Reservoir Porosity Measurement Uncertainty and its Influence on Shale Gas Resource Assessment

Reservoir porosity is a critical parameter for the process of unconventional oil and gas resources assessment. It is difficult to determine the porosity of a gas shale reservoir, and any large deviation will directly reduce the credibility of any shale gas resources evaluation. However, there is no quantitative explanation for the accuracy of porosity measurement. In this paper, measurement uncertainty, an internationally recognized index, was used to evaluate the results of porosity measurement of gas shale plugs, and its impact on the credibility of shale gas resources assessment was determined. The following conclusions are drawn:(1) the measurement uncertainty of porosity of a shale plug is 1.76%–3.12% using current measurement methods, the upper end of which is too large to be acceptable. It is suggested that the measurement uncertainty should be factored into the standard helium gas injection porosity determination experiment, and the uncertainty should be less than 2.00% when using a high-precision pressure gauge;(2) in order to reduce the risk for exploration and decision-making, attention should be paid to the large uncertainty(30% at least) of shale gas resource assessment results, sometimes with corrections being made based on the practical considerations;(3) a pressure gauge with an accuracy of 0.25% of the full scal cannot meet the requirements of porosity measurement, and a high-precision plug cutting method or high-precision bulk volume measurement method such as one using 3 D scanning, is recommended to effectively reduce porosity uncertainty;(4) the method and process for evaluating the measurement uncertainty of gas shale porosity could also be referred for assessment of experimental quality by other laboratories.

Quality Assessment and Measurement for Internet Video Streaming

Benefiting from the improvements of Internet infrastructure and video coding technology, online video services are becoming a new favorite form of video entertainment.However, most of the existing video quality assessment methods are designed for broadcasting/cable televisions and it is still an open issue how to assess and measure the quality of online video services. In this paper, we survey the state-of-the-art video streaming technologies, and present a framework of quality assessment and measurement for Internet video streaming. This paper introduces several metrics for user's quality of experience(QoE).These QoE metrics are classified into two categories: objective metrics and subjective metrics. It is different for service participators to measure objective and subjective metrics.The QoE measurement methodologies consist of client-side, server-side, and in-network measurement.

Safety assessment of platform loadout procedures based on unascertained measures

Safety assessment of offshore platforms is an urgent task. Such assessments are now focusing on the structure, maintenance, and retirement of a platform. Some methods employed have many shortcomings. For example, they cannot make the reliability adequately explicable. Therefore, a mathematical tool, the unascertained measure, was introduced. First, the basic knowledge of the unascertained sets was introduced briefly. Second, the unascertained measure was defined and credible identification was set up. The method has been introduced into the fields for safety assessment of a jacket loadout procedure. Engineering practices showed that it can complete the safety assessment systematically and scientifically without any assumption. The work should have significance in theory and practice for offshore engineering.

Measurement and Assessment of Physical Activity by Information and Communication Technology

This study provides explorative insights into the information and communication technology(ICT) for promoting the physical activity level. ICT has provided innovative ideas and perspectives for PA measurement, assessment, evaluation and health intervention. ICT that aims to increase exercise for the entire population should be of a well-oriented and easy-to-use design with the options of tailored and personalized feedback, coaching, and ranking and supporting; it should be capable of setting goals and working with a schedule and be accompanied by a website to provide overviews of the users' exercise results and progress.

Types of Organic Fades and Source Rock Assessment of the Coal-Measure Mudstone in the Turpan-Hami Basin

This paper discusses the enviromental characteristics of carbonaceous mudstone and mudstone (coal-measure mudstone in short) of the Early and Middle Jurassic in the Turpan-Hami basin, which were formed in swamps. Through the organic facies study of the coal-measure mudstone in this area, the authors clarify that the flowing-water swamp is the most advanced organic facies belt. Furthermore, according to the practical materials of coal-measure mudstone in the area and with the evaluation criteria of lacustrine mudstone in the past, the authors have established the integrated symbol systems from the abundance of organic matter and the type of organic matter, which can be used in the source rock evaluation of the coal-measure mudstone.

