Mechanism of Thermally Radiative Prandtl Nanofluids and Double-Diffusive Convection in Tapered Channel on Peristaltic Flow with Viscous Dissipation and Induced Magnetic Field

The application of mathematical modeling to biological fluids is of utmost importance, as it has diverse applicationsin medicine. The peristaltic mechanism plays a crucial role in understanding numerous biological flows. In thispaper, we present a theoretical investigation of the double diffusion convection in the peristaltic transport of aPrandtl nanofluid through an asymmetric tapered channel under the combined action of thermal radiation andan induced magnetic field. The equations for the current flow scenario are developed, incorporating relevantassumptions, and considering the effect of viscous dissipation. The impact of thermal radiation and doublediffusion on public health is of particular interest. For instance, infrared radiation techniques have been used totreat various skin-related diseases and can also be employed as a measure of thermotherapy for some bones toenhance blood circulation, with radiation increasing blood flow by approximately 80%. To solve the governingequations, we employ a numerical method with the aid of symbolic software such as Mathematica and MATLAB.The velocity, magnetic force function, pressure rise, temperature, solute (species) concentration, and nanoparticlevolume fraction profiles are analytically derived and graphically displayed. The results outcomes are compared withthe findings of limiting situations for verification.

Study of a Hydraulic Jump in an Asymmetric Trapezoidal Channel with Different Sluice Gates

In this study,the main properties of the hydraulic jump in an asymmetric trapezoidal flume are analyzed experimentally,including the so-called sequent depths,characteristic lengths,and efficiency.In particular,an asymmetric trapezoidal flume with a length of 7 m and a width of 0.304 m is considered,with the bottom of the flume transversely inclined at an angle of m=0.296 and vertical lateral sides.The corresponding inflow Froude number is allowed to range in the interval(1.40<F1<6.11).The properties of this jump are compared to those of hydraulic jumps in channels with other types of cross-sections.A relationship for calculating hydraulic jump efficiency is proposed for the considered flume.For F1>5,the hydraulic jump is found to be more effective than that occurring in triangular and symmetric trapezoidal channels.Also,when■mes>8 and■>5,the hydraulic jump in the asymmetrical trapezoidal channel downstream of a parallelogram sluice gate is completely formed as opposed to the situation where a triangular sluice is considered.

Performance of entanglement-assisted quantum codes with noisy ebits over asymmetric and memory channels

Entanglement-assisted quantum error correction codes(EAQECCs)play an important role in quantum communications with noise.Such a scheme can use arbitrary classical linear code to transmit qubits over noisy quantum channels by consuming some ebits between the sender(Alice)and the receiver(Bob).It is usually assumed that the preshared ebits of Bob are error free.However,noise on these ebits is unavoidable in many cases.In this work,we evaluate the performance of EAQECCs with noisy ebits over asymmetric quantum channels and quantum channels with memory by computing the exact entanglement fidelity of several EAQECCs.We consider asymmetric errors in both qubits and ebits and show that the performance of EAQECCs in entanglement fidelity gets improved for qubits and ebits over asymmetric channels.In quantum memory channels,we compute the entanglement fidelity of several EAQECCs over Markovian quantum memory channels and show that the performance of EAQECCs is lowered down by the channel memory.Furthermore,we show that the performance of EAQECCs is diverse when the error probabilities of qubits and ebits are different.In both asymmetric and memory quantum channels,we show that the performance of EAQECCs is improved largely when the error probability of ebits is reasonably smaller than that of qubits.

Overbank Flow in a Multi-Staged Open Channel: Zonal and Overall Discharge Studies

An improved divided channel method has been proposed by modelling a parameter using the function of depth ratio for a multi-stage compound channel. Experimental data suggest that as the flow depth increases over the second stage floodplain, fractional contribution of the main channel and first stage floodplain under bankfull height plays a pivotal role in shear layer and momentum distribution. Therefore, a new mathematical model has been suggested for estimating the stage-discharge relationship for staged channels of more than one floodplain using the 1D technique of overall roughness correction. .

Performance of Physical-Layer Network Coding in Asymmetric Two-Way Relay Channels

In this paper, we study the performance of physical-layer network coding in asymmetric two-way relay channels using four different cases having different poor channels:phase asymmetry, downlink asymmetry, uplink asymmetry and node asymmetry. The decision and mapping rule for symmetric and asymmetric cases are studied. The performance in terms of bit error rate for each case will be studied and analysed by computer simulation. Analytical and simulation results show that uplink asymmetry is the worst case;intra-phase asymmetry and unreliable uplink channels will more severely affect the performance degradation, which is caused by channel asymmetry.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON TURBULENT FEATURES IN THE NEGATIVE TRANSPORT REGION OF ASYMMETRIC PLANE CHANNEL FLOW

Turbulent features of streamwise and vertical components of velocity in the negative transport region of asymmetric plane channel flow have been studied experimentally in details. Experiments show that turbulent fluctuations in negative transport region are suppressed, and their probability distributions are far from Gaussian. Besides, the skewness factors attain their negative maxima at the position of the maximum mean velocity, whereas the flatness factors attain their positive maxima at the same position.

