Coal Ash Slag Penetration Behavior on Cr_2O_3-Al_2O_3-ZrO_2 Bricks

The penetration behavior of different kinds of coal ash slags into chrome corundum bricks was studied by cup test. As a preliminary attempt,the oxides of Fe2O3 and MgO were added into coal ash to reduce the erosion of refractories. Different cup tests were carried out to study coal slag erosion to the refractories. FactSage was used to simulate the phase diagram of the main chemical compositions in coal ash and in the refractories. Both results agreed with each other. The results show that the elements in coal slag can penetrate into bricks and the penetration deepens with the duration increasing; it is difficult for Fe but easier for Ca and Si to penetrate into bricks; different kinds of melting coal ashes penetrate into refractories differently and the penetration depth of silicon and calcium can be significantly reduced by adding oxides into coal ash.

Lowering ash slagging and fouling tendency of high-alkali coal by hydrothermal pretreatment

High-alkali species in coal are notorious for causing ash slagging and fouling incidents.In this paper,four high-alkali coals were individually subject to hydrothermal pretreatment(HTP),within a batch-type autoclave at 300 -C for 1 h,and the treated coals were analyzed,along with the oxygen-containing functional groups determined by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FT-IR).Then the alkali species and other components in the coal ash were quantified by X-ray fluorescence(XRF)for evaluating the ash slagging and fouling tendency.Apart from this,FactSage was adopted to simulate the occurrence and transformation of alkali species during coal thermal conversion ending at various temperatures.The findings indicate that the treated coals are superior to the parent ones in terms of certain remarkable changes via HTP.The moisture,oxygen and sulfur of the hydrothermally treated coals decline obviously,while the calorific value rises sharply.HTP could reduce the alkali species to less than 2%(%,by weight,equivalent to Na2O in dry ash),with a maximum removal ratio of 88.9%,lowering the ash slagging and fouling tendency.The proposed mechanism of HTP was that the alkali species in coal matrix became released due to the breakage of the coal functional groups and micropores during HTP.

Dry Mix Slag—High-Calcium Fly Ash Binder. Part Two: Durability

This work investigates durability of cement-free mortars with a binder comprised of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) activated by high-calcium fly ash (HCFA) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3): the soundness, sulfate resistance, alkali-silica reactivity and efflorescence factors are considered. Results of tests show that such mortars are resistant to alkali-silica expansion. Mortars are also sulfate-resistant when the amount of HCFA in the complex binder is within a limit of 10 wt%. The fineness of fly ash determines its’ ability to activate GGBFS hydration, and influence soundness of the binder, early strength development, sulfate resistance and efflorescence behavior. The present article is a continuation of authors’ work, previously published in MSA, Vol. 14, 240-254.

Effect of Blending Ratio on the Sodium Release Behaviors,Ash Slagging Characteristics and Char Gasification Performances during Co-gasification of Zhundong Coal with Wuhai Coal

Some ash related problems,such as slagging at furnace bottom and fouling at the air pre-heater surface,are frequently encountered during circulating fluidized bed gasification(CFBG)of Zhundong coal.Low ash fusion temperatures(AFTs)and intense sodium release should be responsible for those problems.In industry,coal blending is deemed to be a feasible method to both improve AFTs and control sodium release.In this work,Wuhai coal was selected as blending coal.The ratio is varied from 0%to 40%by mass with 10%interval.The mixed samples were gasified by steam at 950°C in a lab-scale furnace.Some key indices,such as sodium release behaviors,ash slagging characteristics and char gasification performances,were investigated by ICP-OES,AFTs,XRD and TG analyzers,respectively.The results indicated that coal blending could significantly decrease sodium release behaviors.For ash slagging characteristics,it is surprised to find that three out of four AFTs(deformation temperature,softening temperature,hemispherical temperature)show an U-shaped correlation with blending ratio,indicating that a low ratio possibly causes more severe ash slagging problem.It is ascribed to the formation of substantial percentage of fusible Na-containing silicates and aluminosilicates.In addition,coal blending greatly increases ST-DT,implying that the ability of resistance to bed temperature fluctuation is markedly enhanced.Due to the high level of alkali and alkaline species,the synergistic effect is clearly observed during co-gasification.Taking all key indices into consideration,30%blending ratio of Wuhai coal is recommended.