Fuzzy integral based measurement and assessment of medium and small enterprises'product innovation

A fuzzy integral based way of measurement assessment has been established by using linguistic varia-bles and combining fuzzy integral with hierarchy analysis for measurement of medium and small enterprises'product innovation. The conclusions drawn from analyses made with 20 medium and small enterprises providebases for governments to formulate applicable policies and for medium and small enterprises to enhance theirproduct innovation.

Kinetic assessment of measured mass flow rates and streamwise pressure distributions in microchannel gas flows

测量集体流动率和溪流通过微隧道的煤气的流动的明智的压力分布被许多研究人员报导。在他们在考试被使用以前，对这些数据的评价是关键的滑动模型和数字计划，并且在在各种各样的 MEMS 设备的微隧道元素的设计。根据在微隧道气体流动的集体流动率和压力分布的运动解决方案，可得到的测量数据适当地被使正常化然后与对方相比。测量压力分布的 69 规范的数据在优秀同意，并且他们中的 67 个在 1 ±以内 0.05。在 0.95 和 1 之间变化的集体流动率的规范的数据作为入口 Knudsen 数字 Kn i 【 0.02，但是他们作为 Kn i 】 0.02 与到某程度，一个很有趣的分叉趋势。

Assessment of Traffic Safety State of Ship Based on Unascertained Measure

Using the theory and method of unascertained measure, an unascertained measure model and the related confidence rule are established to assess the safety state of ship. Thus, the dangerous factors in the hull system can be identified, and the accident possibility, loss, and injury degree can be forcasted. An application result shows that the the proposed method is effective in assessment of the traffic safety of ships, and it is more simple in computation than the fuzzy synthetic evaluation method. The proposed method can provide a scientific basis for realizing shipping transportation security and formulating preventive measures.

Risk assessment and landslide prevention design using numerical modelling——A case study in Qingliu,China

Numerous Quaternary deposits are existed in the mountainous areas of Southwest China,especially in the transition zone between the QinghaiTibet Plateau and the Sichuan Basin,where strong tectonic movements and frequent climatic changes increase the potential landslides.The possible deformation and failure process of potential landslides and their impacts on the surrounding environment are important research topics.Field investigation and monitoring indicate that the Qingliu landslide in Xiameng town,Li County,Sichuan Province,China has been continuously deforming since August 2020.The deformation zone has a maximum deformation depth of approximately 18.9m,a total area of 54,628 m2,and a volume of 34.0×104 m3,which seriously threatens infrastructure projects and dwellings.As a result,understanding the Qingliu landslide evolution process,assessing the hazard risk,and planning disaster prevention measures are of great significance for reducing disaster loss.In this study,the mass movement process and hazard risk of the Qingliu landslide are evaluated,and the effects of different prevention measures are compared and discussed.By using the depth-integrated method,the mass movement of the Qingliu landslide is analyzed.The numerical simulation results indicate that the maximum velocity of the Qingliu landslide is approximately 37.5 m/s,and the duration of the landslide is approximately 90s.The simulated landslide can eventually form a deposited mass with a maximum deposit thickness of 19.4 m and an area of approximately 60,168.3 m2,thereby blocking the river and burying dwellings.Furthermore,a risk assessment of the Qingliu landslide under different forms of protection measures is also produced and discussed by considering the hazard level and economic vulnerability level of the affected area.Setting three layers of anti-slide piles on the deformation zone to reduce the hazard risk of the Qingliu landslide is a better choice.Our results may be useful for planning prevention measures and improving disaster emergency response systems.

