciences,reshaping our approach to climate-related challenges.Amid this AI-driven transformation,the foundational role of physics in climate science has occasionally been overlooked.Our perspective suggests that the future of climate modeling involves a synergistic partnership between AI and physics,rather than an“either/or”scenario.Scrutinizing controversies around current physical inconsistencies in large AI models,we stress the critical need for detailed dynamic diagnostics and physical constraints.Furthermore,we provide illustrative examples to guide future assessments and constraints for AI models.Regarding AI integration with numerical models,we argue that offline AI parameterization schemes may fall short of achieving global optimality,emphasizing the importance of constructing online schemes.Additionally,we highlight the significance of fostering a community culture and propose the OCR(Open,Comparable,Reproducible)principles.Through a better community culture and a deep integration of physics and AI,we contend that developing a learnable climate model,balancing AI and physics,is an achievable goal.

Artificial Intelligence and Computer Vision during Surgery: Discussing Laparoscopic Images with ChatGPT4—Preliminary Results

Introduction: Ultrafast latest developments in artificial intelligence (ΑΙ) have recently multiplied concerns regarding the future of robotic autonomy in surgery. However, the literature on the topic is still scarce. Aim: To test a novel AI commercially available tool for image analysis on a series of laparoscopic scenes. Methods: The research tools included OPENAI CHATGPT 4.0 with its corresponding image recognition plugin which was fed with a list of 100 laparoscopic selected snapshots from common surgical procedures. In order to score reliability of received responses from image-recognition bot, two corresponding scales were developed ranging from 0 - 5. The set of images was divided into two groups: unlabeled (Group A) and labeled (Group B), and according to the type of surgical procedure or image resolution. Results: AI was able to recognize correctly the context of surgical-related images in 97% of its reports. For the labeled surgical pictures, the image-processing bot scored 3.95/5 (79%), whilst for the unlabeled, it scored 2.905/5 (58.1%). Phases of the procedure were commented in detail, after all successful interpretations. With rates 4 - 5/5, the chatbot was able to talk in detail about the indications, contraindications, stages, instrumentation, complications and outcome rates of the operation discussed. Conclusion: Interaction between surgeon and chatbot appears to be an interesting frontend for further research by clinicians in parallel with evolution of its complex underlying infrastructure. In this early phase of using artificial intelligence for image recognition in surgery, no safe conclusions can be drawn by small cohorts with commercially available software. Further development of medically-oriented AI software and clinical world awareness are expected to bring fruitful information on the topic in the years to come.

Application of artificial hibernation technology in acute brain injury

Controlling intracranial pressure,nerve cell regeneration,and microenvironment regulation are the key issues in reducing mortality and disability in acute brain injury.There is currently a lack of effective treatment methods.Hibernation has the characteristics of low temperature,low metabolism,and hibernation rhythm,as well as protective effects on the nervous,cardiovascular,and motor systems.Artificial hibernation technology is a new technology that can effectively treat acute brain injury by altering the body’s metabolism,lowering the body’s core temperature,and allowing the body to enter a state similar to hibernation.This review introduces artificial hibernation technology,including mild hypothermia treatment technology,central nervous system regulation technology,and artificial hibernation-inducer technology.Upon summarizing the relevant research on artificial hibernation technology in acute brain injury,the research results show that artificial hibernation technology has neuroprotective,anti-inflammatory,and oxidative stress-resistance effects,indicating that it has therapeutic significance in acute brain injury.Furthermore,artificial hibernation technology can alleviate the damage of ischemic stroke,traumatic brain injury,cerebral hemorrhage,cerebral infarction,and other diseases,providing new strategies for treating acute brain injury.However,artificial hibernation technology is currently in its infancy and has some complications,such as electrolyte imbalance and coagulation disorders,which limit its use.Further research is needed for its clinical application.