Dry Mix Slag—High-Calcium Fly Ash Binder. Part One: Hydration and Mechanical Properties

High-calcium fly ash (HCFA)—a residue of high-temperature coal combustion at thermal power plants, in combination with sodium carbonate presents an effective hardening activator of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS). Substitution of 10% - 30% of GGBFS by HCFA and premixing of 1% - 3% Na2CO3 to this dry binary binder was discovered to give mortar compression strength of 10 - 30 to 30 - 45 MPa at 7 and 28 days when moist cured at ambient temperature. High-calcium fly ash produced from low-temperature combustion of fuel, like in circulating fluidized bed technology, reacts with water readily and is itself a good hardening activator for GGBFS, so introduction of Na2CO3 into such mix has no noticeable effect on the mortar strength. However, low-temperature HCFA has higher water demand, and the strength of mortar is compromised by this factor. As of today, our research is still ongoing, and we expect to publish more data on different aspects of durability of proposed GGBFS-HCFA binder later.

Fly Ash-based Geopolymers:Effect of Slag Addition on Efflorescence

Blended fly ash/blast-furnace slag geopolymers are focused on due to their excellent mechanical and chemical resistant properties. We investigated the effect of slag partial substitution for fly ash on the efflorescence of the resulting geopolymers. The efflorescence of geopolymer binders was inspected and evaluated through leaching tests. The efflorescence deposits on surface of the geopolymer binders were analyzed using XRD and SEM-EDS. The results showed that sodium and calcium cations leached from geopolymer binders reacted with the atmospheric CO2 and formed the crystal deposits, gaylussite and calcite, in the forms of granular and angular crystal particles. The slag addition led to a refinement of the pore structure of fly ash-based geopolymers, but an increment in the concentration of alkali leaching. The crystal deposits gradually developed in the pore volume of the binders, and finally exceeded the capacity of pore volume. The extent of efflorescence on the surface of specimens increased with the slag substitution. The visible efflorescence is therefore a result of available alkalis and pore sizes and volumes. Higher concentration of available alkalis and smaller pores （and volume） will lead to more intensive efflorescence.

Surface Modification of Fly Ashes with Carbide Slag and Its Effect on Compressive Strength and Autogenous Shrinkage of Blended Cement Pastes

Surfaces of grade III fly ashes were modified through mixing with carbide slag and calcining at 850 ℃ for 1 h. Mineralogical compositions and surface morphology of fly ashes before and after modification were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, respectively. Effect of surface-modified fly ashes on compressive strength and autogenous shrinkage of blended cement pastes was investigated. Microstructures of cement pastes were examined by backscattered electron （BSE） imaging and mercury intrusion porosimetry （MIP）. The experimental results showed that β-C2S was formed on the surfaces of fly ashes after modification. Hydration ofβ-C2S on the surface-modified fly ashes densified interface zone and enhanced bond strength between particles of fly ashes and hydrated clinkers. In addition, surface modification of fly ashes tended to decrease total porosity and 10-50 nm pores of cement pastes. Surface modification of fly ashes increased compressive strength and reduced autogenous shrinkage of cement pastes.

Preparation of Reactive Powder Concrete Using Fly Ash and Steel Slag Powder

To decrease the cement and SF content of RPC by using ultra-fine fly ash （UFFA） and steel slag powder （SS）, the effect of these mineral admixtures on compressive strength of RPC were investigated. The experimental results indicate that the utilization of UFFA and SS in RPC is feasible and has prominent mechanical performance. The microstructure analysis （SEM and TG-DTG-DSC） demonstrated that the excellent mechanical properties of RPC containing SS and UFFA were mainly attributed to the sequential hydration filling effect of the compound system.

Flux mechanism of compound flux on ash and slag of coal with high ash melting temperature

The melting temperature of Z coal ash was reduced by adding calcium–magnesium compound flux(WCaO/WMgO=1). In the process of simulated coal gasification, the coal ash and slag were prepared. The transformation of minerals in coal ash and slag upon the change of temperature was studied by using X-ray diffraction(XRD). With the increase of temperatures, forsterite in the ash disappears, while the diffraction peak strength of magnesium spinel increases,and the content of the calcium feldspar increases, then the content of the amorphous phase in the ash increases obviously. The species and evolution process of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, calcium, magnesium at different temperatures were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The decrease of the ash melting point mainly affects the structural changes of silicon, aluminum and oxygen. The coordination of aluminum and oxygen in the aluminum element structure, e.g., tetracoordinated aluminum oxide, was changed. Tetrahedral [AlO4] and hexacoordinated aluminoxy octahedral [AlO6] change with the temperature changing. The addition of Ca2+ and Mg2+ destroys silica chain, making bridge oxide silicon change into non-bridge oxysilicon;and bridge oxygen bond was broken and non-bridge oxygen bond was produced in the oxygen element structure. The addition of calcium and magnesium compound flux reacts with aluminum oxide tetrahedron, aluminum oxide octahedron and silicon tetrahedron to promote the breakage of the bridge oxygen bond. Ca2+ and Mg2+ are easily combined with silicon oxide and aluminum oxide tetrahedron and aluminum. Oxygen octahedrons combine with non-oxygen bonds to generate low-melting temperature feldspars and magnesite minerals, thereby reducing the coal ash melting temperatures. The structure of kaolinite and mullite was simulated by quantum chemistry calculation, and kaolinite molecule has a stable structure.

