Snowfall Shift and Precipitation Variability over Sikkim Himalaya Attributed to Elevation-Dependent Warming

Sikkim Himalaya hosts critical water resources such as glacial,rain,and snow-fed springs and lakes.Climate change is adversely affecting these resources in various ways,and elevation-dependent warming is prominent among them.This study is a discussion of the elevation-dependent warming(EDW),snowfall shift,and precipitation variability over Sikkim Himalaya using a high-resolution ERA5-land dataset.Furthermore,the findings show that the Sikkim Himalaya region is experiencing a warming trend from south to north.The majority of the Sikkim Himalayan region shows a declining trend in snowfall.A positive advancement in snowfall trend(at a rate of 1 mm per decade)has been noticed above 4500 meters.The S/P ratio indicates a shift in snowfall patterns,moving from lower elevations to much higher regions.This suggests that snowfall has also transitioned from Lachung and Lachen(3600 m)to higher elevated areas.Moreover,the seasonal shifting of snowfall in the recent decade is seen from January-March(JFM)to February-April(FMA).Subsequently,the preceding 21 years are being marked by a significant spatiotemporal change in temperature,precipitation,and snowfall.The potent negative correlation coefficient between temperature and snowfall(–0.9),temperature and S/P ratio(–0.5)suggested the changing nature of snowfall from solid to liquid,which further resulted in increased lower elevation precipitation.The entire Sikkim region is transitioning from a cold-dry to a warm-wet weather pattern.In the climate change scenario,a drop in the S/P ratio with altitude will continue to explain the rise in temperature over mountainous regions.

Artificial Precipitation Enhancement Weather System and the Operation Timing in Shenyang Area

By using the mathematical statistics and classification,the artificial precipitation enhancement cases in Shenyang area were analyzed.The results showed that the precipitation enhancement weather systems mainly included the northeast cold vortex,high-altitude trough,North China low-pressure,high-pressure rear and cold front cloud system.The appropriate height of precipitation enhancement was about 3 000-6 000 m in the middle and upper part of the cloud layer.The timing of precipitation enhancement should be in the radar's monitoring.The systems moved slowly or maintained stably in the developing or mature stages.The aircraft rainfall enhancement should be used in the stable and deep cloud layers.The rocket and antiaircraft gun rainfall enhancement should be used in the unstable move.

Study on the Artificial Snowfall Operation of Silver Iodide Ground Generator in Shijiazhuang City

The key of artificial precipitation(snowfall) operation with the silver iodide generator which was set on the windward slope of mountain was the selection of updraft time.The updraft related to the entering cloud efficiency of effective nucleus.By contrasting and analyzing two times artificial snowfall operations,the timing of artificial precipitation(snowfall) operation with the silver iodide ground generator was discussed.By using the synoptic chart,satellite cloud chart,radar,physical quantity calculation and so on,the operation timing was determined.

Analysis of the Maximum Consecutive Precipitation Variation in Liaoning Artificial Precipitation Test Area

According to the daily precipitation data in artificial precipitation season during May to September from 1961 to 2008 in Liaoning Province,the maximum consecutive precipitation in the artificial precipitation test area is studied based on the maximum consecutive precipitation from May to September in 48 years.The results shows that the period of maximum consecutive precipitation in each month is different,and the variance trends of maximum consecutive precipitation in May,July,August and September are decreasing,while the variance trend of maximum consecutive precipitation in June is increasing.

Analysis on the Contribution of Artificial Precipitation Enhancement Amount to Annual Water Resources in Liaoning

Based on the water resource balance,the correlation between both the Liaoning water resource and precipitation and total amount of water resource from 1991 to 2004 was analyzed by assuming Liaoning to be an enclosed region.And the calculation methods were developed to quantitatively determine the increase of rainfall due to artificial precipitation,and consequently ascertain the contribution of artificial rainfall amount to water resources.