Influencing factors and prevention measures of casing deformation in deep shale gas wells in Luzhou block,southern Sichuan Basin,SW China

Based on structural distribution and fault characteristics of the Luzhou block,southern Sichuan Basin,as well as microseismic,well logging and in-situ stress data,the casing deformation behaviors of deep shale gas wells are summarized,and the casing deformation mechanism and influencing factors are identified.Then,the risk assessment chart of casing deformation is plotted,and the measures for preventing and controlling casing deformation are proposed.Fracturing-activated fault slip is a main factor causing the casing deformation in deep shale gas wells in the Luzhou block.In the working area,the approximate fracture angle is primarily 10°-50°,accounting for 65.34%,and the critical pore pressure increment for fault-activation is 6.05-9.71 MPa.The casing deformation caused by geological factors can be prevented/controlled by avoiding the faults at risk and deploying wells in areas with low value of stress factor.The casing deformation caused by engineering factors can be prevented/controlled by:(1)keeping wells avoid faults with risks of activation and slippage,or deploying wells in areas far from the faulting center if such avoidance is impossible;(2)optimizing the wellbore parameters,for example,adjusting the wellbore orientation to reduce the shear force on casing to a certain extent and thus mitigate the casing deformation;(3)optimizing the casing program to ensure that the curvature radius of the curved section of horizontal well is greater than 200 m while the drilling rate of high-quality reservoirs is not impaired;(4)optimizing the fracturing parameters,for example,increasing the evasive distance,lowering the single-operation pressure,and increasing the stage length,which can help effectively reduce the risk of casing deformation.

Greenhouse gas emission analysis and measurement for urban rail transit: A review of research progress and prospects

Rail transit plays a key role in mitigating transportation system carbon emissions.Accurate measurement of urban rail transit carbon emission can help quantify the contribution of urban rail transit towards urban transportation carbon emission reduction.Since the whole life cycle of urban rail transit carbon emission measurement involves a wide range of aspects,a systematic framework model is required for analysis.This research reviews the existing studies on carbon emission of urban rail transit.First,the characteristics of urban rail transit carbon emission were determined and the complexity of carbon emission measurement was analyzed.Then,the urban rail transit carbon emission measurement models were compared and analyzed in terms of the selection of research boundaries,the types of greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions calculation,and the accuracy of the measurement.Following that,an intelligent station was introduced to analyze the practical application of digital collaboration technology and energy-saving and carbon-reducing system platforms for rail transit.Finally,the urgent problems and future research directions at this stage were discussed.This research presents the necessity of establishing a dynamic carbon emission factor library and the important development trend of system integration of carbon emission measurement and digital system technology.

Methods to Evaluate and Measure Power of Pneumatic System and Their Applications

Pneumatic system has been widely used throughout industry, and it consumes more than billions kW h of electricity one year all over the world. So as to improve the efficiency of pneumatic system, its power evaluation as well as measurement methods should be proposed, and their applicability should be validated. In this paper, firstly, power evaluation and measurement methods of pneumatic system were introduced for the first time. Secondly, based on the proposed methods, power distributions in pneumatic system was analyzed. Thirdly, through the analysis on pneumatic efficiencies of typical compressors and pneumatic components, the applicability of the proposed methods were validated. It can be concluded that, first of all, the proposed methods to evaluation and measurement the power of pneumatic system were efficient. Furthermore, the pneumatic power efficiencies of pneumatic system in the air production and cleaning procedure are respectively about 35%–75% and 85%–90%. Moreover, the pneumatic power efficiencies of pneumatic system in the transmission and consumption procedures are about 70%–85% and 10%–35%. And the total pneumatic power efficiency of pneumatic system is about 2%–20%, which varies largely with the system configuration. This paper provides a method to analyze and measure the power of pneumatic system, lay a foundation for the optimization and energy-saving design of pneumatic system.

