Effect of asymmetric rolling process on the microstructure,mechanical properties and texture of AZ31 magnesium alloys sheets produced by twin roll casting technique

Symmetric rolling(SR)and asymmetric rolling(ASR)processes were carried out on 6 mm thick AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets that were produced by twin roll casting(TRC)technique.Before rolling processes,sheets were heat treated in order to obtain a homogenized microstructure.In this study,for the ASR process the rolling speed ratio between upper roller and lower was selected as 1.25.Both SR and ASR processes were utilized with 40%reduction per passes using 2 pass schedule for a total reduction ratio of 0.67.Symmetric and asymmetric rolled sheets were characterized using optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)techniques.Texture measurements were performed by using X-ray diffraction(XRD)technique and mechanical properties were investigated by tensile tests and also hardness measurements.

Ultrafine microstructure and texture evolution of aluminum foil by asymmetric rolling

AA1060 aluminum foil was rolled from 4 mm to 20 μm by asymmetric rolling without intermediate annealing. The microstructures and textures were investigated. The original coarse grains with an average grain size of 60 μm were refined to fine equiaxed grains with an average grain size of about 500 nm with mainly large grain boundaries. During the rolling, the intensities of copper texture C-{112}<111> and brass texture B-{011}<211> gradually increased, and most crystallites aggregated along the β and τ orientation lines. The orientation intensity reached the maximum value 26 when the foil was rolled to 500 μm, but significantly decreased to 16 when the thickness became 20 μm, and the texture mainly consisted of a rotation cubic texture RC-{100}<011>. With the combined forces including drawing, compressing and shearing, severe plastic deformation was obtained during the asymmetric rolling, promoting dynamic recrystallization at room temperature. Because of a combined force in the deformation zone and shear force along the normal direction, dynamic recrystallization occurs during the asymmetric rolling; therefore, the average grain size is significantly refined. The texture intensity of ultrathin strip first increases, i.e., work hardening, and then decreases mainly because of dynamic recrystallization.

Finite element analysis and experiment on multi-wedge cross wedge rolling for asymmetric stepped shaft of C45

A rigid-plastic finite element method(FEM) simulation model for a multi-wedge cross wedge rolling(MCWR) was developed to analyze an asymmetric stepped shaft. To evaluate the MCWR process and better understand its deformation characteristics, the material flowing mechanisms, temperature distributions, strain and rolling force were analyzed. The correctness of the finite element simulation is experimentally verified. Numerical simulations and experiments led to the following conclusions: when α=36° and β=7.5°, the quality of the work piece can be significantly improved. Finally, the development of the asymmetric stepped shaft is applied to industrial production.

Shear deformation and grain refinement in pure Al by asymmetric rolling

Asymmetric rolling(ASR), as one of severe plastic deformation(SPD) methods, was widely used to make ultra-fined materials with enhanced performance. Internal marks were used to show the shear deformation during asymmetric rolling with pure aluminium as a model material. Effects of reduction ratio and mismatch ratio on the shear deformation were studied. With the observed shear deformation results, equivalent strain was calculated. For lager shear deformation, rolling equipment was modified to increase friction between specimen and the rollers. Consequently, extremely fine grains with size of 500 nm are obtained in pure aluminium. With improved asymmetric rolling, the ability of grain refinement of ASR is greatly improved.

Effects of asymmetric rolling process on ridging resistance of ultra-purified 17%Cr ferritic stainless steel

In ferritic stainless steels, a significant non-uniform recrystallization orientation and a substantial texture gradient usually occur, which can degrade the ridging resistance of the final sheets. To improve the homogeneity of the recrystallization orientation and reduce the texture gradient in ultra-purified 17%Cr ferritic stainless steel, in this work, we performed conventional and asymmetric rolling processes and conducted macro and micro-texture analyses to investigate texture evolution under different cold-rolling conditions. In the conventional rolling specimens, we observed that the deformation was not uniform in the thickness direction, whereas there was homogeneous shear deformation in the asymmetric rolling specimens as well as the formation of uniform recrystallized grains and random orientation grains in the final annealing sheets. As such, the ridging resistance of the final sheets was significantly improved by employing the asymmetric rolling process. This result indicates with certainty that the texture gradient and orientation inhomogeneity can be attributed to non-uniform deformation, whereas the uniform orientation gradient in the thickness direction is explained by the increased number of shear bands obtained in the asymmetric rolling process.

