A Floating Astronomical Time Scale for the Early Late Cretaceous Continental Strata in the Songliao Basin, Northeastern China

A continuous terrestrial succession was recovered from the Songke-2(SK-2)borehole in the Songliao Basin,Northeastern China.This borehole provides a unique material for further research on the continental paleoclimate during Cretaceous greenhouse period,following a series of achievements of the Songke-1(SK-1)core.In this study,thorium(Th)logging data were chosen as a paleoclimate proxy to conduct a detailed cyclostratigraphic analysis.The Th series varies quasi-periodically;power spectra and evolutionary fast Fourier transformation(FFT)analysis reveal significant cycles in the Quantou(K2 q),Qingshankou(K2 qn),Yaojia(K2 y)and Nenjiang(K2 n)formations.The ratio of cycle wavelengths in these stratigraphic units is approximately 20:5:2:1,corresponding to long orbital eccentricity(405 kyr),short orbital eccentricity(100 kyr),obliquity(37 kyr),and precession cycles(22.5 kyr and 18.4 kyr).The durations of the K2 n,K2 y,K2 qn and K2 q are estimated as 6.97,1.83,5.30 and 4.52 Myr,respectively,based on the constructed^18.62 Myr"floating"astronomical time scale(ATS).Comparison of the durations between the SK-1 s and SK-2 boreholes exhibits a slight difference of 0.06 Myr and 0.459 Myr for K2 qn and K2 y.Nevertheless,our ATS of K2 n supports the chronostratigraphic frame constructed by the CA-ID-TIMS data of the SK-1 s borehole.This new"floating"ATS provides precise numerical ages for stratigraphic boundaries,biozones and geological events in the Songliao Basin,and can serve as a basis for correlation of strata and events between marine and terrestrial systems.

Astronomical time scale of the Turonian constrained by multiple paleoclimate proxies

One of the clocks that record the Earth history is(quasi-) periodic astronomical cycles.These cycles influence the climate that can be ultimately stored in sedimentary rocks.By cracking these(quasi-) periodic sedimentation signals,high resolution astronomical time scale(ATS) can be obtained.Paleoclimate proxies are widely used to extract astronomical cycles.However different proxies may respond differently to astronomical signals and nonastronomical noises including tectonics,diagenesis,and measurement error among others.Astronomical time scale constructed based on a single proxy where its signal-to-noise ratio is low may have uncertainty that is difficult to evaluate but can be revealed by utilizing other proxies.Here,we test eight astronomical age models using two astrochro no logical methods from four paleoclimate proxies(i.e.,color reflection L~* and b~*,natural gamma radiation,and bulk density) from the Turonian to the Coniacian of the Cretaceous Period at the Demerara Rise in the equatorial Atlantic.The two astrochronological methods are time calibration using long eccentricity bandpass filtering(E1 bandpass) and tracking the long eccentricity from evolutive harmonic analysis(tracking EHA).The statistical mean and standard deviation of four age models from the four proxies are calculated to construct one integrated age model with age uncertainty in each method.Results demonstrate that extracting astronomical signals from multiple paleoclimate proxies is a valid method to estimate age model uncertainties.Anchored at the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary with an age of 93.9 ± 0.15 Ma from biostratigraphy,the ages for CC11/CC12(calcareous nannofossil zones),Turonian/Coniacian(CC12/CC13),CC13/CC14,and Coniacian/Santonian boundaries are 91.25±0.20 Ma,89.87±0.20 Ma,86.36±0.33 Ma,and 86.03±0.32 Ma in E1 bandpass method,compared with 91.17±0.36 Ma,89.74±0.38 Ma,86.13±1.31 Ma,and 85.80±1.33 Ma respectively in tracking EHA method.These results are consistent with previous studies within error and provide a reliable estimation of uncertainties of the ages.

