Comparative evaluation of modified neem leaf, neem leaf and woodash extracts on soil fertility improvement, growth and yields of maize (<i>Zea mays</i>L.) and watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) (Sole and Intercrop)

Two field experiments were carried out at Akure (7oN, 5o101E) in the rainforest zone of Nigeria in 2006 and 2007 to determine the effectiveness of neem leaf, woodash and modified neem leaf extracts as fertilizer sources in improving soil fertility, growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L) and watermelon (Citrulus lanatus) sole and intercrop. There were six treatments namely, poultry manure, neem leaf extract (sole), woodash extract, modified neem leaf (neem leaf + woodash), NPK 15-15-15 and a control (no fertilizer nor extract), replicated three times and arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCB). The extracts (neem leaf, wood ash and modified neem leaf) were applied at 1200 litres per hectare each, NPK 15-15-15 at 300 kg/ha and poultry was applied at 6t/ha. The results showed that there were significant increases (P 2O), K, Ca, Mg, Na, O.M, P and N compared to NPK 15-15-15 and neem leaf extract. For instance, modified neem leaf extract increased soil pH (H2O), K, Ca, Mg, Na, O.M, P and N by 12.4%, 32.8%, 25%, 23.7%, 19.32%, 17.24% and 20% respectively compared to neem leaf extract under intercrop plot. The high soil K/Ca, K/Mg and P/Mg ratios in the NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer treatment led to an imbalance in the supply of P, K, Ca and Mg nutrients to maize and watermelon crops. The least values for growth, yield and soil parameters were recorded under the control treatment. In these experiments, modified neem leaf extract (woodash + neem leaf extracts) applied at 1200 litres/ha was the most effective in improving soil fertility, growth and yield of maize and watermelon (sole and intercrop) and could substitute for 6 tons per hectare of poultry manure and 300kg/ha of NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer.

Leaching of phosphorus from incinerated sewage sludge ash by means of acid extraction followed by adsorption on orange waste gel

Ashes from sewage sludge incineration have a high phosphorus content, approximately 8% （W/W）, which indicates a potential resource of the limiting nutrient. Incineration of sewage sludge with subsequent recovery of phosphorus is a relatively new sludge treatment technique. In this article, the leaching of phosphorus by using sulfuric acid as well as hydrochloric acid by means of several batch experiments was presented. At the same time a selective recovery of phosphorus by adsorption was also discussed. The effects of acid concentration, temperature and time on extraction were studied. The phosphorus leaching increased with the increase in acid concentration and temperature. Kinetic studies showed that the complete leaching of phosphorus took place in less than 4 h. Selective adsorption of phosphorus by using orange waste gel provided a hint for recovery of this natural resource, which eventually could meet the ever-increasing requirement for phosphorus. The overall results indicated that the incinerated sewage sludge ash can be treated with acid to efficiently recover phosphorus and thus can be considered a potentially renewable source of phosphorus.

Determination of Moisture, Ash, Extract Content and TLC identification of Tibetan Medicinal Material Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim.

[Objectives] The moisture, ash and extract content of Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim. were measured.[Methods] The moisture, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and extract content of D. tanguticum Maxim collected from 16 producing areas were detected by using the methods in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition, volume I), and D. tanguticum Maxim. was identified by thin layer chromatography in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition, volume I).[Results] The moisture content of D. tanguticum Maxim collected from 16 producing areas ranged from 8.68% to 10.36%, averaging 9.28%. The content of total ash was between 7.21% and 11.60%, averaging 9.89%. The content of acid-insoluble ash was 0.21%-2.71%, averaging 1.51%. The extract content (water-soluble) was 26.67%-42.91%, averaging 32.65%. According to the results of TLC identification, the 16 samples and reference substance had the same characteristic spots at the corresponding positions.[Conclusions] It was recommended that the moisture, total ash and acid-insolue ash content of D. tanguticum Maxim were not be more than 11%, 12%, and 3% respectively, while the extract content was not less than 26%. It provides reference for filling the gaps in the quality standards of D. tanguticum Maxim.

