Destruction of the Northern Margin of the North China Craton in Mid-Late Triassic: Evidence from Asthenosphere-derived Mafic Enclaves in the Jiefangyingzi Granitic Pluton from the Chifeng Area, Southern Inner Mongolia

The petrology, geochronology and geochemistry of the mafic enclaves in the Mid-Late Triassic Jiefangyingzi pluton from Chifeng area, southern Inner Mongolia, in China are studied to reveal their petrogenetic relationship with the host pluton. Furthermore, the coeval magmatic assemblage and its petrogenesis on the northern margin of the North China craton(NCC) are studied synthetically to elucidate their tectonic setting and the implications for the destruction of the NCC. Zircon U-Pb dating reveals that the mafic enclaves formed at 230.4 ± 2.2 Ma, which is similar to the age of the host pluton. The most basic mafic enclaves belong to weak alkaline rocks, and they display rare earth element(REE) and trace element normalized patterns and trace element compositions similar to those of ocean island basalt(OIB). In addition, they have positive εNd(t) values(+3.84 to +4.94) similar to those of the Cenozoic basalts on the northern margin of the NCC. All of these geochemical characteristics suggest that the basic mafic rocks originated from the asthenosphere. Petrological and geochemical studies suggest that the Jiefangyingzi pluton and the intermediate mafic enclaves were formed by the mixing of the asthenosphere-derived and crust-derived magmas in different degrees. The Mid-Late Triassic magmatic rocks on the northern margin of the NCC could be classified into three assemblages according to their geochemical compositions: alkaline series, weak alkaline–sub-alkaline series and sub-alkaline series rocks. Petrogenetic analyses suggest that the upwelling of the asthenosphere played an important role in the formation of these Mid-Late Triassic magmatic rocks. Basing on an analysis of regional geological data, we suggest that the northern margin of the NCC underwent destruction due to the upwelling of the asthenosphere during the Mid-Late Triassic, which was induced by the delamination of the root of the collisional orogeny between Sino-Korean and Siberian paleoplates in Late Permian.

Yanshanian Magma-Tectonic-Metallogenic Belt in East China of Circum-Pacific Domain(Ⅱ): Lithosphere-Asthenosphere System and Metallogenic Environment

This paper shows that the catastrophe of lithosphere asthenosphere system (LAS) is developed for the Yanshanian metallogenic belt in the East China. Two types of Yanshanian disturbed LAS and metallogenesis in the East China are recognized: great lithosphere thinning and thickening in the compressional orogenic environment, and the related Andes type and Hercyn type metallogenesis, respectively. Great amount of the juvenile and hot mantle materials and the reactivated hot lower crustal materials replaced, heated and injected into the cold lithosphere and crust are believed to be a fundamental source and a basic deep environment for the Yanshanian metallogenic explosion. Reactivated and active discontinuities on the lithosphere scale are considered to be the main ore storing space of the metallogenic zone. Large magma tectonic metallogenic system is necessary for the formation of large cluster area of ore deposit. The eastern China is believed to have large potential for prospecting of ore deposits in terms of the metallogenic environment.

The application of a gravimetric forward modelling of the lithospheric structure for an estimate of the average density of the upper asthenosphere

The average density of 3300 kg m-3 is often attributed for the asthenosphere. In this study, we inspect this value by estimating the average value of the(upper) asthenosphere based on applying the gravimetric forward modelling of major known lithospheric density structures. The LITHO1.0 global seismic model of the lithospheric density structure is used for this purpose, while considering that the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary(LAB) is rheological, conventionally taken at the 1300C isotherm,above which the mantle behaves in a rigid fashion and below which it behaves in a ductile fashion.According to our result, the average density of the upper asthenosphere is roughly 3400 kg m-3. This density value closely agrees with the corresponding average value 3371 kg m-3 computed based on an empirical density model provided in the Preliminary Reference Earth Model(PREM), while using the LITHO1.0 LAB depth data. We also demonstrate that the sub-lithospheric mantle gravity map exhibits mainly a thermal signature. The most prominent features in this gravity map are mid-oceanic spearing ridges marked by gravity lows, while oceanic subductions in the West Pacific are characterized by the most pronounced gravity highs.