Establishment of an astronomical time scale for the Shizigou Formation in the Qaidam Basin,Inner Asia and orbital forced evolution of lakes during The Pliocene

The Qaidam Basin,as the largest inland basin within the Tibetan Plateau,has accumulated more than 10,000 m of Cenozoic continental sediments.It serves as a crucial research area for documenting Cenozoic climate changes and plateau uplift processes in the Asian interior.Additionally,the basin holds vast reserves of oil and gas resources,making high-resolution drilling data invaluable for studying paleoclimate.In this study,the longsequence lacustrine deposits of JS1 drill core across the Shizigou Formation in the Yiliping Depression at the western center of the basin were studied,aiming to establish an astronomical timescale for the Shizigou Formation and investigate the characteristics of paleoclimatic changes during the late Miocene to the Pliocene for the Asian interior.The analysis was carried out using high-resolution natural gamma ray(GR)data sequences,employing techniques such as spectral analysis,filtering,and wavelet analysis in cyclostratigraphy.The results indicated the presence of a stable Milankovitch orbital signal was perfectly recorded in the Shizigou Formation,primarily influenced by eccentricity cycles,with weaker obliquity and precession cycles.Using the stable and continuous 405 ka eccentricity cycle in astronomical tuning,a"floating"astronomical timescale with a duration of 6.1 Ma for the Yiliping depression's Shizigou Formation has been established.With reference to previously established stratigraphic age anchor points,an absolute astronomical timescale(2.5–8.6 Ma)has been ultimately provided for the Shizigou Formation.Simultaneously,a clear 100 ka short eccentricity cycle record has been identified during the Pliocene(5.3–2.5 Ma),which corresponds in time with the aridification within the basin during this Pliocene period.In addition,a comparison of the Pliocene natural gamma ray curve of the Qaidam Basin with global ice volume variations indicated that the basin's aridification was influenced by global cooling,with eccentricity-modulated precession cycles controlling solar radiation and subsequently affecting the evolution of lakes in the arid region of Inner Asia.

Cyclostratigraphy and paleoclimate analysis of the Lingshui Formation in Changchang Sag,Qiongdongnan Basin,China

The Qiongdongnan Basin,located in the sea between Hainan Island and the Xisha Islands,is a faulted Cenozoic basin on the northern continental margin of the South China Sea.The Changchang Sag,situated in the eastern part of the central depressional zone in the deepwater area of the Qiongdongnan Basin,exhibits a near EW-striking morphology and represents an important potential target for oil/gas exploration.However,the age of the interface of the Lingshui Formation remains controversial,which hinders a comprehensive understanding of the tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation pattern in the Changchang Sag.This study focuses on well A,located in the depositional center of the Changchang Sag,and employs cyclostratigraphic analysis to identify cyclic signals of the Milankovitch cycles recorded in the sedimentary strata.Spectral analysis of natural gamma logging data from this well reveals the presence of 405 kyr long eccentricity cycles,100 kyr short eccentricity cycles,39.3 kyr obliquity cycles,and 20.58 kyr age precession cycles.By employing astronomical tuning,a“floating”astronomical time scale of the Lingshui Formation spanning 5.483 million years(Myr)is established.The top interface of the Oligocene in the International Geological Time Scale 2020(GTS2020),with a geological age of 23.03 Ma,is used as the time anchor to establish a high-precision absolute astronomical age framework for the Lingshui Formation.The results indicate that the bottom interface of the first member of the Lingshui Formation is dated at 23.79 Ma,the bottom interface of the second member is dated at 25.08 Ma,and the bottom interface of the third member is dated at 28.51 Ma.Additionally,the average sedimentation rate during this period is estimated to be 9.261 cm/kyr.Furthermore,paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental reconstructions were carried out through quantitative analysis of spore and pollen assemblages,as well as foraminifera within the Lingshui Formation.These analyses suggest that the deposition of the Lingshui Formation occurred under warm and humid temperate climatic conditions.The results of paleoclimate proxy analysis and comparative fitting analysis of the astronomical time scale confirm that the climate evolution during this period was influenced by astronomical orbital forces,such as eccentricity and precession.