Evaluation of Wild Paeonia veitchii Lynch from Sichuan Based on Moisture, Ash and Extract Contents

[Objectives]The research aimed to determine the contents of moisture,ash and extract of wild Paeonia veitchii Lynch produced in Sichuan,so as to provide the basis for evaluating quality of wild P.veitchii Lynch from Sichuan.[Methods]Moisture,ash and extract contents of wild P.veitchii Lynch were respectively determined according to the fourth part of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia of 2015 version,and correlation analysis and TOPSIS analysis were used for data processing.[Results]12 batches of samples all corresponded with the provision that moisture of P.veitchii Lynch should not exceed 14.0%in the Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Sichuan Province of 2010 version;11 batches of samples all corresponded with the provisions that total ash and acid insoluble ash of P.veitchii Lynch should not exceed 7.0%and 1.0%in the Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Sichuan Province of 2010 version;average content of alcohol-soluble extract by hot dipping from 12 batches of samples was 42.29%,which was not less than 30.0%.In P.veitchii Lynch,moisture and acid insoluble ash showed positive correlation with altitude,while total ash and extract content were negatively correlated with altitude.Taking moisture,ash and extract as evaluation indexes,No.9 P.veitchii Lynch sample was the best.[Conclusions]Moisture and ash of P.veitchii Lynch corresponded with the provisions of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia of 2015 version and the Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Sichuan Province of 2010 version,while extract content was higher than provision of the standard.The research could provide reference basis for rational utilization and quality evaluation of P.veitchii Lynch resources.

Quality Evaluation of Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. from Different Localities Based on Moisture,Ash and Extract Contents and Thin-layer Chromatography

[Objectives] The aim was to determine the moisture,ash and extract contents in Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. from different localities. [Methods] The contents of moisture,total ash,acid-insoluble ash and extract in L. franchetii from different localities were determined according to the methods described in Chinese Pharmacopoeia( 2015 Edition). [Results] In the 10 samples,the contents of moisture were all less than or equal to 15. 0%; the contents of total ash were all below 12. 0%; and the contents of acid-insoluble ash were all less than 3. 0%. The contents of water-soluble extract( by cold-soaked extraction method) in the samples were all below 12. 0% except those from Hongyuan Prairie of Sichuan Province and Xinglong Mountain in Lanzhou City,Gansu Province. [Conclusions]The contents of the four indicators measured in this experiment varied by small margins,indicating that the quality was relatively stable. This study provides theoretical data for the revision of the quality standards for L. franchetii.

Effect of Temperature on Phase and Alumina Extraction Efficiency of the Product from Sintering Coal Fly Ash with Ammonium Sulfate

A new developed technology for extracting alumina from coal fly ash was studied in this paper. In this technology, coal fly ash is first sintered with ammonium sulfate, forming ammonium aluminum sulfate in the resultant product, where alumina can be easily leached without using any strong acid or alkali. The products obtained under different sintering conditions were characterized by X-ray diffractometry. Alumina extraction efficiency of these products was also investigated. The results show that the sintering temperature and time substantially influence the phase composition and alumina extraction efficiency of sintered products, while the heating rate has little influence. The optimal sintering condition is 400 °C for 3 h in air with a heating rate of 6 °C·min-1.Under the optimal sintering condition, the alumina extraction efficiency from as-sintered coal fly ash can reach 85% or more.

基于微宏观分析结合的绿色混凝土性能实验教学设计

以绿色隧道建设科研课题为依托,结合建筑材料中混凝土性能实验教学,分析用绿色植物(胡萝卜)萃取液作为天然生物外加剂和粉煤灰作为矿物掺合料的混凝土的力学性能及机理,对实验中采用的X-射线衍射、扫描电镜分析等新方法和思路进行总结,引入新型绿色材料并提出将宏观实验现象与微观机理分析相结合的面向学生的新型实验教学模式。该模式作为传统教学的优化和补充,可为其他课程实验教学革新提供思路,有利于激发学生的实验兴趣,培养其不仅要知其然,更要知其所以然的综合科研探究能力。