Comparison of Hydration Properties between Cement-GGBS-fly ash Blended Binder and Cement-GGBS-steel slag Blended Binder

The hydration properties of cement-GGBS-fly ash blended binder and cement-GGBS-steel slag blended binder were compared. The experimental results show that the hydration rate of cement-GGBS- steel slag blended binder is higher than that of cement-GGBS-fly ash blended binder within 28 days, but lower than the latter after 28 days. The hydration of cement-GGBS-steel slag blended binder tends to produce more Ca（OH）2 than the hydration of cement-GGBS-fly ash blended binder, especially at late ages. Cement-GGBS- steel slag mortar exhibits higher strength than cement-GGBS-fly ash mortar within 28 days, but at late ages, it exhibits similar compressive strength with eement-GGBS-fly ash mortar and even slightly lower bending strength than cement-GGBS-fly ash mortar. Cement-GGBS-steel slag paste has finer early pore structure but coarser late pore structure than cement-GGBS-fly ash paste. Cement-GGBS-steel slag paste can get satisfied late pore structure and cement-GGBS-steel slag mortar can get satisfied late strength as compared with pure cement paste and pure cement mortar, respectively.

Tests on Alkali-Activated Slag Foamed Concrete with Various Water-Binder Ratios and Substitution Levels of Fly Ash

To provide basic data for the reasonable mixing design of the alkali-activated (AA) foamed concrete as a thermal insulation material for a floor heating system, 9 concrete mixes with a targeted dry density less than 400 kg/m3 were tested. Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) as a source material was activated by the following two types of alkali activators: 10% Ca(OH)2 and 4% Mg(NO3)2, and 2.5% Ca(OH)2 and 6.5% Na2SiO3. The main test parameters were water-to-binder (W/B) ratio and the substitution level (RFA) of fly ash (FA) for GGBS. Test results revealed that the dry density of AA GGBS foamed concrete was independent of the W/B ratio an RFA, whereas the compressive strength increased with the decrease in W/B ratio and with the increase in RFA up to 15%, beyond which it decreased. With the increase in the W/B ratio, the amount of macro capillaries and artificial air pores increased, which resulted in the decrease of compressive strength. The magnitude of the environmental loads of the AA GGBS foamed concrete is independent of the W/B ratio and RFA. The largest reduction percentage was found in the photochemical oxidation potential, being more than 99%. The reduction percentage was 87% - 93% for the global warming potential, 81% - 84% for abiotic depletion, 79% - 84% for acidification potential, 77% - 85% for eutrophication potential, and 73% - 83% for human toxicity potential. Ultimately, this study proved that the developed AA GGBS foamed concrete has a considerable promise as a sustainable construction material for nonstructural element.

Compatibility of Fly Ash and Slag from Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler for Concrete Beam

The applications of fly ash and slag from circulating fluidized bed boiler were studied as mineral admixture and aggregate for steel reinforced concrete beam.The results show that the concrete beam with fly ash and slag from circulating fluidized bed boilers has a similar ultimate cracking load coefficient as the ordinary cement concrete and a higher bending moment limit.Under the same load,it has a smaller deformation than the ordinary concrete.

Comparative Studies on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Fly Ash Reinforced AA 2024 Composites

Composites are most promising materials of recent interest. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess significantly improved properties compared to unreinforced alloys. There has been an increasing interest in composites containing low density and low cost reinforcements. In view of the generation of large quantities of solid waste by products like fly ash and slags, the present expensive manner in which it is discarded, new methods for treating and using these solid wastes are required. Hence, composites with fly ash and granulated blast furnace (GBF) slag as reinforcements are likely to overcome the cost barrier for wide spread applications in automotive and small engine applications. In the present investigation, AA 2024 alloy-5 wt% fly ash and GBF slag composites separately were made by stir casting route. Phase identification and structural characterization were carried out on fly ash and GBF slag by X-ray diffraction studies. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EDS was used for microstructure analysis. The hardness and compression tests were carried out on all these alloy and composites. The SEM studies reveal that there was a uniform distribution of fly ash and GBF slag particles in the matrix phase and also very good bonding existed between the matrix and reinforcement. Improved hardness and mechanical properties were observed for both the composites compared to alloy;this increase is higher for Al-fly ash composite than Al-GBF slag composite.