Astronomical time scale for the lower Doushantuo Formation of early Ediacaran,South China

Nearly 90% of the Ediacaran Period(635–541 Ma) of the Neoproterozoic is represented by the Doushantuo Formation(DST Fm) in South China.Its lowest Member I is a 3.7 m-thick cap carbonate deposited at the termination of the Cryogenian Marinoan glaciation.The DST Fm consists of alternating organic-rich black shale and thinly bedded dolostone, and it contains some of the oldest records of multicellular life and three pronounced negative carbon isotope excursions.The Jiulongwan(JLW) section is a well-studied reference section for these Ediacaran events.Spectral analysis of geochemical data through the lower DST Fm(22.3 m) shows 27 predominant ～90 cm sedimentary cycles that correspond to 405-ka long eccentricity cycles.The power spectra of the 405-ka tuned Ca and Fe/Ti series show significant peaks at ～1.2-Ma, 405-ka, 133-ka, 128-ka, 100-ka, 82-ka, ～31-ka and 29-ka periods, respectively.A 11.16 Malong astronomical time scale has been constructed for the lower DST Fm and provide a duration of 1.6 Ma for the cap carbonate(Member Ⅰ) based on the 405-ka long eccentricity cycle tuning.Using the U-Pb age of 635.2 ± 0.6 Ma for the volcanic ash bed at the Member Ⅰ/Ⅱboundary, we proposed a 636.8 Ma age for the base of the DST Fm.These ages and astronomical timescale provide important new constraints on the subdivision of Ediacaran strata, and have implications for understanding the character of the first negative δ^(13)C excursion(EN1).Orbital forcing may have been played an important role for the climate changes and the evolution of Ediacaran multi-cellular life and the carbon cycle variations.

Orbital control on cyclical organic matter accumulation in Early Silurian Longmaxi Formation shales

High resolution(939 samples)total organic carbon content(TOC)analyses were conducted on the Shuanghe Section of^152.6 m in the Changning area,Sichuan Basin.The sampling section was divided into two units considering the distinct-different deposit environment and sediments accumulation rate.The lower part(Unit 1)and the peer part(Unit 2)with high resolution sample spacing(0.08–0.4 m)enables the identification of the precession cycle in two sedimentary sequences with distinct different sedimentary accumulation rate.MTM Power spectral analyses on untuned TOC series reveals significant peaks exceeding above the 95%confidence level and shows that both Unit 1 and Unit 2 have recorded Milankovitch cycles of 405 kyr long eccentricity,short eccentricity,obliquity and precession.The floating astronomical time scale(ATS)was constructed on the Shuanghe Section in the Early Silurian(~439.673–444.681 Ma),and which was calibrated by 405 kyr long eccentricity cycles.The total duration of the Wufeng and Longmaxi shales is 5.01 Myr.The floating ATS used for estimating the duration of the graptolite zones and each stage in the study interval.Finally,we postulated two models that could verify the linkage between orbital cycle and organic accumulation.To make sure whether productivity or preservation is the main factor that under long eccentricity control,the phase correlation between the obtained filtered signal and the theoretical orbital solution should be made clear in the further research.

Cyclostratigraphic Calibration of the Upper Ordovician(Sandbian-Katian) Pagoda and Linhsiang Formations in the Yichang Area,South China

1 Introduction The Sandbian-Katian is a critical period for the transition from"hot-house"in the Lower Ordovician to"ice-house"in the end-Ordovician(Trotter et al.,2008).During this interval,the South China Block was located in the equatorial region(Torsvik and Cocks,2016),with the widespread accumulation of Pagoda and Linhsiang formations(Zhan and Jin,2007).