Relation Between the Asthenosphere Thickness Distribution Characteristics and Tectogenesis of the Northeastern Margin of Sino-Korean Platform and Its Neighboring Area

Based on the results of multiple geophysical research methods,the lithosphere thicknessisolines of the northeastern margin of Sino-Korean platform and its neighboring area havebeen compiled and the geotectonic significance and the geodynamic characteristics of depthdistribution of asthenosphere roof have been also discussed.The authors proposed that closerrelation exists between the depth of asthenosphere roof and the tectonic activity as well as themodern faulting and seismic activity from Meso-Cenozoic Era till now.The upper mantleasthenosphere is generally uplift in Hailar basin,Bohal Bay-Xia Liaohe basin andSonghuajiang-Liaohe basin.Meanwhile,there exists modern seismic activity and groundsubsidence in this area.It is result from the uplift of upper mantle asthenosphere.

Extension of orogenic belts and upwelling of asthenosphere:the example of Hinggan-Mongolian orogenic belt

There were mighty advances in continental lithosphere study last decade. It is recognized that asthenosphere, which is marked by low-velocity seismic wave, is not only unlike that of ocean in continuity and uniformity, but also not suitable to continent as the concept of mechanical decoupling zone. The depth and reflection characters of the top of asthenosphere vary in different regions within a continent. Instead of the passive response to plate divergence, asthenosphere plays a very active role in continental dynamics,

Influences of Lower-Mantle Properties on the Formation of Asthenosphere in Oceanic Upper Mantle

Asthenosphere is a venerable concept based on geological intuition of Reginald Daly nearly 100 years ago. There have been various explanations for the existence of the asthenosphere. The concept of a plume-fed asthenosphere has been around for a few years due to the ideas put forth by Yamamoto et al.. Using a two-dimensional Cartesian code based on finite-volume method, we have investigated the influences of lower-mantle physical properties on the formation of a low-viscosity zone in the oceanic upper mantle in regions close to a large mantle upwelUng. The rheological law is Newtonian and depends on both temperature and depth. An extended-Boussinesq model is assumed for the energetics and the olivine to spinel, the spinel to perovskite and perovskite to post-perovskite （ppv） phase transitions are considered. We have compared the differences in the behavior of hot upweilings passing through the transition zone in the mid-mantle for a variety of models, starting with constant physical properties in the lower-mantle and culminating with complex models which have the post-perovskite phase transition and depth-dependent coefficient of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity. We found that the formation of the asthenosphere in the upper mantle in the vicinity of large upwellings is facilitated in models where both depth-dependent thermal expansivity and conductivity are included. Models with constant thermal expansivity and thermal conductivity do not produce a hot low-viscosity zone, resembling the asthenosphere. We have also studied the influences of a cylindrical model and found similar results as the Cartesian model with the important difference that upper-mantle temperatures were much cooler than the Cartesian model by about 600 to 700 K. Our findings argue for the potentially important role played by lower-mantle material properties on the development of a plume-fed asthenosphere in the oceanic upper mantle.

An Attempt to Analyze a Human Nervous System Algorithm for Sensing Earthquake Precursors

We statistically validate the 2011-2022 earthquake prediction records of Ada, the sixth finalist of the 2nd China AETA in 2021, who made 147 earthquake predictions (including 60% of magnitude 5.5 earthquakes) with a prediction accuracy higher than 70% and a confidence level of 95% over a 12-year period. Since the reliable earthquake precursor signals described by Ada and the characteristics of Alfvén waves match quite well, this paper proposes a hypothesis on how earthquakes are triggered based on the Alfvén (Q G) torsional wave model of Gillette et al. When the plume of the upper mantle column intrudes into the magma and lithosphere of the soft flow layer during the exchange of hot and cold molten material masses deep inside the Earth’s interior during ascent and descent, it is possible to form body and surface plasma sheets under certain conditions to form Alfven nonlinear isolated waves, and Alfven waves often perturb the geomagnetic field, releasing huge heat and kinetic energy thus triggering earthquakes. To explain the complex phenomenon of how Ada senses Alvfen waves and how to locate epicenters, we venture to speculate that special magnetosensory cells in a few human bodies can sense earthquake precursors and attempt to hypothesize an algorithm that analyzes how the human biological nervous system encodes and decodes earthquake precursors and explains how human magnetosensory cells can solve complex problems such as predicting earthquake magnitude and locating epicenters.

