Artificial neural network models predicting the leaf area index:a case study in pure even-aged Crimean pine forests from Turkey

Background: Leaf Area Index(LAI) is an important parameter used in monitoring and modeling of forest ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate performance of the artificial neural network(ANN) models to predict the LAI by comparing the regression analysis models as the classical method in these pure and even-aged Crimean pine forest stands.Methods: One hundred eight temporary sample plots were collected from Crimean pine forest stands to estimate stand parameters. Each sample plot was imaged with hemispherical photographs to detect the LAI. The partial correlation analysis was used to assess the relationships between the stand LAI values and stand parameters, and the multivariate linear regression analysis was used to predict the LAI from stand parameters. Different artificial neural network models comprising different number of neuron and transfer functions were trained and used to predict the LAI of forest stands.Results: The correlation coefficients between LAI and stand parameters(stand number of trees, basal area, the quadratic mean diameter, stand density and stand age) were significant at the level of 0.01. The stand age, number of trees, site index, and basal area were independent parameters in the most successful regression model predicted LAI values using stand parameters(R_(adj)~2=0.5431). As corresponding method to predict the interactions between the stand LAI values and stand parameters, the neural network architecture based on the RBF 4-19-1 with Gaussian activation function in hidden layer and the identity activation function in output layer performed better in predicting LAI(SSE(12.1040), MSE(0.1223), RMSE(0.3497), AIC(0.1040), BIC(-77.7310) and R^2(0.6392)) compared to the other studied techniques.Conclusion: The ANN outperformed the multivariate regression techniques in predicting LAI from stand parameters. The ANN models, developed in this study, may aid in making forest management planning in study forest stands.

Evaluation of Intensive Urban Land Use Based on an Artificial Neural Network Model:A Case Study of Nanjing City,China

In this paper, the artificial neural network(ANN) model was used to evaluate the degree of intensive urban land use in Nanjing City, China. The construction and application of the ANN model took into account the comprehensive, spatial and complex nature of urban land use. Through a preliminary calculation of the degree of intensive land use of the sample area, representative sample area selection and using the back propagation neural network model to train, the intensive land use level of each evaluation unit is finally determined in the study area. Results show that the method can effectively correct the errors caused by the limitations of the model itself and the determination of the ideal value and weights when the multifactor comprehensive evaluation is used alone. The ANN model can make the evaluation results more objective and practical. The evaluation results show a tendency of decreasing land use intensity from the core urban area to the periphery and the industrial functional area has relatively low land use intensity compared with other functional areas. Based on the evaluation results, some suggestions are put forward, such as transforming the mode of urban spatial expansion, strengthening the integration and potential exploitation of the land in the urban built-up area, and strengthening the control of the construction intensity of protected areas.

Integrating artificial neural networks and geostatistics for optimum 3D geological block modeling in mineral reserve estimation:A case study

In this research, a method called ANNMG is presented to integrate Artificial Neural Networks and Geostatistics for optimum mineral reserve evaluation. The word ANNMG simply means Artificial Neural Network Model integrated with Geostatiscs, In this procedure, the Artificial Neural Network was trained, tested and validated using assay values obtained from exploratory drillholes. Next, the validated model was used to generalize mineral grades at known and unknown sampled locations inside the drilling region respectively. Finally, the reproduced and generalized assay values were combined and fed to geostatistics in order to develop a geological 3D block model. The regression analysis revealed that the predicted sample grades were in close proximity to the actual sample grades, The generalized grades from the ANNMG show that this process could be used to complement exploration activities thereby reducing drilling requirement. It could also be an effective mineral reserve evaluation method that could oroduce optimum block model for mine design.

Artificial Neural Network Model for Discrimination of Stability of Ancient Landslide in Impounding Area of Three Gorges Project, China

The factors of geomorphology, geological setting, effect of ground water and environment dynamic factors (e.g. rainfall and artificial water recharge) should be integrated in the discrimination of the stability of the ancient landslide. As the criterion of landslide stability has been studied, the artificial neural network model was then applied to discriminate the stability of the ancient landslide in the impounding area of the Three Gorges project on the Yangtze River, China. The model has the property of self adaptive identifying and integrating complex qualitative factors and quantitative factors. The results of the artificial neural network model are coincided well with what were gained by classical limit equilibrium analysis (the Bishop method and Janbu method) and by other comprehensive discrimination methods.