吐哈盆地胜北洼陷中下侏罗统水西沟群天文旋回地层划分

根据自然伽马测井数据,对吐哈盆地胜北洼陷沁探1井中下侏罗统水西沟群开展旋回地层学分析和沉积噪声模拟,并利用识别出的地层中的米兰科维奇旋回信号来研究地球轨道周期对湖平面变化的驱动作用,进而进行天文旋回地层划分。研究结果表明:①吐哈盆地胜北洼陷中下侏罗统水西沟群在自然伽马曲线中可识别出12.8~51.1 m,3.0~11.9 m,1.1~3.6 m和1.3~2.4 m的沉积旋回,比例关系为21.0∶5.0∶1.5∶1.0。根据天文调谐与相关系数估算出水西沟群沉积速率为3.3~11.7 cm·ka-1。②天文调谐后的时间域序列显示水西沟群长偏心率周期为405 ka、短偏心率周期为99~131 ka、斜率周期为32.6~35.0 ka、岁差周期为20.0~24.8 ka,证明吐哈盆地中下侏罗统沉积过程受到米兰科维奇旋回控制。沁探1井八道湾组(未钻穿)、三工河组和西山窑组的持续时间分别为3.0±0.1 Ma,4.1±0.1 Ma和9.0±0.1 Ma。③地球轨道旋回对陆相湖盆的湖平面升降具有明显的驱动作用,沁探1井水西沟群的沉积噪声模拟证明了~1.5 Ma超长周期可控制台北凹陷早—中侏罗世湖平面的变化。

川西南下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩旋回地层学研究

[目的]四川盆地下寒武统的泥页岩不仅包含重要的环境生命演化信息,同时也是我国当前页岩气勘探开发的重点层位,对其开展精细地层年代学研究具有生产及科研的双重价值。[方法]为了更准确地探明四川盆地下寒武统筇竹寺组黑色页岩层序沉积特征,对川西南地区金页1井筇竹寺组页岩地层开展了旋回地层学研究。[结果与结论](1)通过分析不同测井曲线测井响应特征,认为钾元素测井序列是最适合古环境、古气候的替代指标。(2)将钾元素深度序列进行频谱分析和滑动窗口频谱分析,识别出偏心率和斜率周期(405 kyr,131 kyr,95 kyr,36.4 kyr,28.2 kyr);并结合相关系数分析,以不同沉积速率为限,将整段曲线划分为四段,分别进行405 kyr长偏心率周期的带通滤波;以周缘地区的年代地层年龄526.86±0.16 Ma为年龄控制点,建立了金页1井筇竹寺组的“浮动”天文年代标尺。(3)筇竹寺组共记录了29个长偏心率周期,四段地层的最优沉积速率分别为2.5,2.9,3.4和4.8 cm/kyr。(4)以405 kyr的轨道调谐为基础的沉积噪音模型DYNOT及ρ1曲线重建了筇竹寺组沉积时期相对海平面变化曲线;以该曲线为理论参照,在筇竹寺组中划分了4个三级层序,识别出4个最大海泛面及与之对应的T-R旋回;4个三级层序的沉积时限从下到上为3.18,2.03,2.97和3.63 Ma,分别包含了8个,5个,7个和9个长偏心率周期。(5)海平面变化曲线的低值对应了全球碳同位素负偏,推测是由于海平面的下降引起的有机质发生氧化,并向海水释放碳同位素偏轻的无机碳,形成碳同位素负偏。

沁水盆地左权地区山西组米氏旋回识别及其天文年代标尺

依据地层序列的旋回信号进行地球轨道参数周期的识别,是确定深时时间尺度的有效方法之一。以沁水盆地左权地区山西组为例,使用时间序列分析法与相关系数法对钻孔剖面自然伽马测井曲线进行旋回性分析,并据此建立山西组年代地层标尺。使用频谱分析,在区内山西组识别出7.13 m、1.62~2.23 m的优势沉积旋回,分别对应405 kyr的长偏心率周期和91.9~126.4 kyr的短偏心率周期,经过天文检验,证实沁水盆地山西组受到天文周期驱动。通过高斯带通滤波,建立沁水盆地山西组“浮动”天文年代标尺,确定出9个405 kyr长偏心率旋回,据此获得山西组沉积时限为3.82 Myr。建立的天文年代标尺可为沁水盆地山西组古环境、古气候和各种地质事件的演化提供年代学依据。

Climate change response to astronomical forcing during the Oligocene-Miocene transition in the equatorial Atlantic(ODP Site 926)