吉林东部大蒲柴河adakites锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及其意义

地球化学研究表明,大蒲柴河岩体具有典型的埃达克岩特征,来自加厚下地壳的部分熔融作用。本文采用激光等离子质谱对该岩体进行了U-Pb同位素定年,结果表明该岩体为晚侏罗世(165Ma)岩浆活动的产物。锆石的LA-MC-ICPMS Hf同位素研究结果显示,ε_(Hf)(165Ma)范围为-5.02～5.43,二阶段Hf模式年龄(t_(DM2)范围为965～1622Ma,暗示原始母岩浆为两种不同源区岩浆的混合。另外,Hf同位素研究表明,研究区在中-新元古代时(965～1304Ma)曾经历了一次重要的地壳增生事件。

雷琼地区晚新生代玄武岩地球化学:EM2成分来源及大陆岩石圈地幔的贡献

对雷琼地区21个晚新生代玄武岩样品的主量、微量元素和Sr、Nd、Pb同位素分别用湿化学法、ICP-MS和MC-ICPMS进行了测定。这些玄武岩主要为石英拉斑玄武岩,其次为橄榄拉斑玄武岩和碱性玄武岩。大多数样品的微量元素和同位素成分与洋岛玄武岩(OIBs)相似,而且随着SiO_2不饱和度增加,不相容元素含量也增加。除R4-1可能受到地壳混染外,其他样品相对均一的Nd同位素(ε_(Nd)=2.5～6.0)以及变化明显但范围有限的Sr同位素(0.703106～0.704481),可能继承了地幔源区的特征。^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr与^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb的正相关和^(143)Nd/^(144)Nd与^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb的负相关特征暗示DM(软流圈地幔)与EM2(岩石圈地幔)的混合。地幔捕虏体的同位素特征暗示EM2成分不可能存在于尖晶石橄榄岩地幔,而La/Yb和Sm/Yb系统表明岩浆由石榴石橄榄岩部分熔融产生,这意味着EM2成分可能存在于石榴石橄榄岩地幔。雷琼地区玄武岩的地球化学变化可以用软流圈地幔为主的熔体加入不同比例石榴石橄榄岩地幔不同程度熔融产生的熔体来解释:碱性玄武岩和橄榄拉斑玄武岩是软流圈熔体与石榴石橄榄岩地幔较低程度(7%～9%)熔融体混合,而石英拉斑玄武岩是软流圈熔体与石榴石橄榄岩地幔较高程度(10%～20%)熔融体的混合。

Carboniferous Post-collisional Rift Volcanism of the Tianshan Mountains, Northwestern China

The Tianshan Carboniferous post-collisional rift volcanic rocks occur in northwestern China as a large igneous province. Based on petrogeochemical data, the Tianshan Carboniferous post-collisional rift basic lavas can be classified into two major magma types: (1) the low-Ti/Y type situated in the eastern-central Tianshan area, which exhibits low Ti/Y (<500), Ce/Yb (<15) and SiO2 (43-55%), and relatively high Fe2O3T (6.4-11.5%); (2) the high-Ti/Y type situated in the western Tianshan area, which has high Ti/Y (>500), Ce/Yb (>11) and SiO2 (49-55%), and relatively low Fe2O3T (5.8-7.8%). Elemental data suggest that chemical variations of the low-Ti/Y and high-Ti/Y lavas cannot be explained by fractional crystallization from a common parental magma. The Tianshan Carboniferous basic lavas originated most likely from an OIB-like asthenospheric mantle source (87Sr/86Sr(t) ≈ 0.703-0.705, eNd(0 = +4 to +7). The crustal contamination and continental lithospheric mantle have also contributed significantly to the formation of the basic lavas of the Tianshan Carboniferous post-collisional rift. The silicic lavas were probably generated by partial melting of the crust. The data of this study show that spatial petrogeochemical variations exist in the Carboniferous post-collisional rift volcanics province in the Tianshan region. Occurrence of the thickest volcanics dominated by tholeiitic lavas may imply that the center of the mantle-melting anomaly (mantle plume) was in the eastern Tianshan area at that time. The basic volcanic magmas in the eastern Tianshan area were generated by a relatively high degree of partial melting of the mantle source around the spinel-garnet transition zone, whereas the alkaline basaltic lavas are of the dominant magma type in the western Tianshan area, which were generated by a low degree of partial melting of the mantle source within the stable garnet region, thus the basic lavas of the western Tianshan area might have resulted from relatively thick lithosphere and low geothermal gradient.