The pig as a preclinical traumatic brain injury model:current models,functional outcome measures,and translational detection strategies

Traumatic brain injury(TBI) is a major contributor of long-term disability and a leading cause of death worldwide. A series of secondary injury cascades can contribute to cell death, tissue loss, and ultimately to the development of functional impairments. However, there are currently no effective therapeutic interventions that improve brain outcomes following TBI. As a result, a number of experimental TBI models have been developed to recapitulate TBI injury mechanisms and to test the efficacy of potential therapeutics. The pig model has recently come to the forefront as the pig brain is closer in size, structure, and composition to the human brain compared to traditional rodent models, making it an ideal large animal model to study TBI pathophysiology and functional outcomes. This review will focus on the shared characteristics between humans and pigs that make them ideal for modeling TBI and will review the three most common pig TBI models–the diffuse axonal injury, the controlled cortical impact, and the fluid percussion models. It will also review current advances in functional outcome assessment measures and other non-invasive, translational TBI detection and measurement tools like biomarker analysis and magnetic resonance imaging. The use of pigs as TBI models and the continued development and improvement of translational assessment modalities have made significant contributions to unraveling the complex cascade of TBI sequela and provide an important means to study potential clinically relevant therapeutic interventions.

Methodological quality(risk of bias) assessment tools for primary and secondary medical studies: What are they and which is better?

Methodological quality(risk of bias)assessment is an important step before study initiation usage.Therefore,accurately judging study type is the first priority,and the choosing proper tool is also important.In this review,we introduced methodological quality assessment tools for randomized controlled trial(including individual and cluster),animal study,non-randomized interventional studies(including follow-up study,controlled before-and-after study,before-after/pre-post study,uncontrolled longitudinal study,interrupted time series study),cohort study,case-control study,cross-sectional study(including analytical and descriptive),observational case series and case reports,comparative effectiveness research,diagnostic study,health economic evaluation,prediction study(including predictor finding study,prediction model impact study,prognostic prediction model study),qualitative study,outcome measurement instruments(including patient-reported outcome measure development,content validity,structural validity,internal consistency,cross-cultural validity/measurement invariance,reliability,measurement error,criterion validity,hypotheses testing for construct validity,and responsiveness),systematic review and meta-analysis,and clinical practice guideline.The readers of our review can distinguish the types of medical studies and choose appropriate tools.In one word,comprehensively mastering relevant knowledge and implementing more practices are basic requirements for correctly assessing the methodological quality.

A METHOD OF IMAGE QUALITY ASSESSMENT FOR COMPRESSIVE SAMPLING VIDEO TRANSMISSION

Based on compressive sampling transmission model, we demonstrate here a method of quality evaluation for the reconstruction images, which is promising for the transmission of unstructured signal with reduced dimension. By this method, the auxiliary information of the recovery image quality is obtained as a feedback to control number of measurements from compressive sampling video stream. Therefore, the number of measurements can be easily derived at the condition of the absence of information sparsity, and the recovery image quality is effectively improved. Theoretical and experimental results show that this algorithm can estimate the quality of images effectively and is in well consistency with the traditional objective evaluation algorithm.

A New Approach to Probability Assessment

Using spreadsheets and ranges for pairwise judgments,candidate probability distributions are generated for the decision-maker to consider.This replaces event-by-event determination of probabilities.Basic statistics of the distributions are then used to determine a final distribution for decision purposes as in buy,sell,or hold.

No-Reference Image Quality Assessment Method Based on Visual Parameters

Recent studies on no-reference image quality assessment (NR-IQA) methods usually learn to evaluate the image quality by regressing from human subjective scores of the training samples. This study presented an NR-IQA method based on the basic image visual parameters without using human scored image databases in learning. We demonstrated that these features comprised the most basic characteristics for constructing an image and influencing the visual quality of an image. In this paper, the definitions, computational method, and relationships among these visual metrics were described. We subsequently proposed a no-reference assessment function, which was referred to as a visual parameter measurement index (VPMI), based on the integration of these visual metrics to assess image quality. It is established that the maximum of VPMI corresponds to the best quality of the color image. We verified this method using the popular assessment database—image quality assessment database (LIVE), and the results indicated that the proposed method matched better with the subjective assessment of human vision. Compared with other image quality assessment models, it is highly competitive. VPMI has low computational complexity, which makes it promising to implement in real-time image assessment systems.