The Oligocene-Miocene transition period was characterized by a decrease in global CO2 levels, expansion of polar ice sheet, fall in global sea-level, etc. However, the reasons for, and mechanisms of, this global, extreme-cold climate change event（Mi-1） still remain controversial. Our samples from the core of the Ocean Drilling Program（ODP） Leg 154, Site 926, located in the equatorial Atlantic, mainly consist of light-gray, nannofossil chalk with foraminifers interbedded with greenish-gray, clayey, nannofossil chalk sediments. Color variation from light-gray layers（up to 80% carbonate content） to dark layers（60% carbonate content） was observed to occur cyclically at the meter scale. Therefore, we chose color reflectance lightness（L*） data as the paleoclimate proxy on which to perform cyclostratigraphic analysis because it could reflect carbonate content changes. Based on the recognition of the 405 kyr long eccentricity and 40 kyr obliquity cycles of the L* series, we tuned the series to establish an absolute astronomical time scale using the published age of the Oligocene-Miocene boundary（OMB） as the anchor for an absolute age control point. The power spectra of the tuned L* series showed that the long eccentricity signals became significantly weak, while the obliquity signals became strong, from the Late Oligocene to the Early Miocene. The 405 kyr long eccentricity minimum coincided with the 1.2 Myr obliquity node at the OMB, and similar convergences might be closely related to other extreme-cold events in Earth’s history. In addition, the sedimentation accumulation rate, oxygen isotopes of benthonic foraminifers, and rodents’ per-taxon turnover rate from Central Spain showed the same 2 Myr cyclicity, which indicates the significant influence of Earth-orbital forcing on the Earth system and ecological evolution on the million-year time scale.

中国东北松辽盆地晚白垩世青山口组浮动天文年代标尺的建立

松辽盆地上白垩统青山口组主要由深湖相黑色泥岩、页岩组成，是大庆油田最重要的烃源岩之一，但长期以来对其年代学框架存在很大争议。对松辽盆地“松科1井”南井（茂206井）自然伽马测井和密度测井数据进行小波分析和连续滑动窗口频谱分析，表明茂206井青山口组记录了稳定的Milankovitch旋回。由长、短偏心率、地轴斜率和岁差周期造成的地层旋回厚度分别为39、13．5～9、5～3．8和2．5～1．7m。茂206井青山口组沉积速率变化不大，平均沉积速率为9．63cm／ka，沉积时限为5．16Ma。通过对长、短偏心率周期进行高斯带通滤波，建立了茂206井青山口组的“浮动”天文年代标尺。青山口组共记录了12．7个长偏心率周期和47．7个短偏心率周期。确定出青山口组1段下部油页岩层段对应的古湖泊缺氧事件（LAE1）持续时间约为250ka，与白垩纪Cenomanian-Turonian时期第二次大洋缺氧事件（OAE2）的持续时间接近。青山口组天文年代标尺的确立为约束青山口组沉积期各种地质事件的持续时间提供了年代学依据。

塔里木盆地顺托果勒地区志留系柯坪塔格组米兰科维奇旋回沉积记录

塔里木盆地志留系柯坪塔格组主要沉积于盆地构造活动相对稳定期的潮坪环境,是盆地内典型的海相碎屑岩地层之一,由多层中-细砂岩和泥岩频繁互相叠置而成,地层分布上具有明显的三段特性。根据前人已有研究成果,柯坪塔格组在国际地层表上对应于特列奇阶、埃隆阶及鲁丹阶,沉积时限应介于8.1~12.7 Ma。然而目前对其米兰科维奇高频地层旋回格架划分鲜有探讨,通过选择顺托果勒地区顺9井自然伽马测井曲线作为替代指标,运用频谱分析法进行计算。结果表明顺9井柯坪塔格组记录并保存了完整的米兰科维奇旋回,天文旋回周期在地层沉积过程中对旋回厚度具有明显的控制作用。其中旋回厚度16.73 m对应于405 ka长偏心率周期;5.24 m和3.92 m分别对应于125 ka和95 ka的短偏心率周期;1.59 m和1.26 m分别对应于38.1 ka和31.1 ka的斜率周期。地层平均沉积速率为4.15 cm/ka,沉积时限为10.4 Ma,通过经验模态分解法建立了顺9井柯坪塔格组"浮动"天文年代标尺。柯坪塔格组共记录了83个125 Ka短偏心率旋回,334个31.1 ka周期斜率旋回。最后结合Fischer图解法,以125 ka短偏心率周期作为控制的五级旋回划分的标准模式,分析各个高频旋回之间的叠加差异及成因。该结果为盆地内或类似盆地海相碎屑岩高频旋回划分提供了一种统一的,不受人为影响且行之有效的新方法。