Reassessment of petrogenesis of Carboniferous—Early Permian rift-related volcanic rocks in the Chinese Tianshan and its neighboring areas

The Carboniferous-Early Permian rift-related volcanic successions, covering large areas in the Chinese Tianshan and its adjacent areas, make up a newly recognized important Phanerozoic large igneous province in the world, which can be further divided into two sub-provinces： Tianshan and Tarim. The regional unconformity of Lower Carboniferous upon basement or pre-Carboniferous rocks, the ages （360--351 Ma） of the youngest ophiolite and the peak of subduction metamorphism of high pressure-low temperature metamorphic belt and the occurrence of Ni-Cu-bearing mafic-ultramafic intrusion with age of ~352 Ma and A-type granite with age of ~358 Ma reveal that the final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean might take place in the Early Mississippian. Our summation shows that at least four criteria, being normally used to identify ancient asthenosphere upwelling （or mantle plumes）, are met for this large igneous province： （1） surface uplift prior to magmatism; （2） being associated with continental rifting and breakup events; （3） chemical characteristics of asthenosphere （or plume） derived basalts; （4） close links to large-scale mineralization and the uncontaminated basalts, being analogous to those of many ＂ore-bearing＂ large igneous provinces, display Sr-Nd isotopic variations between plume and EMI geochemical signatures, These suggest that a Carboniferous asthenosphere upwelling and an Early Permian plume played the central role in the generation of the Tianshan--Tarim （central Asia） large igneous province.

Behavior of Siderophile and Chalcophile Elements in the Subcontinental Lithospheric Mantle beneath the Changbaishan Volcano,NE China

The mantle xenoliths in the Quaternary ChangbaishanVolcano in southern Jilin Province contain spinel-facies lherzolites. The equilibration temperatures for these samples range from 902℃ to 1064℃ based on the two-pyroxene thermometer of Brey and Kohler （1990）, and using the oxybarometry of Nell and Wood （1991）, the oxidation state was estimated from FMQ-1.32 to -0.38 with an average value of FMQ-0.81 （n = 8）, which is comparable to that of abyssal peridotites and the asthenospheric mantle. ThefO2 values of peridotites, together with their bulk rock compositions （e.g., Mg#, Al2O3, CaO, Ni, Co, Cr） and mineral compositions （e.g., Mg# of olivine and pyroxene, Cr# [=Cr/ [Cr＋Al]] and Mg# [=Mg/[Mg＋Fe2~] of spinel）, suggest that the present-day subcontinental lithospheric mantle （SCLM） beneath the Changbaishan Volcano most likely formed from an upwelling asthenosphere at some time after the late Mesozoic and has undergone a low degree of partial melting. The studied lherzolite xenoliths show low concentrations of S, Cu, and platinum group elements （PGE）, which plot a flat pattern on primitive-mantle normalized diagram. Very low concentrations in our samples suggest that PGEs occur as alloys or hosted by silicate and oxide minerals. The compositions of the studied samples are similar to those of peridotite xenoliths in the Longgang volcanic field （LVF） in their mineralogy and bulk rock compositions including the abundance of chalcophile and siderophile elements. However, they are distinctly different from those of peridotite xenoliths in other areas of the North China Craton （NCC） in terms of Cu, S and PGE. Our data suggest that the SCLM underlying the northeastern part of the NCC may represent a distinct unit of the newly formed lithospberic mantle.

Mesozoic Volcanism Surrounding Songliao Basin,China: Implication for the Relationship with Evolution of Basin

esozoic volcanic rocks developed on the basement of the Precambrian block and Hercynina orogenic belt surrounding Songliao basin. The volcanism was actived from Early Jurassic to Late Cretaceous with its peak time in J3-K1 and the rock types are dominated by high K calcalkaline series, partly consisting of shoshonitic and calcalkaline series. Mesozoic volcanism of studied area may result from decompression melting accompanying uneven extension wide spread at a large area corresponding to the formation of grabens without contemporaneous subduction in J3-K1. The basic volcanics and their differentiates came from an enriched lithospheric mantle. While in K2 the extensional center concentrated at Songliao basin and the equivalent products are basalts rich in Na and poor in K and the magma generated from the top of asthenosphere about 60 km. During this time large Songliao depression was developed.