粉煤灰提铝残渣制备4A分子筛及Cu(Ⅱ)吸附研究

4A分子筛由于其优异的阳离子交换能力,成为处理重金属废水优良的吸附材料。为了达到以废治废的目的,以粉煤灰酸法提铝残渣为原料制备地质聚合物,再经水热原位转化合成体型化4A分子筛。采用XRD、FT-IR、SEM、BET、TGA等手段对4A沸石进行表征,探讨吸附时间、Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度、吸附剂用量及溶液p H对其吸附性能的影响,并结合动力学方程和吸附等温线模型对其吸附过程进行研究。结果表明,所合成的4A分子筛孔隙发达且微孔含量较多,总比表面积为71.85 m^(2)/g,其中微孔比表面积为53.91 m^(2)/g,微孔孔径主要集中在1.3 nm左右。体型化4A分子筛吸附Cu(Ⅱ)的最佳条件为吸附时间为240 min、Cu(Ⅱ)初始质量浓度为100 mg/L、吸附剂用量为2.0 g/L、溶液p H为6~9,此时吸附量为32.97 mg/g,Cu(Ⅱ)的去除率可达65.93%。吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,以化学吸附为主。Langmuir模型拟合效果较好,表明Cu(Ⅱ)在合成4A沸石上的吸附过程为单分子层吸附,且拟合得到的Cu(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量为37.05 mg/g。

基于高效解离-选择性絮凝耦合作用的煤气化渣提炭实验研究

煤气化渣是由煤气化工艺产生的一种富含铝硅酸盐、灰组分及残炭的大宗工业固体废弃物,其规模化生产对生态环境造成了严重的影响。因此,将煤气化渣进行炭-灰分离是实现其减量化、无害化和资源化利用的关键。以煤气化渣为研究对象,采用高效解离-选择性絮凝耦合作用的工艺,为实现煤气化渣更为合理、高效的资源化利用,减少煤气化渣带来的土壤、空气、水体资源等污染问题,对煤气化渣进行提炭实验研究。首先分析了煤气化渣的理化性质,其次采用单因素变量法探究了磨矿时间、pH、絮凝剂种类、絮凝剂用量、高速剪切转速对煤气化渣提炭实验的影响,以实现残余炭产品的高度富集。结果表明:原煤气化渣灰分质量分数为67.19%,普通湿筛筛上物料灰分质量分数为54.3%,当煤气化渣磨矿时间为5 s, pH为7,絮凝剂聚氧化乙烯用量为0.4 kg/t,在转速为4 000 r/min高速剪切15 min的条件下提炭效果最佳,最终可获得产率为26.6%、湿筛筛上灰分质量分数为43.3%的残炭产品。对比普通湿筛法,基于高效解离-选择性絮凝实验方法在普通湿筛的基础上灰分质量分数降低了11%,降灰效果明显。

生物浸出技术在粉煤灰综合利用中的应用

粉煤灰作为燃煤电厂的主要固体废物,其综合利用是一个世界性难题。粉煤灰中因含有价金属元素,对其进行综合利用具有重要意义。生物浸出技术经济高效,无污染,可循环利用,且经回收金属后的灰渣仍具有较高的资源化利用价值。文中综述有关生物浸出技术在粉煤灰综合利用中的应用,并对其主要影响因素进行分析,同时指出生物浸出技术在未来应用中存在的问题和发展方向。

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中氯盐及重金属分离提取技术研究进展

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰具有高氯盐、重金属成分组成复杂等特性,将飞灰中高氯盐及重金属等高价值污染物分离提取并资源化利用不仅可以降低飞灰的危害性,还可以减少天然矿物的开采,具有显著的环境和经济效益.本文根据飞灰中氯盐及重金属分离提取的最新研究报道,结合国内外的工业化应用现状,对各类提取工艺存在的优缺点及发展方向进行综述及展望,以期彻底实现飞灰的无害化处置及资源化利用.当前飞灰中氯盐的分离提取技术已经成功得到应用,但综合处置成本仍明显高于螯合后填埋,有待进一步优化.相比之下,飞灰中重金属的分离提取技术尚处于起步阶段,主要限制因素为回收金属价值难以覆盖其提取成本,并且还面临重金属处理不彻底的问题,仍需继续开展相关技术攻关及政策引导.