古生代旋回地层学与天文地质年代表

古生代是显生宙距今最为久远且持续时间最长的"代",发生了多次重大构造、气候和生命演化事件。高精度年代地层格架对于深入理解古生代地球演化历史极为关键。通过识别地层中由地球轨道力引起的米兰科维奇沉积旋回并开展调谐研究,可建立连续的、分辨率达0.02~0.4Ma天文年代标尺,并用于校正国际地质年代表。目前,国际地质年代表的中、新生代部分已基本完成天文年代的校正,但古生代部分尚未开展相关工作。近年来,人们在古生代地层中获得了可靠的、受高精度放射性绝对年龄约束的米兰科维奇旋回证据,并尝试建立天文年代标尺,表明建立古生代天文地质年代表具有良好的远景,是未来旋回地层学研究的前沿。本文简要介绍了旋回地层学的基本理论,系统总结了古生代旋回地层学研究成果及重要进展,并对未来研究提出展望。

基于米兰科维奇理论的高频旋回识别与划分——以琼东南盆地梅山组和三亚组地层为例

选择琼东南盆地不同构造带上的LS-33A、YC-35B和ST-36A 3口钻井为研究对象,对自然伽马数据进行频谱分析和连续小波变换,结果显示在不同钻井中,新近系梅山组和三亚组地层都主要受404 ka和95 ka偏心率周期控制。对该周期滤波分析后,选择控制各层段发育的主要米兰科维奇周期曲线,建立了各段地层的高分辨率天文年代标尺。最后,以短偏心率周期曲线作为五级层序划分的参考曲线,对三亚组和梅山组层序进行高频旋回地层划分与对比。该研究成果为近海海域盆地高频层序单元对比框架的建立提供了一种新的有效方法。

旋回地层学和天文年代学及其在中生代的研究现状

地质年代的精确确定是我们认识地球演化历史和过程的关键,而如何提高地质年代的精度却一直是个尚待解决的科学难题。最近30年多年来,基于古气候学研究的天文旋回理论获得了普遍认可和广泛应用,尤其是成功应用于天文地质年代校准中。这种数字定年方法是通过天文调谐获得连续的高分辨率的地质年代,是对传统地质定年方法如古生物、古地磁以及放射性同位素测年方法的一次革新。最新的国际地质年表The Geologic Time Scale 2012(简称GTS2012)中经过天文校准的地质年代已近100%覆盖了新生代,而中生代的天文年代校准还存在着很大挑战。目前应用稳定的405ka的偏心率长周期对中生代地层进行天文地质年代校准,是国际地质年表从GTS2004到GTS2012的一个最大改进。文中将主要介绍天文旋回的基础理论和其在中生代的应用及其研究现状。

基于米兰科维奇周期的沉积速率计算新方法——以东营凹陷牛38井沙三中为例

选择东营凹陷牛38井沙三中地层作为目的层段,对与气候变化紧密相关的自然伽马数据进行频谱分析和连续小波变换,结果显示沙三中地层受对应于旋回厚度12.127 m的短偏心率125 ka周期显著控制。对该周期滤波分析发现,沙三中地层中保存了约40个125 ka周期;并在沙三中底部绝对年龄38.975 Ma的控制下,建立了牛38井沙三中高分辨率天文年代标尺,确定沙三中顶部年龄为33.975 Ma。在区域地层格架的基础上,根据地震、岩心、测井等资料将沙三中东营三角洲精细划分为9期进积体Z1-Z9。对各期进积体进行滑动窗口频谱分析,结果表明沙三中沉积速率随时间先增大后减小,进积体Z4沉积速率达到最大值0.127 m/ka,是三角洲进积最为鼎盛的时期。最后依据沉积速率计算出各期进积体持续时间,推算出了Z1-Z9各界面较为准确的地质年龄。