Application of microbially induced carbonate precipitation to form biocemented artificial sandstone

It is difficult to collect and characterise well-preserved samples of weakly-cemented granular rocks as conventional sampling techniques often result in destruction of the cementation.An alternative approach is to prepare synthetic geomaterials to match required specifications.This paper introduces microbially induced carbonate precipitation(MICP)as a method to reliably deliver artificiallycemented specimens with customised properties,closely resembling those of soft carbonate sandstones.The specimens are generated from materials with two highly different particle size distributions(PSDs)to access a range of achievable combinations of strengths and porosities.The MICP parameters are kept constant across all samples to obtain similar calcium carbonate characteristics(size of individual crystals,type,etc.),while injected volume is varied to achieve different cementation levels.Although uniform cementation of very coarse sands has been considered very difficult to achieve,the results show that both the fine and coarse sand specimens present high degrees of uniformity and a good degree of repeatability.The unconfined compressive strengths(UCSs)(less than 3000 kPa)and porosities(0.25e0.4)of the artificial specimens fall in the same range of values reported for natural rocks.The strength gainwas greater in the fine sand than that in the coarse sand,as the void size in the latter was significantly larger compared to the calcium carbonate crystals’size,resulting in precipitation on less effective locations,away from contacts between particles.The strengths and porosities obtained for the two sands in this work fall within ranges reported in the literature for natural soft rocks,demonstrating theMICP technique is able to achieve realistic properties and may be used to produce a full range of properties by varying the grain sizes,and possibly the width of PSD.

Study on Potential and Countermeasures of Artificial Precipitation Enhancement in Fuxin Region

To exploit cloud water resources to increase precipitation on the ground effectively,according to the principles of artificial precipitation enhancement,based on historical data of weather and precipitation from Fuxin National Basic Meteorological Stations from 1981 to 2010,the distribution characteristics of cloud water resources,potential and countermeasures of artificial precipitation enhancement in Fuxin region of Liaoning Province were studied. The results show that the annual average quantity of cloud water resources in the air over Fuxin region over the past 30 years was 285. 6 × 10~8m^3,but the annual average precipitation was only 471.8 mm( amounting to 47.2 ×10~8m^3 of water resources),accounting for only16. 5% of total quantity of cloud water resources in the air; 12 times of artificial precipitation enhancement operation experiments were carried out by using the weather models and technical indicators suitable for artificial precipitation enhancement in Fuxin region,and the artificial precipitation efficiency was 18. 3% on average,5. 2% higher than before,and the annual average precipitation could increase by 2. 5 × 10~8m^3 approximately. All of these have great significance for implementing artificial precipitation enhancement operation scientifically and effectively,maximizing the exploitation of cloud water resources in the air,increasing total quantity of water resources,and mitigating drought in Fuxin region.

Forecasting Monsoon Precipitation Using Artificial Neural Networks

This paper explores the application of Artificial Intelligent (AI) techniques for climate forecast. It presents a study on modelling the monsoon precipitation forecast by means of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Using the historical data of the total amount of summer rainfall over the Delta Area of Yangtze River in China, three ANNs models have been developed to forecast the monsoon precipitation in the corresponding area one year, five-year, and ten-year forward respectively. Performances of the models have been validated using a 'new' data set that has not been exposed to the models during the processes of model development and test. The experiment results are promising, indicating that the proposed ANNs models have good quality in terms of the accuracy, stability and generalisation ability.

Simulation of the Ultrasonic Precipitation Process of Nano-hydroxyapatite by an Artificial Neural Network

The ultrasonic precipitation technique for preparing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles is a complex process that was strongly influenced by temperature, reaction time and ultrasonic power. The use of a modified artificial neural network （ANN） was proposed to model the non-linear relationship between ultrasonic precipitation parameters and the hydroxyapatite content. The improved model for processing dataset and selecting its topology was developed using the Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm and was trained with comprehensive dataset of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles collected from experimental data. A basic repository on the domain knowledge of ultrasonic precipitation process for the preparation of hydroxyapatite is established via sufficient data mining by the network. With the help of the repository stored in the trained network, the influence of preparation temperature, preparation time and ultrasonic sonicating power on the hydroxyapatite content can be analyzed and predicted. The results show that the ANN system is effective and successful in analyzing the influence of ultrasonic precipitation parameters on the preparation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles.