Cenozoic Volcanism in South China Sea and Its Vicinity and South China Sea Spreading

The rock series, rock types and Sr-Nd isotopic dating of the Cenozoicvolcanic rocks in the South China Sea are similar to those in its vicinity. On the basis of thespreading age of the South China Sea, the Cenozoic volcanic rocks are divided into three stages: thepre-spreading stage, the spreading stage and the post-spreading stage. The deep processcharacteristics of the asthenosphere and lithosphere may be inferred from the study on primarybasaltic magma. The top layers of the asthenosphere both in the spreading stage and in thepre-spreading stage are closer to the earth surface than that in the post-spreading stage. From thepre-spreading stage to the spreading stage, the top layer of the asthenosphere decreased in depth,while the amount of interstitial partial melts increased. The evolution of the primary basalticmagma shows a progressive evolution sequence of the rifting volcanism and a faster lithosphericspreading velocity. From the spreading stage to the post-spreading stage, the top layer of theasthenosphere gradually increased in depth, but the amount of interstitial partial melts decreased.The evolution of primary basaltic magma shows a retrogressive evolution sequence of the riftingvolcanism and a gradual decrease in the lithospheric spreading velocity. The depth recognized by thestudy on the Cenozoic volcanism demonstrates the deep environment for the formation and evolutionof the South China Sea.

The principal characteristics of the lithosphere of China

The lithospheric structure of China and its adjacent area is very complex and is marked by several prominent characteristics. Firstly, China＇s continental crust is thick in the west but thins to the east, and thick in the south but thins to the north. Secondly, the continental crust of the Qinghai--Tibet Plateau has an average thickness of 60-65 km with a maximum thickness of 80 km, whereas in eastern China the average thickness is 30-35 km, with a minimum thickness of only 5 km in the center of the South China Sea. The average thickness of continental crust in China is 47.6 km, which greatly exceeds the global average thickness of 39.2 km. Thirdly, as with the crust, the lithosphere of China and its adja- cent areas shows a general pattern of thicker in the west and south, and thinner in the east and north. The lithosphere of the Qinghai--Tibet Plateau and northwestern China has an average thickness of 165 kin, with a maximum thickness of 180--200 km in the central and eastern parts of the Tarim Basin, Pamir, and Changdu areas. In contrast, the vast areas to the east of the Da Hinggan Ling-Taihang-Wuling Mountains, including the marginal seas, are characterized by lithospheric thicknesses of only 50-85 kin. Fourthly, in western China the lithosphere and asthenosphere behave as a ＂layered structure＂, reflecting their dynamic background of plate collision and convergence. The lithosphere and asthenosphere in eastern China display a ＂block mosaic structure＂, where the lithosphere is thin and the asthenosphere is very thick, a pattern reflecting the consequences of crustal extension and an upsurge of asthenospheric materials. The latter is responsible for a huge low velocity anomaly at a depth of 85--250 km beneath East Asia and the western Pacific Ocean. Finally, in China there is an age structure of ＂older in the upper layers and younger in the lower layers＂ between both the upper and lower crusts and between the crust and the lithospheric mantle.

The westward drift of the lithosphere:A tidal ratchet?

Is the westerly rotation of the lithosphere an ephemeral accidental recent phenomenon or is it a stable process of Earth's geodynamics? The reason why the tidal drag has been questioned as the mechanism determining the lithospheric shift relative to the underlying mantle is the apparent too high viscosity of the asthenosphere. However, plate boundaries asymmetries are a robust indication of the 'westerly'decoupling of the entire Earth's outer lithospheric shell and new studies support lower viscosities in the low-velocity layer(LVZ) atop the asthenosphere. Since the solid Earth tide oscillation is longer in one side relative to the other due to the contemporaneous Moon's revolution, we demonstrate that a non-linear rheological behavior is expected in the lithosphere mantle interplay. This may provide a sort of ratchet favoring lowering of the LVZ viscosity under shear, allowing decoupling in the LVZ and triggering the westerly motion of the lithosphere relative to the mantle.