Artificial neural network model of constitutive relations for shock-prestrained copper

Data from the deformation on Split Hopkinson Bar were used for constructing an artificial neural network model. When putting the thermodynamic parameters of the metals into the trained network model, the corresponding yielding stress can be predicted. The results show that the systematic error is small when the objective function is 0.5 , the number of the nodes in the hidden layer is 6 and the learning rate is about 0.1 , and the accuracy of the rate error is less than 3%. [

Prediction Model of Soil Nutrients Loss Based on Artificial Neural Network

On the basis of Artificial Neural Network theory, a back propagation neural network with one middle layer is building in this paper, and its algorithms is also given, Using this BP network model, study the case of Malian-River basin. The results by calculating show that the solution based on BP algorithms are consis- tent with those based multiple - variables linear regression model. They also indicate that BP model in this paper is reasonable and BP algorithms are feasible.

Flow behavior of Al-6.2Zn-0.70Mg-0.30Mn-0.17Zr alloy during hot compressive deformation based on Arrhenius and ANN models

The hot deformation behavior of Al?6.2Zn?0.70Mg?0.30Mn?0.17Zr alloy was investigated by isothermal compressiontest on a Gleeble?3500machine in the deformation temperature range between623and773K and the strain rate range between0.01and20s?1.The results show that the flow stress decreases with decreasing strain rate and increasing deformation temperature.Basedon the experimental results,Arrhenius constitutive equations and artificial neural network(ANN)model were established toinvestigate the flow behavior of the alloy.The calculated results show that the influence of strain on material constants can berepresented by a6th-order polynomial function.The ANN model with16neurons in hidden layer possesses perfect performanceprediction of the flow stress.The predictabilities of the two established models are different.The errors of results calculated by ANNmodel were more centralized and the mean absolute error corresponding to Arrhenius constitutive equations and ANN model are3.49%and1.03%,respectively.In predicting the flow stress of experimental aluminum alloy,the ANN model has a betterpredictability and greater efficiency than Arrhenius constitutive equations.

Comparison of performance of statistical models in forecasting monthly streamflow of Kizil River,China

This paper presents the application of autoregressive integrated moving average （ARIMA）, seasonal ARIMA （SARIMA）, and Jordan-Elman artificial neural networks （ANN） models in forecasting the monthly streamflow of the Kizil River in Xinjiang, China. Two different types of monthly streamflow data （original and deseasonalized data） were used to develop time series and Jordan-Elman ANN models using previous flow conditions as predictors. The one-month-ahead forecasting performances of all models for the testing period （1998-2005） were compared using the average monthly flow data from the Kalabeili gaging station on the Kizil River. The Jordan-Elman ANN models, using previous flow conditions as inputs, resulted in no significant improvement over time series models in one-month-ahead forecasting. The results suggest that the simple time series models （ARIMA and SARIMA） can be used in one-month-ahead streamflow forecasting at the study site with a simple and explicit model structure and a model performance similar to the Jordan-Elman ANN models.

GIS and ANN model for landslide susceptibility mapping

Landslide hazard is as the probability of occurrence of a potentially damaging landslide phenomenon within specified period of time and within a given area. The susceptibility map provides the relative spatial probability of landslides occurrence. A study is presented of the application of GIS and artificial neural network model to landslide susceptibility mapping, with particular reference to landslides on natural terrain in this paper. The method has been applied to Lantau Island, the largest outlying island within the territory of Hong Kong. A three-level neural network model was constructed and trained by the back-propagate algorithm in the geographical database of the study area. The data in the database includes digital elevation modal and its derivatives, landslides distribution and their attributes, superficial geological maps, vegetation cover, the raingauges distribution and their 14 years 5-minute observation. Based on field inspection and analysis of correlation between terrain variables and landslides frequency, lithology, vegetation cover, slope gradient, slope aspect, slope curvature, elevation, the characteristic value, the rainstorms corresponding to the landslide, and distance to drainage Une are considered to be related to landslide susceptibility in this study. The artificial neural network is then coupled with the ArcView3.2 GIS software to produce the landslide susceptibility map, which classifies the susceptibility into three levels: low, moderate, and high. The results from this study indicate that GIS coupled with artificial neural network model is a flexible and powerful approach to identify the spatial probability of hazards.