Recrystallized microstructural evolution of UFG copper prepared by asymmetrical accumulative rolling-bonding process

Copper sheet with grain size of 30-60μm was processed by plastic deformation of asymmetrical accumulative rolling-bonding(AARB)with the strain of 3.2.The effects of annealing temperature and time on microstructural evolution were studied by means of electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD).EBSD grain mapping,recrystallization pole figure and grain boundary misorientation angle distribution graph were constructed,and the characteristics were assessed by microstructure,grain size,grain boundary misorientation and texture.The results show that ultra fine grains(UFG)are obtained after annealing at 250℃ for 30?40 min.When the annealing is controlled at 250℃for 40 min,the recrystallization is finished,a large number of small grains appear and most grain boundaries consist of low-angle boundaries.The character of texture is rolling texture after the recrystallization treatment,but the strength of the texture is faint.While second recrystallization happens,{110}<1ī2>+{112}<11ī> texture component disappears and turns into{122}<212>cube twin texture component.

Influence of Asymmetric Monotonic Hot Rolling on Microstructures and Mechanical Property of Microalloyed Steel

For refining grain and obtaining excellent properties, the experiments of asymmetric and symmetric monotonic hot rolling were carried out to investigate the role of shear strain on the microstructures and mechanical properties of V-microalloyed steel. The study demonstrates that the gradient ferrite distribution and dispersive pearlite through the sheet thickness are observed in asymmetric rolled specimen, and the homogeneous microstructure with ferrite and large pearlite is found in symmetric rolled specimen. The average grain size in asymmetric rolled specimen is smaller than the one in symmetric rolled specimen. The styles of precipitate morphology in asymmetric rolled specimen are random precipitate and obvious interphase precipitate, while the ones in symmetric rolled specimen are random precipitate and unobvious interphase precipitate. The additional shear strain results in the microstructure difference between asymmetric rolled specimen and symmetric rolled specimen. The impact energy of asymmetric rolled specimen, 58 J, is more than the one of symmetric rolled specimen, 48 J. Both deflection-energy curve and fracture morphology show that the fracture style of asymmetric rolled specimen is ductile, and the ones of symmetric rolled specimen are brittle and ductile.

Effect of asymmetric rolling on mechanical characteristics,texture and misorientations in ferritic steel

The mechanical and microstructural properties as well as crystallographic textures of asymmetrically rolled low carbon steel were studied.The modelling of plastic deformation was carried out in two scales:in the macro-scale,using the finite elements method,and in the crystallographic scale,using the polycrystalline deformation model.The internal stress distribution in the rolling gap was calculated using the finite elements method and these stresses were then applied to the polycrystalline elasto-plastic deformation model.Selected mechanical properties,namely residual stress distribution,deformation work,applied force and torques,and bend amplitude,were calculated.The diffraction measurements,X-ray and electron backscatter diffraction,enabled the examination of texture heterogeneity and selected microstructure characteristics.The predicted textures agree well with those determined experimentally.The plastic anisotropy of cold rolled ferritic steel samples,connected with texture,was expressed by Lankford coefficient.

Research on Single-Side Long Edge of Hot Rolled Strip Caused by Asymmetrical Stiffness of Mill Stand

To analyze and solve the problem of single-side long edge of hot rolled strip in certain domestic factory, the asymmetrical deformation of rolls and strip in asymmetrical stiffness mill stand based on slit beam model, the strip profile and rolling force distribution at the exit of asymmetric stiffness stand mill were calculated using influence function method. Considering the character of in-site equipment and technology, a scheme of adjusting load distribution in finishing mill was made and the experiment was applied. Comparison of strip profile between new load distribution and the old one shows that the method can solve single-side long edge problem well.

Analysis of bending on the front end of sheet during hot rolling

The analysis of bending in finishing rolling was performed. An asymmetrical rolling force model was established, and the upper and lower neutral points were determined. Thc bending which resulted from the asymmetrical rolling force at the roll gap was studied and related flexibility equations were proposed according to elastic mechanics. Moreover, material mechanics was used to analyze the effects of temperature difference and self-weight on the bending out of the roll gap, and the flexibility equations were constructed. The main factors on bending were summed up, and the bending rule in the rolling could be obtained. In addition practical calculation was made with the production data of ribbon steel from Laiwu Iron ＆ Steel Group Co. Ltd.