Shallow Discussion about the Application of L-band Sounding Seconds Data in the Artificial Precipitation

[Objective] The research aimed to discuss shallowly the application of L-band sounding seconds data in the artificial precipitation. [Method] The characteristics, getting manner and displaying method of L-band sounding seconds data were introduced briefly. Moreover, its application prospect in the artificial precipitation operation was analyzed initially. We aimed to improve its application rate in the artificial precipitation operation. [Result] L-band sounding seconds data had the great improvement in the time-space resolution and the space positioning accuracy aspects when compared with the previous sounding data, and the precision reached the second level. It could provide the high-precision data basis for the assimilation of artificial precipitation numerical model initial field, and improve the numerical model. Moreover, the sounding product could provide the accurate scientific basis for the selection of artificial precipitation operation tool, the determination of operation height and range, and guide the artificial precipitation operation, and improve the operation efficiency. [Conclusion] The research provided the analysis and reference basis for the command of artificial precipitation operation.

Effects of artificial aging conditions on mechanical properties of gravity cast B356 aluminum alloy

The age hardening behavior of gravity cast B356 aluminum alloy was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), hardness measurements and tensile tests. Three different artificial aging temperatures were selected, namely 155, 165 and 180 °C, with heat treatment time from 40 min to 32 h. DSC analysis results show that cluster formation begins below room temperature(at around-10 °C). Since cluster formation influences the subsequent precipitation of the main strengthening β'' phase, it can be inferred that a delay between solutionizing and artificial aging has a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of the alloy. It was also confirmed that the hardness and the tensile properties of the alloy reach the maximum values when β'' phase is completely developed during the artificial aging. This happens after 16 h for samples aged at 155 °C, after 6 h for samples aged at 165 °C and after 4 h for samples aged at 180 °C. A subsequent decrease of the mechanical properties, observed only in the sample aged at the highest temperature, with increasing aging time can be associated with the transformation of the coherent β'' phase into the semi-coherent β' phase. Finally, the activation energy associated with the precipitation of β'' phase was calculated to be 57.2 k J/mol.

Analysis of a Beijing Heavy Snowfall Related to an Inverted Trough in November 2009

This paper studies a heavy snowfall in Beijing that took place on 1 November 2009. The date of the snowfall was about one month earlier than the average. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data, conventional data, and Automatic Weather Station (AWS) data are utilized to explore the reasons for the snowfall and the influencing systems. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) It is revealed from the average geopotential height and average temperature fields at 500 hPa that the large scale circulation in November 2009 was favorable to snowfall. The cold-dry air from West Siberia and the warm-moist air from the Bay of Bengal converged in North China. In addition, it was found from the average moisture flux field at 700 hPa that the main water vapor source was in the Bay of Bengal. (2) Not only the "return current", as usually accepted, but also the inverted trough on the current had an important contribution to the snowfall. The inverted trough could produce the obvious upward motion that is an important environmental condition of snowfalls. (3) More attention should be paid to mesoscale systems such as mesolows during the cold season because of their importance, though they do not occur as frequently as in the warm season. It should be pointed out that AWS data are very useful in mesoscale system analysis during both warm and cold seasons.

Study on corrosion resistance of artificially aged 7075 aluminium alloy by using Cs-corrected STEM

This research studied the mechanism of the corrosion resistance enhancement of artificially aged 7075 aluminium alloy using advanced Cs-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM).The corrosion behaviors of artificially aged 7075 aluminium alloys in a 3.5 wt.%NaCl solution were investigated by impedance spectra,equivalent circuit analyses,polarization measurements and immersion tests.The results show that a longer aging treatment leads to better corrosion resistance,which can be attributed to the following microstructural features,as revealed by STEM.The Cu segregation at grain boundaries under over-aged conditions helps retard intergranular corrosion.The Mg(Zn,Cu)_(2) precipitates formed on the surfaces of Al_(18)Mg_(3)(Cr,Mn)_(2) dispersoids effectively insulate the dispersoids as cathodes in corrosion,from the Al matrix.This study demonstrates a potential strategy to design corrosion-resistant alloys achieved by proper alloying and subsequent aging.