Application of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and treatment of Kawasaki disease

This editorial provides commentary on an article titled"Potential and limitationsof ChatGPT and generative artificial intelligence(AI)in medical safety education"recently published in the World Journal of Clinical Cases.AI has enormous potentialfor various applications in the field of Kawasaki disease(KD).One is machinelearning(ML)to assist in the diagnosis of KD,and clinical prediction models havebeen constructed worldwide using ML;the second is using a gene signalcalculation toolbox to identify KD,which can be used to monitor key clinicalfeatures and laboratory parameters of disease severity;and the third is using deeplearning(DL)to assist in cardiac ultrasound detection.The performance of the DLalgorithm is similar to that of experienced cardiac experts in detecting coronaryartery lesions to promoting the diagnosis of KD.To effectively utilize AI in thediagnosis and treatment process of KD,it is crucial to improve the accuracy of AIdecision-making using more medical data,while addressing issues related topatient personal information protection and AI decision-making responsibility.AIprogress is expected to provide patients with accurate and effective medicalservices that will positively impact the diagnosis and treatment of KD in thefuture.

A data-driven model of drop size prediction based on artificial neural networks using small-scale data sets

An artificial neural network(ANN)method is introduced to predict drop size in two kinds of pulsed columns with small-scale data sets.After training,the deviation between calculate and experimental results are 3.8%and 9.3%,respectively.Through ANN model,the influence of interfacial tension and pulsation intensity on the droplet diameter has been developed.Droplet size gradually increases with the increase of interfacial tension,and decreases with the increase of pulse intensity.It can be seen that the accuracy of ANN model in predicting droplet size outside the training set range is reach the same level as the accuracy of correlation obtained based on experiments within this range.For two kinds of columns,the drop size prediction deviations of ANN model are 9.6%and 18.5%and the deviations in correlations are 11%and 15%.

A review of artificial intelligence applications in high-speed railway systems

In recent years,the global surge of High-speed Railway(HSR)revolutionized ground transportation,providing secure,comfortable,and punctual services.The next-gen HSR,fueled by emerging services like video surveillance,emergency communication,and real-time scheduling,demands advanced capabilities in real-time perception,automated driving,and digitized services,which accelerate the integration and application of Artificial Intelligence(AI)in the HSR system.This paper first provides a brief overview of AI,covering its origin,evolution,and breakthrough applications.A comprehensive review is then given regarding the most advanced AI technologies and applications in three macro application domains of the HSR system:mechanical manufacturing and electrical control,communication and signal control,and transportation management.The literature is categorized and compared across nine application directions labeled as intelligent manufacturing of trains and key components,forecast of railroad maintenance,optimization of energy consumption in railroads and trains,communication security,communication dependability,channel modeling and estimation,passenger scheduling,traffic flow forecasting,high-speed railway smart platform.Finally,challenges associated with the application of AI are discussed,offering insights for future research directions.

Integrating artificial intelligence and high-throughput phenotyping for crop improvement

Crop improvement is crucial for addressing the global challenges of food security and sustainable agriculture.Recent advancements in high-throughput phenotyping(HTP)technologies and artificial intelligence(AI)have revolutionized the field,enabling rapid and accurate assessment of crop traits on a large scale.The integration of AI and machine learning algorithms with HTP data has unlocked new opportunities for crop improvement.AI algorithms can analyze and interpret large datasets,and extract meaningful patterns and correlations between phenotypic traits and genetic factors.These technologies have the potential to revolutionize plant breeding programs by providing breeders with efficient and accurate tools for trait selection,thereby reducing the time and cost required for variety development.However,further research and collaboration are needed to overcome the existing challenges and fully unlock the power of HTP and AI in crop improvement.By leveraging AI algorithms,researchers can efficiently analyze phenotypic data,uncover complex patterns,and establish predictive models that enable precise trait selection and crop breeding.The aim of this review is to explore the transformative potential of integrating HTP and AI in crop improvement.This review will encompass an in-depth analysis of recent advances and applications,highlighting the numerous benefits and challenges associated with HTP and AI.