Study on Eogene Basalts: Implication of the Deep Process over the Bohaiwan Basin Evolution

The present paper describes the characteristics of Cenozoic basalt in the Bohaiwan basin and its implication of the control of deep process over the basin evolution. The large scale Eogene basalts lying on the basement of the Bohaiwan basin belong to alkaline series and subalkaline series. The basalt magma originates at a depth of 48-76 km and a temperature of 1 300-1 400 ℃ with the mantle partial melting degree of 8%-14%. In Eogene period, the rising of the top of asthenosphere from 100-140 km to 50-70 km led to the strong extension and thinning of the overlying lithosphere, which was stretched at an average rate of 0.41 cm/a and the β value from 1.9 to 2.3. At the same time, it triggered the great scale rifting in the earth crust, forming large rift basins.

Late Cenozoic Tectonic Uplift Producing Mountain Building in Comparison with Mantle Structure in the Alpine-Himalayan Belt

Tectonic uplift producing recent mountain systems has spanned in the Alpine-Himalayan Belt the time interval from Oligocene to Recent (the last 30 - 35 Ma), being divided into two stages. During the first stage, local uplands, usually not higher than middle-elevated mountains, rose and their total area increased. During the second stage (the last 5 - 2 Ma) this process was accompanied by a total uplift of the greater part of the belt. As a result, the rate of vertical movements increased, the recent mountain systems were formed, and the coarse molasses accumulated in the adjacent basins. Uplift of the land surface resulting in formation of mountain topography is an isostatic reaction to decompaction of the upper spheres of the Solid Earth. Three factors of the decompaction are discussed in the paper. These are: I, collisional compression, resulting in deformational thickening of the Earth’s crust (folding, thrusting, etc.);II, partial replacing of the lithosphere mantle by the lower-dense asthenosphere material and, as a result, decompaction of the uppermost mantle;and III, retrograde metamorphism of high-metamorphosed rocks within the lower crust and near the crust-mantle boundary and, as a result, decompaction of these rocks. These processes were initiated or facilitated by the lateral asthenosphere flows. According to the seismic tomography data, the flows spread from the stationary developed zone of the rise of deep mantle material that is expressed in the recent structure as the Ethiopian-Afar super-plume. Reworking the 400 - 700-km deep transition layer of the mantle, the sub-lithosphere flows could be enriched in sources of aqueous fluids. The flows and their fluids initiated factors II and III of the tectonic uplift and caused softening and detachment of the lithosphere, facilitating deformational thickening of the Earth’s crust, i.e., the factor I. The latter produced uplands during the entire Oligocene-Quaternary development of the orogenic belt, while the factors II and III manifested themselves only during the second stage of mountain building. The detailed studies in the Central Tien Shan and the Greater Caucasus showed that the acceleration of uplift at the second stage was caused mainly by the factor II in the Central Tien Shan and the factor III in the Greater Caucasus.

THE CAUSE OF FORMATION OF THE LAYERS WITH LOW VELOCITY AND HIGH ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY IN WESTERN TIBET

Comprehensive geophysical survey carried out in Western Tibet discovered that there is a layer with low velocity and high electrical conductivity embedded in the depth of 10～25km with a thickness of n km beneath the southern Gandise terrain and the southern Qiangtang terrain respectively. A low velocity body, simultaneously a high electrical conductivity body, exists in the depth of 40km with a thickness of 11～22km, expanding about 100km in NS direction beneath Dongco basin in the northern Gandise.In order to investigate how these layers were formed, more study on deep thermal status is needed.There is neither heat flow values measured on the spot nor thermal parameters measured of the typical rock in Western Tibet. The relations between heat flow values and other geological and geophysical parameters are analyzed. A method to calculate heat flow values and temperature distribution with the depth using the depth of Moho and the depth of the asthenosphere is suggested. In the area where there are both heat flow values measured and the two depths mentioned above, the heat flow values calculated using this method are very similar to the heat flow values measured.

Crustal and Upper Mantle Research in Pannonian Basin by Electromagnetic Induction:A Review

The review paper summarizes the main results of the electromagnetic induction studies carried out in the Pannonian Basin and Carpathians during the last 30 years . The following conducting formations are discussed in detail : (1)Crustal conductors in the crystalline basement of the sedimentary basin mainly due to graphitic schist blocks clearly connected to the fracture tectonics of the area ; (2 ) Conducting layer in the lower crust probably due to free fluid deliberated by the dehydration process at temperature of 300-400℃during metamorphism ; (3 ) Conducting asthenosphere due to partial melting at the bottom of the lithosphere ; and (4) Conductivity increases due to olivine-spinel phase transition .All of these phenomena are strongly related to the special thermal state and tectonics of the Pannonian Basin and Carpathians.