基于测井数据的米氏旋回分析及浮动天文年代标尺的建立

鄂尔多斯盆地长7段为半深湖-深湖沉积环境,沉积稳定连续,且记录了米氏周期.本文针对深度与沉积时间如何转换及地层时间轴如何建立等问题,首先采用傅里叶变换和小波变换对模拟的地球轨道周期信号进行分析,识别出米氏周期,并论证两种方法用于识别米氏旋回的可行性;进而基于鄂尔多斯盆地长7段实际测井数据,建立了频谱分析与小波深频分析米氏旋回、沉积时间及速率的方法步骤与公式,研究出小波尺度与地球轨道周期的关系,形成转换模型公式,并通过B159井的测井曲线识别出该井长7段的米氏旋回,计算出该井长7段的平均沉积速率分别为5.05 cm·ka^(-1)、5.07 cm·ka^(-1).最后分析了鄂尔多斯盆地长7段地层旋回主要受404 ka的长偏心率周期控制,通过重构长、短偏心率周期小波系数曲线,建立了B159井长7段的浮动天文年代标尺,形成了天文年代标尺计算方法与步骤.结果证实长7段共记录了6个长偏心率旋回和20个短偏心率旋回,得出长7段124 m的地层沉积时限约为2.4 Ma.浮动天文年代标尺的建立有助于对各种地质事件的持续时间做出精确估计,为深时地球研究助力.

编制地球的“万年历”

几百年来,人类在时间的概念和计时的方法上都取得了极大的进步,成功地将天文计时和物理计时结合起来使用;然而,在地质的时间尺度上,至今缺乏统一的天文计时标准。为研究地球系统的历史变迁,迫切需要在日、月、年之上,在地球运行轨道的参数中,寻找更长时间的天文周期,为编制地质年代的“万年历”使用。研究的进展表明,近几百万年内可以用二万年的岁差周期,而整个地质历史可以用40万年的偏心率长周期作为地质计时的“钟摆”。本文回顾历史,展望未来,对地质尺度的时间问题进行综述。

湖相泥页岩地层米氏旋回测井识别及环境响应特征——以渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷东营凹陷樊页1井Es^(4scs)为例

旋回地层学因具备高时间精度特性而被广泛应用于沉积地层的高精度地质定年和高分辨率地层划分与对比等研究领域。细粒沉积地层的旋回划分研究由于难度大,一直是层序地层学研究的重点和难点。以渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷东营凹陷樊页1井古近系沙河街组四段上亚段纯上次亚段(Es^(4scs))湖相泥页岩为研究对象,选取测井数据和地球化学分析数据作为旋回分析的替代指标,采用频谱分析、小波变换、功率谱估计和滤波分析相结合的手段,对研究层段记录的米兰科维奇旋回(米氏旋回)进行识别;并结合地球化学指标验证测井数据识别旋回的可行性;在米氏旋回识别的基础上建立了“浮动”天文年代标尺,计算了沉积速率;同时,首次在研究区探索性地运用沉积有机质丰度和表征古氧化-还原性的指标探讨了轨道周期的响应特征。研究结果表明:①湖相泥页岩沉积旋回明显受米氏旋回控制,包括405.00 kyr偏心率长周期(E1),124.22 kyr偏心率短周期(E2),39.76 kyr斜率周期(O2)以及22.00 kyr岁差周期(P1);②研究层段共识别出6个E1,22个E2,65个O2和110个P1,依据“浮动”天文年代标尺计算出沉积时间为2.73 Myr,平均沉积速率为0.069 m/kyr;③湖相细粒沉积地层有机质丰度及古氧化-还原性变化受天文周期控制;④当偏心率振幅幅度较大且处于最大值时期,地球整体处于间冰期,气候暖湿,易于形成富有机质沉积地层,是页岩油勘探的最有利层段。研究提出的思路和方法为同类型细粒沉积地层的旋回划分与对比、“浮动”天文年代标尺的建立、沉积速率的计算以及有机质富集规律的研究提供了参考,研究成果直接应用于东营凹陷沙河街组细粒沉积地层的非常规油气勘探开发。