The Application of Bilayer Artificial Dermis Combined with VSD Technology in Chronic Wounds

Background: Bilayer artificial dermis promotes wound healing and offers a treatment option for chronic wounds. Aim: Examine the clinical efficacy of bilayer artificial dermis combined with Vacuum Sealing Drainage (VSD) technology in the treatment of chronic wounds. Method: From June 2021 to December 2023, our hospital treated 24 patients with chronic skin tissue wounds on their limbs using a novel tissue engineering product, the bilayer artificial dermis, in combination with VSD technology to repair the wounds. The bilayer artificial dermis protects subcutaneous tissue, blood vessels, nerves, muscles, and tendons, and also promotes the growth of granulation tissue and blood vessels to aid in wound healing when used in conjunction with VSD technology for wound dressing changes in chronic wounds. Results: In this study, 24 cases of chronic wounds with exposed bone or tendon larger than 1.0 cm2 were treated with a bilayer artificial skin combined with VSD dressing after wound debridement. The wounds were not suitable for immediate skin grafting. At 2 - 3 weeks post-treatment, good granulation tissue growth was observed. Subsequent procedures included thick skin grafting or wound dressing changes until complete wound healing. Patients were followed up on average for 3 months (range: 1 - 12 months) post-surgery. Comparative analysis of the appearance, function, skin color, elasticity, and sensation of the healed chronic wounds revealed superior outcomes compared to traditional skin fl repairs, resulting in significantly higher satisfaction levels among patients and their families. Conclusion: The application of bilayer artificial dermis combined with VSD technology for the repair of chronic wounds proves to be a viable method, yielding satisfactory therapeutic effects compared to traditional skin flap procedures.

Artificial intelligence-driven radiomics study in cancer:the role of feature engineering and modeling

Modern medicine is reliant on various medical imaging technologies for non-invasively observing patients’anatomy.However,the interpretation of medical images can be highly subjective and dependent on the expertise of clinicians.Moreover,some potentially useful quantitative information in medical images,especially that which is not visible to the naked eye,is often ignored during clinical practice.In contrast,radiomics performs high-throughput feature extraction from medical images,which enables quantitative analysis of medical images and prediction of various clinical endpoints.Studies have reported that radiomics exhibits promising performance in diagnosis and predicting treatment responses and prognosis,demonstrating its potential to be a non-invasive auxiliary tool for personalized medicine.However,radiomics remains in a developmental phase as numerous technical challenges have yet to be solved,especially in feature engineering and statistical modeling.In this review,we introduce the current utility of radiomics by summarizing research on its application in the diagnosis,prognosis,and prediction of treatment responses in patients with cancer.We focus on machine learning approaches,for feature extraction and selection during feature engineering and for imbalanced datasets and multi-modality fusion during statistical modeling.Furthermore,we introduce the stability,reproducibility,and interpretability of features,and the generalizability and interpretability of models.Finally,we offer possible solutions to current challenges in radiomics research.

A Review of Hybrid Cyber Threats Modelling and Detection Using Artificial Intelligence in IIoT

The Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)has brought numerous benefits,such as improved efficiency,smart analytics,and increased automation.However,it also exposes connected devices,users,applications,and data generated to cyber security threats that need to be addressed.This work investigates hybrid cyber threats(HCTs),which are now working on an entirely new level with the increasingly adopted IIoT.This work focuses on emerging methods to model,detect,and defend against hybrid cyber attacks using machine learning(ML)techniques.Specifically,a novel ML-based HCT modelling and analysis framework was proposed,in which L1 regularisation and Random Forest were used to cluster features and analyse the importance and impact of each feature in both individual threats and HCTs.A grey relation analysis-based model was employed to construct the correlation between IIoT components and different threats.

The future of artificial hibernation medicine:protection of nerves and organs after spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury is a serious disease of the central nervous system involving irreversible nerve injury and various organ system injuries.At present,no effective clinical treatment exists.As one of the artificial hibernation techniques,mild hypothermia has preliminarily confirmed its clinical effect on spinal cord injury.However,its technical defects and barriers,along with serious clinical side effects,restrict its clinical application for spinal cord injury.Artificial hibernation is a futureoriented disruptive technology for human life support.It involves endogenous hibernation inducers and hibernation-related central neuromodulation that activate particular neurons,reduce the central constant temperature setting point,disrupt the normal constant body temperature,make the body adapt"to the external cold environment,and reduce the physiological resistance to cold stimulation.Thus,studying the artificial hibernation mechanism may help develop new treatment strategies more suitable for clinical use than the cooling method of mild hypothermia technology.This review introduces artificial hibernation technologies,including mild hypothermia technology,hibernation inducers,and hibernation-related central neuromodulation technology.It summarizes the relevant research on hypothermia and hibernation for organ and nerve protection.These studies show that artificial hibernation technologies have therapeutic significance on nerve injury after spinal co rd injury through inflammatory inhibition,immunosuppression,oxidative defense,and possible central protection.It also promotes the repair and protection of res pirato ry and digestive,cardiovascular,locomoto r,urinary,and endocrine systems.This review provides new insights for the clinical treatment of nerve and multiple organ protection after spinal cord injury thanks to artificial hibernation.At present,artificial hibernation technology is not mature,and research fa ces various challenges.Neve rtheless,the effort is wo rthwhile for the future development of medicine.