HYPERSTATIC STRUCTURE MAPPING MODEL BUILDING AND OPTIMIZING DESIGN

Hyperstatic structure plane model being built by structural mechanics is studied. Space model precisely reflected in real stress of the structure is built by finite element method （FEM） analysis commerce software. Mapping model of complex structure system is set up, with convenient calculation just as in plane model and comprehensive information as in space model. Plane model and space model are calculated under the same working condition. Plane model modular construction inner force is considered as input data; Space model modular construction inner force is considered as output data. Thus specimen is built on input data and output dam. Character and affiliation are extracted through training specimen, with the employment of nonlinear mapping capability of the artificial neural network. Mapping model with interpolation and extrpolation is gained, laying the foundation for optimum design. The steel structure of high-layer parking system （SSHLPS） is calculated as an instance. A three-layer back-propagation （BP） net including one hidden layer is constructed with nine input nodes and eight output nodes for a five-layer SSHLPS. The three-layer structure optimization result through the mapping model interpolation contrasts with integrity re-analysis, and seven layers structure through the mapping model extrpulation contrasts with integrity re-analysis. Any layer SSHLPS among 1-8 can be calculated with much accuracy. Amount of calculation can also be reduced if it is appfied into the same topological structure, with reduced distortion and assured precision.

An Intelligent Prediction Model for Target Protein Identification in Hepatic Carcinoma Using Novel Graph Theory and ANN Model

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one major cause of cancer-related mortality around the world.However,at advanced stages of HCC,systematic treatment options are currently limited.As a result,new pharmacological targetsmust be discovered regularly,and then tailored medicines against HCC must be developed.In this research,we used biomarkers of HCC to collect the protein interaction network related to HCC.Initially,DC(Degree Centrality)was employed to assess the importance of each protein.Then an improved Graph Coloring algorithm was used to rank the target proteins according to the interaction with the primary target protein after assessing the top ranked proteins related to HCC.Finally,physio-chemical proteins are used to evaluate the outcome of the top ranked proteins.The proposed graph theory and machine learning techniques have been compared with six existing methods.In the proposed approach,16 proteins have been identified as potential therapeutic drug targets for Hepatic Carcinoma.It is observable that the proposed method gives remarkable performance than the existing centrality measures in terms of Accuracy,Precision,Recall,Sensitivity,Specificity and F-measure.

Study on Residual Oil HDS Process with Mechanism Model and ANN Model

Based on the Residual Oil Hydrodesulfurization Treatment Unit (S-RHT), the n-order reaction kinetic model for residual oil HDS reactions and artificial neural network (ANN) model were developed to determine the sulfur content of hydrogenated residual oil. The established ANN model covered 4 input variables, 1 output variable and 1 hidden layer with 15 neurons. The comparison between the results of two models was listed. The results showed that the predicted mean relative errors of the two models with three different sample data were less than 5% and both the two models had good predictive precision and extrapolative feature for the HDS process. The mean relative error of 5 sets of testing data of the ANN model was 1.62%—3.23%, all of which were smaller than that of the common mechanism model (3.47%— 4.13%). It showed that the ANN model was better than the mechanism model both in terms of fitting results and fitting difficulty. The models could be easily applied in practice and could also provide a reference for the further research of residual oil HDS process.

ANN model of subdivision error based on genetic algorithm

According to the test data of subdivision errors in the measuring cycle of angular measuring system, the characteristics of subdivision errors generated by this system are analyzed. It is found that the subdivision errors are mainly due to the rotary-type inductosyn itself. For the characteristic of cyclical change, the subdivision errors in other measuring cycles can be compensated by the subdivision error model in one measuring cycle. Using the measured error data as training samples, combining GA and BP algorithm, an ANN model of subdivision error is designed. Simulation results indicate that GA reduces the uncertainty in the training process of the ANN model, and enhances the generalization of the model. Compared with the error model based on the least-mean-squared method, the designed ANN model of subdivision errors can achieve higher compensating precision.