Evolution of {001}<110> orientation and related lattice rotation of Al alloy 6111 during rolling

The texture evolution and lattice rotation in Al alloy 6111 with an initial {001} <110> component during symmetrical and asymmetrical rolling were investigated by means of orientation distribution function(ODF). The results show that the as-rolled initial {001}<110 > entation evolves into not only the copper orientation but also all the other orientations along the β fiber, including the brass orientation, by lattice rotation around special directions. Compared with the symmetrical rolling, the {001}<110 > component in the surface layer on the slower roller side evolves more quickly into the orientations along the β fiber during asymmetrical rolling, while that in the surface layer on the faster roller side evolves more slowly.

Approximation Method for Flare Slamming Analysis of Large Container Ships in Parametric Rolling Conditions

Since the research of flare slamming prediction is seldom when parametric rolling happens, we present an efficient approximation method for flare slamming analysis of large container ships in parametric rolling conditions. We adopt a 6-DOF weakly nonlinear time domain model to predict the ship motions of parametric rolling conditions. Unlike previous flare slamming analysis, our proposed method takes roll motion into account to calculate the impact angle and relative vertical velocity between ship sections on the bow flare and wave surface. We use the Wagner model to analyze the slamming impact forces and the slamming occurrence probability. Through numerical simulations, we investigate the maximum flare slamming pressures of a container ship for different speeds and wave conditions. To further clarify the mechanism of flare slamming phenomena in parametric rolling conditions, we also conduct real-time simulations to determine the relationship between slamming pressure and 3-DOF motions, namely roll, pitch, and heave.

改进卷积胶囊网络的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

目前许多基于卷积网络的滚动轴承故障诊断方法受噪声信号以及负荷变化的影响,存在诊断效果不佳、泛化能力差的问题。针对此问题提出一种改进卷积胶囊网络的滚动轴承变工况故障诊断方法。该方法设计了多尺度非对称卷积模块,其中采用不同尺度的非对称卷积层对输入数据进行特征提取,在实现最大化提取数据中的特征信息的同时,还能够有效减少参数量;在该模块中引入通道注意力机制,能更好地提取有用的通道特征,提高该方法特征提取的能力;通过将网络中的全连接层改进为胶囊全连接层,使得胶囊在输出向量特征信息时,避免了特征信息在空间中的丢失。使用凯斯西储大学轴承数据集和东南大学变速箱数据集来验证所提方法的诊断性能,并与其他深度学习方法进行了比较。实验结果表明,与其他深度学习方法相比,具有较好的泛化性,效果更佳。

Cu-20%Fe粉末异步轧制有限元模拟及工艺参数影响规律

为研究高铁含量铜铁粉末异步轧制的成形规律及合理选取工艺参数,应用Shima-Oyane屈服准则,在MSC.Marc有限元软件中建立粉末轧制有限元模型,通过实验验证了该模型的有效性。利用仿真结合轧制实验方法分析了异速比、压下率、轧制速度、轧辊直径及辊面摩擦系数等工艺参数对生坯相对密度和轧制力的影响规律。结果表明:相较于粉末对称轧制,采用异步的方式能显著减小轧制力,提高生坯密度分布均匀性;过大的压下率和轧辊直径分别会对生坯造成边裂和缠辊等不良影响,过低的压下率和摩擦系数导致生坯不能顺利轧制成形。实验结果与有限元模拟结果相符,相对密度模拟结果最大误差为3.89%,轧制力模拟结果最大误差为9.49%,研究结果对铜铁粉末异步轧制成形工艺优化有较好的借鉴价值。

非对称交叉轧制对AZ31镁合金微观组织的影响

采用金相显微镜、背散射电子衍射仪(EBSD)研究了对称交叉轧制和非对称交叉轧制对AZ31镁合金微观组织的影响。结果表明:非对称交叉轧制在晶粒细化方面明显优于对称交叉轧制。经4道次非对称交叉轧制退火后,AZ31镁合金平均晶粒尺寸为10μm,而经4道次对称交叉轧制后AZ31镁合金平均晶粒尺寸为20μm。与对称交叉轧制AZ31板材相比,非对称交叉轧制AZ31板材(0002)基面织构强度较低,且极轴偏离ND方向20°左右。