受冻融作用钢筋混凝土电化学除氯模型研究

氯盐侵蚀与冻融循环作用下,钢筋混凝土结构遭受严重的耐久性损伤。电化学除氯能有效解决氯盐侵蚀产生的钢筋锈蚀问题,但在盐冻地区其除氯机理受混凝土冻融损伤的影响。对内掺氯盐的冻融损伤混凝土开展电化学除氯试验,基于相对动弹性模量建立混凝土冻融损伤度,研究冻融循环作用后钢筋混凝土电化学除氯机理,建立冻融损伤混凝土电化学除氯效率评价模型。研究结果表明,相较于普通混凝土,冻融环境下粉煤灰混凝土冻融损伤度更大,平均除氯效率更低。随冻融次数和粉煤灰掺量增加,混凝土冻融损伤度增大。随冻融损伤度和除氯时间的增加,混凝土平均除氯效率增加。冻融损伤混凝土平均除氯效率相较于未遭受冻融损伤混凝土,达到钝化目标所需时间更短。基于混凝土损伤度建立了冻融损伤混凝土电化学除氯模型,试验值与模型拟合良好。

不同产地车前草总灰分及浸出物含量分析

为了比较不同产地的车前草以及清洗前后总灰分和浸出物含量的变化,以此为(亳州)中药饮片企业制定针对性的车前草总灰分和浸出物质量标准提供依据。通过安徽亳州康美药材市场收集八个产地的车前草样品,按照2020版《中国药典》测定方法对其总灰分和浸出物进行测定。结果显示:山西、河南产的车前草样品灰分含量符合要求,甘肃、贵州、四川、江苏、山东、亳州样品中灰分含量均高于药典标准,分别高出:2.43%、2.56%、5.52%、1.88%、0.36%、2.41%,清洗后均符合药典要求。各产地浸出物含量无论清洗前后均符合药典标准,不低于14%。不同产地的车前草样品总灰分含量范围:11.72%~20.63%;清洗后样品总灰分含量范围在:10.90%~16.00%;不同产地的车前草样品浸出物含量范围在:15.35%~32.85%;清洗后浸出物含量范围在:17.10%~28.30%。因此,不同产地的车前草总灰分含量、浸出物含量均存在差异,清洗后总灰分变化呈下降趋势。

从粉煤灰中提锂的技术研究进展

随着电池和电动汽车的迅速发展,锂的消耗量显著增长,人类对锂资源的需求日益增大。锂矿资源已日渐枯竭,从固体废弃物粉煤灰中提锂已成为研究热点。本文对国内外从粉煤灰中浸出锂和从浸出液中分离提取锂两个方面综述了目前粉煤灰回收锂的主要工艺技术。湿法冶金是从粉煤灰中回收锂的主要方法,主要通过酸法或碱法将锂浸出,然后采用沉淀、萃取、吸附等方法得到锂化合物产品。采用吸附法可从低浓度溶液中回收锂资源。碱法浸出工艺选择性好,碱浸-沉淀-母液循环工艺具有较好的工业化前景。

广山楂质量控制研究

目的对不同产地广山楂的质量进行测定,为科学制订广山楂药材质量标准提供依据。方法根据《中国药典》2015年版四部通则对不同产地的广山楂进行显微及薄层色谱鉴别;对水分、灰分浸出物进行检测。结果不同产地广山楂质量存在一定的差异。结论通过对广山楂的显微和薄层鉴别及指标成分的检测,可作为控制广山楂药材质量控制的标准。

飞灰重金属浸出毒性影响因素研究

本文以佛山南海环保发电厂飞灰为例,探讨各因素对焚烧飞灰重金属浸出毒性的影响。结果表明:在《固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法 醋酸缓冲溶液法》HJ/T300-2007标准范围内,浸提剂pH越低,越有利于铜、锌、铅、镍、总铬的浸出,且浸出液pH有变低的趋势;粒径越小,越有利于锌、钡、硒的浸出,且浸出液pH有变低的趋势。实验表明,只要仪器性能稳定和准确,砷、硒测定结果差异均在标准范围内。