Benefit Analysis of Two Times Ground Precipitation Operation

By using the effect statistics test evaluation method and combining with the actual rainfall,the increased rainfall,the precipitation enhancement efficiency and the economic benefit of two times artificial precipitation operations which were respectively carried out on April 25 and May 11 in 2010 were calculated,analyzed and studied.The results showed that the two times artificial precipitation operations were successful,and the benefit was significant.

2012—2019年昌吉冬季降雪日变化特征分析

利用2012-2019年冬季昌吉回族自治州(简称“昌吉州”)11个国家级台站逐时降水资料,运用常规统计方法,对昌吉州冬季降雪日变化特征进行分析。结果表明:昌吉州冬季降雪量空间分布与海拔高度呈正相关,与纬度呈显著的负相关,降雪强度与纬度关系密切。昌吉州逐时累积降雪量呈双峰型分布,主峰出现在17时,次峰出现在08时;西部呈三峰型特征,主次峰值分别出现在17、14、08时;东部呈准单峰单谷型,峰值发生在19时,谷值出现在13时。昌吉州冬季降水以短时降水事件为主,对冬季降水量贡献为64%,12 h以上长持续性降水事件发生概率很小,仅在部分台站偶有发生。西部和东部冬季降水日循环与降水持续性关系较密切,其中持续3~4 h降水事件对西部和东部冬季降水量贡献最大,随着持续时间的延长对降水量的贡献变小。

2024年春运期两次极端雨雪冰冻天气过程对比分析

2024年1月31日-2月6日和2月19-25日,我国先后出现两次大范围持续性低温雨雪冰冻天气过程(分别简称过程1和过程2),对春运造成严重影响。利用多源观测和ERA5再分析资料对两次过程进行对比,重点分析了南方地区雨雪天气强度及冻雨和降水相态差异的原因。结果表明:(1)两次过程的累计降水量均有一定极端性,并伴有复杂的降水相态变化,冻雨强度和范围为2009年以来最大;过程1冻雨强度和积雪深度大于过程2,过程2冻雨范围、降水和对流强度大于过程1。(2)两次过程均发生在高空槽与低层冷空气共同作用的环流背景下,南支槽前和西太平洋副热带高压外围的西南急流稳定维持且较常年显著偏强,为两次极端雨雪冰冻天气过程提供了持续而充沛的水汽条件;暖湿气流在冷垫上的爬升以及低层风场的水平辐合是产生雨雪天气的重要动力机制,逆温层和融化层的稳定维持是出现冻雨及降水相态反复变化的关键原因。(3)两次过程不同点主要在于,过程1冻结层内温度多在-4~0℃,高于过程2,相对而言更有利于形成冻雨;逆温区狭长且少动,冻雨影响范围集中,强度大;过程2副热带高压更偏西偏北,有利于西南暖湿急流加强和北推,同时强寒潮导致冷垫较强,冷暖交汇有利于上升运动发展和降水增强;过程2融化层维持时间更长,云水含量较高,但冻结层内温度低,更有利于出现冰粒或湿雪。

青藏高原雪水比例时空变化特征

为厘清青藏高原地区不同相态降水及其变化规律,本文基于第三极地区长时间序列(1979—2020年)高分辨率(1/30°,日)地面气象要素驱动数据集,采用基于表面高程和气象条件的雨雪识别方法,识别了青藏高原地区的降雨和降雪,分析了青藏高原雪水比例(SPR)的分布特征和时空演变规律。结果表明:①SPR空间分布差异显著,西高东低;②SPR整体呈下降趋势,平均以1.11%/(10 a)的速率显著降低;③冷、暖季均呈现降雨增加、降雪减少、SPR降低趋势,但暖季的变化速率和显著性高于冷季;④高原东西部降雪量在冷、暖季相当,高原中部以暖季降雪为主,高原暖季降雨量约占全年的90%,高原大部分地区暖季降雪占全年降雪的比例呈下降趋势(-0.29%/(10 a))。研究结果有望为区域气候变化和水科学研究提供科学依据。