典型特殊制备技术对无取向电工钢织构的影响规律

电工钢又称硅钢,是一种重要的特殊钢,常被称作特殊钢中的“艺术品”,这主要是因为其加工制备流程复杂、性能影响因素繁多。其中无取向硅钢主要应用于旋转电磁场环境,为了获得优良的软磁性能,需要形成较多的{100}等有利织构,为此研究人员进行了大量探索,近年来发现一些特殊制备技术在形成大量{100}等有利织构方面有显著效果。本文综述二次轧制、斜轧、异步轧制及双辊薄带连铸四种典型特殊制备技术对无取向硅钢再结晶织构的影响规律,发现二次轧制与双辊薄带连铸均能增强λ与高斯织构,并削弱γ织构,斜轧也会增强λ织构,但对γ织构影响不大,异速异步轧制能增强η织构,而异径异步轧制对再结晶织构却基本没有影响。最后,总结目前各项特殊制备技术存在的缺陷,并提出一些发展方向,如借助斜轧原理在常规冷轧中产生更多剪切带、利用异步轧制进行二次加工以均匀化磁感等,为后续无取向硅钢的工业生产提供更多参考。

非对称轧制及冷却对中厚板板形及应变的影响

基于非对称轧制与差温轧制在提高厚板心部变形程度的优势,在蛇形轧制的基础上研究了差温轧制对厚板心部变形程度和轧后弯曲的影响规律。采用有限元软件,模拟不同工艺参数下的中厚板蛇形轧制过程,研究不同错位量、异速比对心部变形及轧后弯曲的影响规律。根据轧后板材弯曲情况,设定轧后冷却策略,模拟非对称冷却抑制弯曲的影响规律。开展差温轧制模拟及实验,观察轧后板材心部变形情况,研究轧板组织性能变化。结果表明:蛇形轧制及非对称冷却均能够有效改善板形,如当初始厚度为60 mm、异速比为1.02、错位量为30 mm时,对轧后板材进行非对称冷却后,得到的板材最为平直。相对于均温轧制,差温轧制后板形心部变形程度提高,板材力学性能提升。以上研究为实际工业生产提供理论和技术参考。

异速轧制和常规轧制对7075铝板力学性能的影响

为进一步开发更高效的7075铝板轧制工艺,本文围绕异速轧制和常规轧制对7075铝板力学性能的影响开展了研究,并采用了4个不同的轧制累积变形率。实验分2步进行,第1步为轧板弯曲程度随异速比变化实验,将轧板弯曲内面朝向水平底面放置,测量弯曲内面最高点距离水平底面距离y,以及弯曲内面与水平底面的两接触点距离x,用y/x值表征轧板的弯曲程度;第2步为异速和常规轧制实验。实验结果表明:当异速比为1.12时,轧板弯曲程度最大,y/x值最高达到0.22218;虽然采用了相同的设计累积变形率,但异速轧制和常规轧制的轧板实际累积变形率相差1%~2%;两种方式轧制的轧板在实际累积变形率达到76%时,T6热处理过程中再结晶进行得更加充分,再结晶生成的中小尺寸晶粒增多;经过6道次异速轧制和常规轧制的7075铝板,T6热处理后,断口中可见大量尺寸小于1μm的韧窝,并且在韧窝底部出现弥散析出的尺寸小于100 nm的微小第二相粒子,异速轧制7075铝板中韧窝尺寸较常规轧制7075铝板中更细小;与常规轧制相比,采用异速轧制的7075铝板的强度有一定提高,但提高幅度不大;常规轧制的7075铝板在达到一定变形量时会出现强度峰值,而异速轧制的7075铝板的强度随轧制累积变形率升高而持续提高。

Analysis of Rolling Pressure in Asymmetrical Rolling Process by Slab Method

The plane strain asymmetrical rolling was analyzed using slab method. The contact arc was replaced by parabola, and the constant surface friction status was adopted during the analysis. The deformation area was divided into three zones according to the direction of the friction. Then, the three zones were studied, respectively. A rolling force model and a rolling torque model were developed based on the analysis, and they were used to analyze the influ- ence of asymmetrical rolling factors on deformation area and unit pressure if they had good precision which was determined by comparing the calculated results with the measured ones.

Control Strategies of Asymmetric Strip Shape in Six-High Cold Rolling Mill

It is a complicated problem for cold-rolled strip to improve asymmetric strip shape in strip production. A roll system and strip coupled model of six-high cold rolling mill was established with finite element method to estimate the effect of intermediate roll shifting, tilting, symmetric and asymmetric bending technologies on strip profile. To reduce asymmetric defects of strip shape as much as possible, some control strategies were proposed, including tilting and asymmetric bending of intermediate roll and work roll. The combinations of these three control strategies can effectively eliminate asymmetric strip shape defects. Finally, the closed-loop control model of asymmetric flat- ness at the last stand was given, and the flatness control system with the function of asymmetric strip shape control was also designed for cold tandem mill.