Exploration of Graduate Student Cultivation Mode of Landscape Architecture under the Background of“Artificial Intelligence+X”

Under the background of“artificial intelligence+X”,the development of landscape architecture industry ushers in new opportunities,and professional talents need to be updated to meet the social demand.This paper analyzes the cultivation demand of landscape architecture graduate students in the context of the new era,and identifies the problems by comparing the original professional graduate training mode.The new cultivation mode of graduate students in landscape architecture is proposed,including updating the target orientation of the discipline,optimizing the teaching system,building a“dualteacher”tutor team,and improving the“industry-university-research-utilization”integrated cultivation,so as to cultivate high-quality compound talents with disciplinary characteristics.

Explainable Artificial Intelligence(XAI)Model for Cancer Image Classification

The use of Explainable Artificial Intelligence(XAI)models becomes increasingly important for making decisions in smart healthcare environments.It is to make sure that decisions are based on trustworthy algorithms and that healthcare workers understand the decisions made by these algorithms.These models can potentially enhance interpretability and explainability in decision-making processes that rely on artificial intelligence.Nevertheless,the intricate nature of the healthcare field necessitates the utilization of sophisticated models to classify cancer images.This research presents an advanced investigation of XAI models to classify cancer images.It describes the different levels of explainability and interpretability associated with XAI models and the challenges faced in deploying them in healthcare applications.In addition,this study proposes a novel framework for cancer image classification that incorporates XAI models with deep learning and advanced medical imaging techniques.The proposed model integrates several techniques,including end-to-end explainable evaluation,rule-based explanation,and useradaptive explanation.The proposed XAI reaches 97.72%accuracy,90.72%precision,93.72%recall,96.72%F1-score,9.55%FDR,9.66%FOR,and 91.18%DOR.It will discuss the potential applications of the proposed XAI models in the smart healthcare environment.It will help ensure trust and accountability in AI-based decisions,which is essential for achieving a safe and reliable smart healthcare environment.

Artificial Intelligence Prediction of One-Part Geopolymer Compressive Strength for Sustainable Concrete

Alkali-activated materials/geopolymer(AAMs),due to their low carbon emission content,have been the focus of recent studies on ecological concrete.In terms of performance,fly ash and slag are preferredmaterials for precursors for developing a one-part geopolymer.However,determining the optimum content of the input parameters to obtain adequate performance is quite challenging and scarcely reported.Therefore,in this study,machine learning methods such as artificial neural networks(ANN)and gene expression programming(GEP)models were developed usingMATLAB and GeneXprotools,respectively,for the prediction of compressive strength under variable input materials and content for fly ash and slag-based one-part geopolymer.The database for this study contains 171 points extracted from literature with input parameters:fly ash concentration,slag content,calcium hydroxide content,sodium oxide dose,water binder ratio,and curing temperature.The performance of the two models was evaluated under various statistical indices,namely correlation coefficient(R),mean absolute error(MAE),and rootmean square error(RMSE).In terms of the strength prediction efficacy of a one-part geopolymer,ANN outperformed GEP.Sensitivity and parametric analysis were also performed to identify the significant contributor to strength.According to a sensitivity analysis,the activator and slag contents had the most effects on the compressive strength at 28 days.The water binder ratio was shown to be directly connected to activator percentage,slag percentage,and calcium hydroxide percentage and inversely related to compressive strength at 28 days and curing temperature.