Prediction Model of Compressive Strength of Fly Ash-Slag Concrete Based on Multiple Adaptive Regression Splines

Accurate prediction of compressive strength of concrete is one of the key issues in the concrete industry. In this paper, a prediction method of fly ash-slag concrete compressive strength based on multiple adaptive regression splines (MARS) is proposed, and the model analysis process is determined by analyzing the principle of this algorithm. Based on the Concrete Compressive Strength dataset of UCI, the MARS model for compressive strength prediction was constructed with cement content, blast furnace slag powder content, fly ash content, water content, reducing agent content, coarse aggregate content, fine aggregate content and age as independent variables. The prediction results of artificial neural network (BP), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), extreme learning machine (ELM), and multiple nonlinear regression (MnLR) were compared and analyzed, and the prediction accuracy and model stability of MARS and RF models had obvious advantages, and the comprehensive performance of MARS model was slightly better than that of RF model. Finally, the explicit expression of the MARS model for compressive strength is given, which provides an effective method to achieve the prediction of compressive strength of fly ash-slag concrete.

基于响应曲面法的三元地聚合物注浆材料耐久性能研究

为满足复杂地层条件下隧道同步注浆材料耐久性能要求,以粉煤灰、矿渣、偏高岭土等材料制备三元地聚合物注浆材料,并对其耐久性能进行研究。在探究原料物化性质的基础上,采用响应曲面法中Box-Behnken设计耐久性试验,对试验结果进行显著性分析、方差分析以及三维响应曲面分析,结合XRD、SEM和EDS分析地聚合物结石体的微观形貌和水化产物。结果表明:粉煤灰、偏高岭土和矿渣能形成性能互补效应,三者相互作用对注浆材料的侵蚀系数影响显著,可有效增强其抗硫酸盐离子侵蚀能力;预测确定系数R_(pred)^(2)为0.9328,试验相对误差为0.71%,模型精确度高,通过优化获得最佳配合比参数为水泥45.183%(质量分数,下同)、粉煤灰20%、偏高岭土20%、矿渣14.817%;地聚合物注浆材料水化产物主要为方解石、C-A-S-H和N-A-S-H凝胶等物质,这些物质紧密交接,交错生长,形成致密的三维空间网络结构支撑体系,有效增强了材料的耐久性能。研究结果可为三元地聚合物注浆材料耐久性能的后续研究及生产应用提供参考。

生物质热转化过程中积灰沾污结渣特性及趋势预测研究进展

为阐明生物质灰的沾污结渣特性及其趋势预测研究现状,使生物质能热转化利用过程更加安全,在综合分析生物质灰沾污结渣的危害及机制的基础上,从沾污结渣特性与沾污结渣预测两方面归纳国内外研究进展,梳理出影响结渣的主要因素——灰分组成、反应温度、气氛和添加剂等;并对沾污结渣趋势的预测方法和研究趋势进行分析。针对实际工程中锅炉受热面结渣和腐蚀问题,可以采用混烧、混入添加剂、水洗、酸洗、改变受热面材料、优化锅炉和烟道结构设计、优化反应条件等措施解决。在生物质灰沾污结渣趋势预测方面,目前并没有完整的统一标准,简单沿用煤灰的结渣指标存在严重的不适应性,且现有的预测方法通常只考虑固态或熔融成分对结渣的影响,而忽略了碱金属、氯、硫等元素挥发与温度变化的关系。因此,以热转化过程中碱金属的气-固分配趋势为基础,结合不同温度下生物质灰的特点及成灰特性,建立适用于不同温度下生物质灰的沾污结渣预测模型,是下一步研究应重点关注的问题。