界面湿放电下护套ATH填料析出对绝缘子芯棒酥朽老化的影响

复合绝缘子中玻璃钢芯棒的酥朽老化现象频繁出现,严重影响了输电线路可靠性。然而,酥朽老化与界面放电的关系尚无明确证据,界面放电下护套粉化对老化的影响仍不明确。文中以内击穿故障而退运绝缘子为参考,搭建了基于界面湿放电的人工加速老化平台,还原了绝缘子的界面放电和芯棒酥朽老化的发生和发展,并模拟了护套ATH填料析出对于酥朽过程的影响。实验在高湿环境下通过界面放电提供酸性和高温条件,在1000 h的老化过程中,对芯棒样品的微观结构、物理化学性质和泄漏电流进行表征。实验结果表明,多因素环境下的复合绝缘子界面放电会引发芯棒中环氧树脂的分解,最终导致玻璃纤维暴露、断裂,形成酥朽老化。同时,由于界面放电导致的护套ATH填料析出行为虽然会加剧芯棒表面老化;但在长期老化过程中,ATH填料可以部分减缓酥朽老化的深入。硅橡胶护套的耐漏电起痕能力对于减缓芯棒酥朽依然有正向效果,使复合绝缘子拥有一定的自修复性。该研究提供了界面放电引发酥朽老化的实验室基础,有助于监测和理解芯棒老化的发展过程和机理,同时从预防和减缓酥朽老化的角度为护套填料配方提供参考。

河南北中部一次雨雪冰冻过程的相态特征分析

2023年末河南北中部出现一次大范围雨雪冰冻过程,降水相态复杂多变,并伴有区域性雷暴,较为罕见。利用常规观测、ERA5再分析以及风廓线雷达和双偏振雷达资料等对此次过程的相态特征及成因进行分析。结果表明:(1)500 hPa横槽转竖、南支槽东移,700 hPa西南急流发展,地面先后受东路及西路冷空气影响,导致河南北中部出现持续性大范围雨雪冰冻天气。(2)冷垫以上的条件不稳定性、锋区附近的条件对称不稳定以及强锋生环流上升支为对流天气发生发展提供有利条件,是强雨雪、雷暴及冰雹产生的主要原因。(3)过程中冻雨对应“厚暖层(100-200 hPa)-冷层”层结结构,冰粒对应“冰晶层-薄暖层(50-100 hPa)-冷层”结构,纯雪对应整层冷层,雨夹雪对应近地面出现浅薄暖层。(4)风廓线雷达水平风场产品可定性反映低层西南急流和近地面冷空气强度的变化,不同相态降水的垂直速度产品差异明显,可为相态转变短临的监测和预报提供参考。(5)双偏振产品显示,冻雨和纯雪对应相关系数最大(≥0.99),雨夹雪相关系数最小(0.85~0.9);冰粒中层融化层显著,其高度处差分反射率因子最大,相关系数最小。

基于多源数据的黄河源区降雪比变化及其影响因素

黄河源区是黄河流域关键产流区域,对气候变化十分敏感。在气候变暖背景下,降水形态转变及其影响因素的研究依然不足。围绕这一重要科学问题,本研究基于地面气象站点观测和多源高分辨率气象数据集[China Meteorological Forcing Dataset(CMFD)、ECWMF ERA5-Land(ERA5-Land)、Multi-Source Weather(MSWX)],采用湿球温度参数化模型对1980—2015年黄河源区降水形态进行区分,并对降雪比长期变化趋势及其影响因素进行了综合研究。结果表明,1980—2015年黄河源区降水量整体呈增加趋势,降水形态向降雨转变,降雪量减少,平均降雪比呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05),四套数据源的降雪比平均下降速率为0.002 a^(-1)(P<0.05)。降雪比呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05)的格点占比分别为98.31%(ERA5-Land)、96.87%(MSWX)、67.62%(CMFD)。黄河源区中西部降雪比下降速率较快,下降速率最大的地区为玛多、达日等地。三套格点产品中CMFD能够较好地呈现降雪比变化趋势的空间差异,MSWX次之,而ERA5-Land降雪比变化趋势空间变异较小。源区降雪比与年平均气温、降水量相关性较高(P<0.05),相关系数r分别为-0.42和-0.48,亦受到西风的影响(r=-0.31,P=0.07)。研究结果有助于加深气候变暖对黄河源区水文气象过程影响的科学认识,为黄河流域区域水资源管理提供理论支撑。