Benzene and lead exposure assessment among occupational bus drivers in Bangkok traffic

Four environmental and biological monitoring sites were strategically established to evaluate benzene and lead exposure assessment at various traffic zones of Bangkok Metropolitan Region（BMR）. Biological measurement of 48 non air-conditioned, male bus drivers was carried to study the relationship between individual exposure levels and exposure biomarkers. The study group was further sub-divided into four age groups（16—25, 26—35, 36—45 and 46—55 years old） to monitor the age—related exposure effects. A total of 12 unexposed persons were deliberately chosen as the control group. Measurement of unmetobolized benzene in blood and analysis of urinary tt-Muconic acid urine and urinary creatinine are recommended as biomarkers of benzene exposure. Measurement of lead in blood and urine is also recommended for the biological monitoring of lead exposure. During the monitoring period, benzene and lead levels at Yaowarat Road was C6H6: 42.46±3.88 μg/m 3, Pb: 0.29±0.03 μg/m 3 and decreased to C6H6: 33.5±1.35 μg/m 3, Pb: 0.13±0.01 μg/m 3 at Phahonyothin Road. Significant difference was established between the nonsmoking exposed group and nonsmoking control group for blood benzene concentrations （ P <0.001, two-tailed, Mann-Whiteney U test）. Strong correlations were also found between trans-trans-Muconic acid concentrations in post shift samples and atmospheric benzene concentrations. Similarly, good correlation between all of biomarkers and lead level in air is established from automobile emissions.The analysis revealed that among the occupational population in the urban sites, the driver groups were found to have the highest risk of benzene and lead exposures derived from automobile emission.

Ecological Restoration Technology and Benefit Assessment of Karst Rocky Desertification Mountains in Xixiu District of Anshun City

Ecological restoration refers to the containment of soil erosion,restoration of water conservation,climate regulation,maintenance of ecological functions of biodiversity,and improvement of ecological environment and landscape pattern based on self-repairing capacity of the nature and combined with appropriate artificial measures. Since the natural restoration process of karst desertification mountain is very long,it needs to be supplemented by artificial vegetation restoration. This paper introduced the ecological restoration technologies implemented in karst rocky desertification mountains in Xixiu District,Anshun City of Guizhou Province,and also introduced the afforestation tending management measures. It assessed the ecological benefits of the ecological restoration project from five aspects: mountain community characteristics,vegetation coverage,species diversity,afforestation survival rate and landscape effect.

Risk Assessment for Karst Hazards at a Facility in Saudi Arabia—A Case Study

The boom in industrial and infrastructure construction in Saudi Arabia requires in-depth knowledge of the underground conditions to build a sustainable project. This paper gave a practical example of the challenges facing an existing facility built on a karstic limestone formation in 1970’s. Multiple geophysical techniques such as Microgravity, Electrical Resistivity Imaging, Vertical Seismic Velocity Profiling, Cross Hole Seismic Tomography, Ground Penetration Radar, Multi-Channel Analysis of Surface Waves, as well as boreholes and down-hole video imagery, were deployed through the journey of assessing the karst associated hazards of potential sinkholes or general subsidence. This paper described the karst processes, site geology, geophysical and geotechnical exploration program, and characterizes the subsurface karst conditions at the eastern province of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Results and findings of preliminary, geotechnical and geophysical investigations have been utilized to identify the major factors influencing the karst formation. Analyses and integration of obtained results to estimate the type and magnitude of risk affected the major components of industrial facility at the project site using well-known statistical approach were presented in this paper. Consequently number of remedial measures implemented to combating the experienced and expected karst hazards at the studied industrial facility placed in karstified landform are given. A model for using integrated geophysical and geotechnical techniques to assess karst-related risks to a facility was further explored herein.