基于HPLC-QAMS多指标成分、化学计量学联合熵权TOPSIS法的盘龙参综合质量评价

目的:建立不同产地盘龙参中9个成分含量同步检测方法,筛选影响其质量的差异标志物,对其质量差异性进行评价。方法:对7省18个批次盘龙参样品进行超声提取,提取物采用高效液相色谱法检测,根据2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》四部方法测定其浸出物、总灰分及酸不溶性灰分含量;采用化学识别模式和熵权逼近理解排序(EW-TOPSIS)法建立盘龙参质量优劣评价模型,综合评价其质量差异性。结果:盘龙参酚A、盘龙参二聚菲酚、没食子酸、槲皮素、5-羟基-7,3',4'-三甲氧基黄酮、山柰酚、樱花素、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇分别在0.52~13.00、0.36~9.00、12.95~323.75、3.09~77.25、4.66~116.50、6.85~171.25、0.29~7.25、0.23~5.75、1.45~36.25μg/mL(r>0.999)范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为96.73%~100.17%(RSD<2.0%);9个成分含量差异较大,浸出物含量≥24.4%,总灰分含量≤2.5%,酸不溶性灰分含量≤1.1%。聚类分析和主成分分析结果均显示18批样品分为3组,相邻产区聚为一组;盘龙参酚A、没食子酸、5-羟基-7,3',4'-三甲氧基黄酮、山柰酚和β-谷甾醇可能是影响盘龙参产品质量主要潜在标志物;熵权TOPSIS法分析结果显示18批盘龙参质量评价相对贴近度在0.0720~0.6594之间,其中S13最大(0.6594)。结论:建立的多指标成分定量及化学计量学联合EW-TOPSIS法可用于评价盘龙参综合质量。

煤气化灰渣综合利用研究进展

煤气化工艺是实现煤炭清洁利用有效途径,由于煤气化技术还在不断的发展过程中以及装备性能差,煤气化过程中也产生了大量的煤气化灰渣等固体废弃物。介绍煤气化灰渣的来源和带来的环境问题,分析煤气化灰渣的成分和矿物组成;对比分析煤气化灰渣活化的3种方法(机械、水热和碱熔融活化)之间的差别;综述煤气化灰渣资源化利用的研究现状,主要在建筑材料(水泥骨料、添加剂)、橡胶和塑料填料、生态修复(土壤、水体)、组分提取利用(残碳、硅、铝)、制备孔材料(活性炭、沸石、碳硅复合材料)等方面进行总结概述,对存在的问题和利用趋势分别进行分析和展望。

基于硫化钠的垃圾焚烧飞灰EDTA提取液中重金属回收试验研究

为实现对垃圾焚烧飞灰EDTA提取液中重金属的回收,以硫化钠溶液为沉淀剂,探究了其用量对重金属回收率的影响,并评价了回收后重金属对环境的影响。理论计算结果表明,在pH为9~12的体系中,S^(2-)能与提取液中的重金属离子形成CdS、CuS、PbS、ZnS金属硫化物沉淀。回收试验结果表明,每处理1 L提取液,5%Na_(2)S的适宜用量为40 mL,Na_(2)S用量对各重金属元素的回收率总体上影响不大;提取液处理前,Cd、Cu、Zn和Cr的质量浓度较低,Cd、Pb质量浓度超标,尤其是Pb超出了标准限值的20倍;回收处理后,提取液中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度均符合GB 8978-1996的规定;浓度较高的Pb回收效果最为显著,其回收率达95.31%,浓度较低的Cd、Cu、Zn和Cr的回收率分别为63.16%、62.71%、66.37%和54.88%;Cr^(3+)虽然不与S^(2-)反应,但通过包藏、吸附等方式被其他重金属硫化物共沉淀进入重金属回收渣,从而实现分离回收;重金属回收渣中铅质量分数高达4.24%,超过了原生铅矿Pb最低工业品位的4倍多,可以作为一种炼铅资源。本工艺简单、实用性强,为垃圾焚烧飞灰综合利用提供了一条新途径。

粉煤灰的高值化应用

目前我国对粉煤灰的利用率较低,且多用于填埋及建筑材料。对粉煤灰中金属的提取及高效利用尤为重要。酒钢粉煤灰提铁项目针对粉煤灰的高效利用进行了深入研究,主要使用干式磁选机和风磁平板联合干选机组提取粉煤灰磁珠,然后运用于高炉炼铁、废水处理以及民用建筑等。