Feasibility of measuring moisture content of green sand by a low frequency multiprobe detector based on dielectric characteristics

Green sand is a mixture of silica sand,bentonite,water and coal powder,and other additives.Moisture content is an important index to characterize the properties of green sand.Based on the dielectric characteristics of green sand and transmission line theory,a method for rapidly measuring the moisture content of green sand by means of a low frequency multiprobe detector was proposed.A system was constructed,where six detectors with different arrangements and probes were designed.The experimental results showed that the voltage difference of transmission line increases with the increasing frequency before 29 MHz while decreases after 35 MHz.A voltage difference platform occurs in the range of 29-35 MHz,which is suitable for measuring the moisture content due to its insensitivity to frequency.The electric field intensity gradually decreases with the increase of the probe depth,and the intensity of central probe is always greater than that of the edge probe.When the distance of the probe away from the sand sample surface is 80 mm,the electric field intensity of the edge probe is found to be very weak.The optimal excitation frequency for measuring the moisture content of green sand is 29-33 MHz.The optimal detector is the one with one center probe and three edge probes,and their lengths are 80 mm and 60 mm,respectively.The distance between the center and edge probes is 25 mm,and the diameter of probes is 5 mm.Taking the voltage difference of transmission line,bentonite content,coal powder content and compactability as parameters of the input layer,and the moisture content as a parameter of the output layer,a three-layer BP artificial neural network model for predicting the moisture content of green sand was constructed according to the experimental results at 33 MHz.The prediction error of the model is not higher than 3.3% when the moisture content of green sand is within the range of 3wt.%-7wt.%.

High-resolution peak demand estimation using generalized additive models and deep neural networks

This paper covers predicting high-resolution electricity peak demand features given lower-resolution data.This is a relevant setup as it answers whether limited higher-resolution monitoring helps to estimate future high-resolution peak loads when the high-resolution data is no longer available.That question is particularly interesting for network operators considering replacing high-resolution monitoring by predictive models due to economic considerations.We propose models to predict half-hourly minima and maxima of high-resolution(every minute)electricity load data while model inputs are of a lower resolution(30 min).We combine predictions of generalized additive models(GAM)and deep artificial neural networks(DNN),which are popular in load forecasting.We extensively analyze the prediction models,including the input parameters’importance,focusing on load,weather,and seasonal effects.The proposed method won a data competition organized by Western Power Distribution,a British distribution network operator.In addition,we provide a rigorous evaluation study that goes beyond the competition frame to analyze the models’robustness.The results show that the proposed methods are superior to the competition benchmark concerning the out-of-sample root mean squared error(RMSE).This holds regarding the competition month and the supplementary evaluation study,which covers an additional eleven months.Overall,our proposed model combination reduces the out-of-sample RMSE by 57.4%compared to the benchmark.

Modified artificial neural network model with an explicit expression to describe flow behavior and processing maps of Ti2AlNb-based superalloy

The elevated-temperature deformation behavior of Ti2AlNb superalloy was observed by isothermal compression experiments in a wide range of temperatures(950–1200°C)and strain rates(0.001–10 s^(-1)).The flow behavior is nonlinear,strongly coupled,and multivariable.The constitutive models,namely the double multivariate nonlinear regression model,artificial neural network model,and modified artificial neural network model with an explicit expression,were applied to describe the Ti2AlNb superalloy plastic deformation behavior.The comparative predictability of those constitutive models was further evaluated by considering the correlation coefficient and average absolute relative error.The comparative results show that the modified artificial network model can describe the flow stress of Ti2AlNb superalloy more accurately than the other developed constitutive models.The explicit expression obtained from the modified artificial neural network model can be directly used for finite element simulation.The modified artificial neural network model solves the problems that the double multivariate nonlinear regression model cannot describe the nonlinear,strongly coupled,and multivariable flow behavior of Ti2AlNb superalloy accurately,and the artificial neural network model cannot be embedded into the finite element software directly.However,the modified artificial neural network model is mainly dependent on the quantity of high-quality experimental data and characteristic variables,and the modified artificial neural network model has not physical meanings.Besides,the processing maps were applied to obtain the optimum processing parameters.