Advancements in Barrett's esophagus detection:The role of artificial intelligence and its implications

Artificial intelligence(AI)is making significant strides in revolutionizing the detection of Barrett's esophagus(BE),a precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma.In the research article by Tsai et al,researchers utilized endoscopic images to train an AI model,challenging the traditional distinction between endoscopic and histological BE.This approach yielded remarkable results,with the AI system achieving an accuracy of 94.37%,sensitivity of 94.29%,and specificity of 94.44%.The study's extensive dataset enhances the AI model's practicality,offering valuable support to endoscopists by minimizing unnecessary biopsies.However,questions about the applicability to different endoscopic systems remain.The study underscores the potential of AI in BE detection while highlighting the need for further research to assess its adaptability to diverse clinical settings.

Artificial intelligence in individualized retinal disease management

Owing to the rapid development of modern computer technologies,artificial intelligence(AI)has emerged as an essential instrument for intelligent analysis across a range of fields.AI has been proven to be highly effective in ophthalmology,where it is frequently used for identifying,diagnosing,and typing retinal diseases.An increasing number of researchers have begun to comprehensively map patients’retinal diseases using AI,which has made individualized clinical prediction and treatment possible.These include prognostic improvement,risk prediction,progression assessment,and interventional therapies for retinal diseases.Researchers have used a range of input data methods to increase the accuracy and dependability of the results,including the use of tabular,textual,or image-based input data.They also combined the analyses of multiple types of input data.To give ophthalmologists access to precise,individualized,and high-quality treatment strategies that will further optimize treatment outcomes,this review summarizes the latest findings in AI research related to the prediction and guidance of clinical diagnosis and treatment of retinal diseases.

Magnetic Nonreciprocity in a Hybrid Device of Asymmetric Artificial Spin-Ice-Superconductors

Controlling the size and distribution of potential barriers within a medium of interacting particles can unveil unique collective behaviors and innovative functionalities.We introduce a unique superconducting hybrid device using a novel artificial spin ice structure composed of asymmetric nanomagnets.This structure forms a distinctive superconducting pinning potential that steers unconventional motion of superconducting vortices,thereby inducing a magnetic nonreciprocal effect,in contrast to the electric nonreciprocal effect commonly observed in superconducting diodes.Furthermore,the polarity of the magnetic nonreciprocity is in situ reversible through the tunable magnetic patterns of artificial spin ice.Our findings demonstrate that artificial spin ice not only precisely modulates superconducting characteristics but also opens the door to novel functionalities,offering a groundbreaking paradigm for superconducting electronics.

Solution-processing approach of nanomaterials toward an artificial sensory system

Artificial sensory systems have emerged as pivotal technologies to bridge the gap between the virtual and real-world,replicating human senses to interact intelligently with external stimuli.To practically apply artificial sensory systems in the real-world,it is essential to mass-produce nanomaterials with ensured sensitivity and selectivity,purify them for desired functions,and integrate them into large-area sensory devices through assembly techniques.A comprehensive understanding of each process parameter from material processing to device assembly is crucial for achieving a high-performing artificial sensory system.This review provides a technological framework for fabricating high-performance artificial sensory systems,covering material processing to device integrations.We introduce recent approaches for dispersing and purifying various nanomaterials including 0D,1D,and 2D nanomaterials.We then highlight advanced coating and printing techniques of the solution-processed nanomaterials based on representative three methods including(i)evaporation-based assembly,(ii)assisted assembly,and(iii)direct patterning.We explore the application and performances of these solution-processed materials and printing methods in fabricating sensory devices mimicking five human senses including vision,olfaction,gustation,hearing,and tactile perception.Finally,we suggest an outlook for possible future research directions to solve the remaining challenges of the artificial sensory systems such as ambient stability,device consistency,and integration with AI-based software.

European Union Issues World’s First Comprehensive Regulations for Artificial Intelligence

In March 2024,European Union(EU)lawmakers passed the world’s first comprehensive set of regulations governing the use of artificial intelligence(AI)[1].The EU’s AI Act,two and a half years in the making,was initially drawn up as a landmark bill to reduce harm in areas in which AI was thought to pose the biggest risks to people,such as in health care,education,and security,as well as banning uses that pose“unacceptable risks,”including manipulation of human behavior and evaluation of individuals’trustworthiness based on personal characteristics.According to the regulations,which will go into effect in stages over the next two years,“high-risk”AI systems will require risk-mitigation strategies,high-quality data sets,transparency,better documentation,and human supervision.The most common current AI uses,such as augmenting recommendation engines and email spam filters,will see far less oversight.