地聚物混凝土干燥收缩性能及活性氧化镁补偿收缩研究

制备粉煤灰-矿渣基地聚物混凝土,并进行地聚物混凝土28 d抗压强度和干燥收缩测试,探究分析活性氧化镁含量、水玻璃模数、碱当量和矿渣含量对其抗压强度和干燥收缩的影响机理。结果表明:随着活性氧化镁掺量增大,地聚物混凝土28 d抗压强度下降,干燥收缩变形显著减小;与0%(质量分数,下同)活性氧化镁混凝土相比,掺量为3%、6%和9%时混凝土28 d抗压强度分别下降8.0%、8.2%和18.2%,干燥收缩分别减小21.5%、26.4%和38.2%,此外,当活性氧化镁掺量为3%和6%时,不仅有效补偿了干燥收缩,且抗压强度损失较小;随着水玻璃模数升高,地聚物混凝土28 d抗压强度和干燥收缩变形增大;随着碱当量升高,地聚物混凝土28 d抗压强度下降、干燥收缩变形增大;随着矿渣含量增加,地聚物混凝土28 d抗压强度增大、干燥收缩变形减小。综合考虑抗压强度及收缩的要求,建议实际应用中选择高活性、大掺量氧化镁,掺量宜控制在3%~6%。

燃准东煤电站锅炉沾污结渣特性及防治措施研究进展

新疆地区的准东煤预测储量高达3900亿t,然而煤灰的高沾污结渣倾向严重制约着准东煤在电站锅炉的安全经济利用。为了明晰沾污结渣机理,推动准东煤在电站锅炉的高比例掺烧甚至纯烧,该文从准东煤的无机组分组成、煤的成灰特性、灰的沉积特性、电站锅炉受热面沾污结渣特性和防治措施5个方面对相关基础研究和工业应用情况进行总结。碱金属钠的释放、冷凝和低熔点组分的形成是沾污结渣主要原因,混煤和添加剂的使用以及燃烧调整是最常用的应对措施,降低炉膛出口烟气温度、优化受热面布置和吹灰方式是目前主流的炉型设计思路。开发完善新的炉型和技术手段有望为纯烧准东煤提供解决思路,但还需要应对燃准东煤电站锅炉灵活低碳发展过程的新挑战。

碱金属迁移转化对生物质灰沾污结渣的影响研究进展

生物质热化学转化利用过程会产生大量的生物质灰,其钾、钠等碱金属元素的含量高,导致其熔融温度低,在高温下极易熔融或挥发,进而对锅炉、管道或设备受热面造成沾污结渣、腐蚀等危害。为系统了解碱金属迁移转化对生物质灰沾污结渣影响的研究并预测其发展趋势,首先,归纳生物质热化学转化过程中由碱金属迁移转化引发的安全问题及危害;其次,回顾和总结近年来国内外生物质灰沾污结渣机理方面的研究进展,主要包括不同热化学转化来源生物质灰沾污结渣演变规律和碱金属迁移转化特性研究等;最后,预测生物质灰沾污结渣防治研究的发展趋势。研究结果显示:生物质热化学转化过程中碱金属的赋存形式和演化特征是影响灰熔融和沾污结渣特性的重要因素,不同热化学转化来源生物质灰的熔融和烧结规律是灰沾污结渣防治研究的关键。以往针对碱金属迁移转化特性的研究,大多只考虑生物质自身的燃料性质、矿物组成等,对不同热化学转化过程中碱金属迁移转化对生物质灰沾污结渣和熔融烧结的影响以及不同形式碱金属成分的影响研究仍不够深入和系统,尚未形成完善的理论体系,这将成为以后的重点研究方向。

无机胶凝材料改性脱硫建筑石膏性能研究

循环流化床(CFB)灰渣具有良好的火山灰性,以脱硫建筑石膏为主要胶凝材料,电石渣为碱激发剂,CFB灰渣和粉煤灰为矿物掺和料,研究CFB灰渣对脱硫建筑石膏流动度、凝结时间、抗压强度、膨胀率等性能的影响规律,并借助X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等手段分析其水化产物和微观形貌。结果表明,掺入CFB灰渣可以有效提高脱硫建筑石膏的力学性能和耐水性能,但对工作性能和膨胀性能有负面影响。经20%(质量分数)CFB飞灰、5%(质量分数)电石渣复合改性后,脱硫建筑石膏的1、28 d绝干抗压强度分别为20.53、22.37 MPa,较脱硫建筑石膏基样分别增加了28.6%、35.9%。CFB灰渣水化生成的水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)凝胶和钙矾石(AFt)包裹并填充于二水石膏晶体表面及空隙中,使硬化体内部结构更加密实,从而提高了脱硫建筑石膏的力学性能和耐水性能。