Pan evaporation modeling in different agroclimatic zones using functional link artificial neural network

Pan evaporation is an important climatic variable for developing efficient water resource management strategies.In the past,many machine learning models are reported in the literature for pan evaporation modeling using the different combinationof available climatic variables.In order to develop a novel model with improved accuracy and reduced computational complexity,the functional link artificial neural network(FLANN)is chosen as an architecture to estimate daily pan evaporation in three agro-climatic zones(ACZs)of Chhattisgarh state in east-central India.Single neuron and single layer in its structure make it less complex as compared to other multilayer neural networks and neuro-fuzzy based hybrid models.Estimation results obtained with the FLANN model are compared with those obtained by multi-layer artificial neural networks(MLANN)and two empirical methods using the same raw data and corresponding features.Statistical indices like root mean square error(RMSE),mean absolute error(MAE)and efficiency factor(EF)is also computed to evaluate the model performance.It is demonstrated that pan evaporation estimates obtained with the proposed FLANN models provide an improved estimation of pan evaporation(RMSE=0.85 to 1.27 mm d^(-1),MAE=0.63 to 0.95 mm d^(-1) and EF=0.70 to 0.89)as compared to MLANN(RMSE=0.94 to 1.58 mm d^(-1),MAE=0.73 to 1.14 mm d^(-1) and EF=0.62 to 0.88)and empirical(RMSE=1.19 to 2.19 mm d^(-1),MAE=0.91 to 1.62 mm d^(-1) and EF=0.49 to 0.88)models in different ACZs.

Prediction of tensile strength of friction stir welded 6061 Al plates

The present paper investigates the prediction of tensile strength after friction stir welding(FSW)using artificial neural network(ANN)in the MATLAB program.The experimental results are used to develop the mathematical model.The combined influence of welding speed,rotation speed,and axial force on the tensile strength of 6061 Al plates is simulated.Results of the tensile test are used to train and test the ANN model.A multi-layer solution is developed using the ANN model to predict tensile strength.Back propagation(BP)method is initially trained using 80%of the experimental data,then,testing is performed with the rest of the data.Results indicate that predicted values are close to the corresponding measured values.

Identification and validation of prognostic factors in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective study based on artificial intelligence algorithms

Background:Novel coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is an ongoing global pandemic with high mortality.Although several studies have reported different risk factors for mortality in patients based on traditional analytics,few studies have used artificial intelligence(AI)algorithms.This study investigated prognostic factors for COVID-19 patients using AI methods.Methods:COVID-19 patients who were admitted in Wuhan Infectious Diseases Hospital from December 29,2019 to March 2,2020 were included.The whole cohort was randomly divided into training and testing sets at a 6:4 ratio.Demographic and clinical data were analyzed to identify predictors of mortality using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(LASSO)regression and LASSO-based artificial neural network(ANN)models.The predictive performance of the models was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis.Results:A total of 1145 patients(610 male,53.3%)were included in the study.Of the 1145 patients,704 were assigned to the training set and 441 were assigned to the testing set.The median age of the patients was 57 years(range:47-66 years).Severity of illness,age,platelet count,leukocyte count,prealbumin,C-reactive protein(CRP),total bilirubin,Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation(APACHE)II score,and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment(SOFA)score were identified as independent prognostic factors for mortality.Incorporating these nine factors into the LASSO regression model yielded a correct classification rate of 0.98,with area under the ROC curve(AUC)values of 0.980 and 0.990 in the training and testing cohorts,respectively.Incorporating the same factors into the LASSO-based ANN model yielded a correct classification rate of 0.990,with an AUC of 0.980 in both the training and testing cohorts.Conclusions:Both the LASSO regression and LASSO-based ANN model accurately predicted the clinical outcome of patients with COVID-19.Severity of illness,age,platelet count,leukocyte count,prealbumin,CRP,total bilirubin,APACHE II score,and SOFA score were identified as prognostic factors for mortality in patients with COVID-19.