Peristaltic transport of MHD Williamson fluid in an inclined asymmetric channel through porous medium with heat transfer

The intention of this investigation is to study the effects of heat transfer and inclined magnetic field on the peristaltic flow of Williamson fluid in an asymmetric channel through porous medium. The governing two-dimensional equations are simplified under the assumption of long wavelength approximation. The simplified equations are solved for the stream function, temperature, and axial pressure gradient by using a regular perturbation method. The expression for pressure rise is computed numerically. The profiles of velocity, pressure gradient, temperature, heat transfer coefficient and stream function are sketched and interpreted for various embedded parameters and also the behavior of stream function for various wave forms is discussed through graphs. It is observed that the peristaltic velocity increases from porous medium to non-porous medium, the magnetic effects have increasing effect on the temperature, and the size of the trapped bolus decreases with the increasing of magnetic effects while the trend is reversed with the increasing of Darcy number. Moreover, limiting solutions of our problem are in close agreement with the corresponding results of the Newtonian fluid model.

Peristaltic flow of Johnson-Segalman fluid in asymmetric channel with convective boundary conditions

This work is concerned with the peristaltic transport of the Johnson-Segalman fluid in an asymmetric channel with convective boundary conditions. The mathematical modeling is based upon the conservation laws of mass, linear momentum, and energy. The resulting equations are solved after long wavelength and low Reynolds number are used. The results for the axial pressure gradient, velocity, and temperature profiles are obtained for small Weissenberg number. The expressions of the pressure gra-dient, velocity, and temperature are analyzed for various embedded parameters. Pumping and trapping phenomena are also explored.

Magnetohydrodynamic peristaltic flow of a hyperbolic tangent fluid in a vertical asymmetric channel with heat transfer

In the present paper we discuss the magnetohydrodynamic （MHD） peristaltic flow of a hyperbolic tangent fluid model in a vertical asymmetric channel under a zero Reynolds number and long wavelength approximation. Exact solution of the temperature equation in the absence of dissipation term has been computed and the analytical ex- pression for stream function and axial pressure gradient are established. The flow is analyzed in a wave frame of reference moving with the velocity of wave. The expression for pressure rise has been computed numerically. The physical features of pertinent parameters are analyzed by plotting graphs and discussed in detail.

Homotopy analysis solutions for the asymmetric laminar flow in a porous channel with expanding or contracting walls

In this paper, the asymmetric laminar flow in a porous channel with expanding or contracting walls is investigated. The governing equations are reduced to ordinary ones by using suitable similar transformations. Homotopy analysis method （HAM） is employed to obtain the expres- sions for velocity fields. Graphs are sketched for values of parameters and associated dynamic characteristics, especially the expansion ratio, are analyzed in detail.

Performance analysis of selection cooperative networks over asymmetric fading channels

The performances of selection cooperation are investigated over asymmetric fading channels where the source-relay and the relay-destination channels experience Nakagami-m and Rayleigh fading,respectively.Decode-and-forward(DF)protocol is adopted and the Nth best relay is selected from M available relays.Probability density function(PDF)for the instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)at the destination is derived first.Then,it is used to derive the exact expressions for outage probability and average symbol error rate(SER).The results hold for arbitrary M or N.Finally,simulations are carried out to verify the correctness of our theoretical analysis and results show that M and N almost have the same effect on the performance of outage probability and SER.

Existence of a Hartmann layer in the peristalsis of Sisko fluid

Analytical solutions for the peristaltic flow of a magneto hydrodynamic （MHD） Sisko fluid in a channel, under the effects of strong and weak magnetic fields, are presented. The governing nonlinear problem, for the strong magnetic field, is solved using the matched asymptotic expansion. The solution for the weak magnetic field is obtained using a regular perturbation method. The main observation is the existence of a Hartman boundary layer for the strong magnetic field at the location of the two plates of the channel. The thickness of the Hartmann boundary layer is determined analytically. The effects of a strong magnetic field and the shear thinning parameter of the Sisko fluid on the velocity profile are presented graphically.

Effective capacity of cognitive radio systems in asymmetric fading channels

As known that the effective capacity theory offers a methodology for exploring the performance limits in delay constrained wireless networks, this article considered a spectrum sharing cognitive radio （CR） system in which CR users may access the spectrum allocated to primary users （PUs）. Particularly, the channel between the CR transmitter （CR-T） and the primary receiver and the channel between the CR-T and the CR receiver （CR-R） may undergo different fading types and arbitrary link power gains. This is referred to as asymmetric fading. The authors investigated the capacity gains achievable under a given delay quality-of-service （QoS） constraint in asymmetric fading channels. The closed-form expression for the effective capacity under an average received interference power constraint is obtained. The main results indicate that the effective capacity is sensitive to the fading types and link power gains. The fading parameters of the interference channel play a vital role in effective capacity for the looser delay constraints. However, the fading parameters of the CR channel play a decisive role in effective capacity for the more stringent delay constraints. Also, the impact of multiple PUs on the capacity gains under delay constraints has also been explored.

Peristaltic transport of a conducting Jeffrey fluid in an inclined asymmetric channel

Peristaltic flow of a conducting Jeffrey fluid in an inclined asymmetric channel is investigated. The channel asymmetry is produced by considering a peristaltic wave train on the flexible walls of the channel with different amplitudes and phases. The nonlinear governing equations are solved analytically by a perturbation technique. The expressions for the stream function, axial velocity and the pressure rise per wavelength are determined in terms of the Jeffrey number λ1, the Froude number Fr, the perturbation parameter 5, the angle of inclination θ and the phase difference Ф. Effects of the physical parameters on the velocity field and the pumping characteristics are discussed. It is observed that the size of the trapping bolus increase with an increase in the magnetic parameter and the volume flow rate. That is, the magnetic parameter and the volume flow rate have strong influence on the trapping bolus phenomenon.

Analytical Solution for Peristaltic Transport of Viscous Nanofluid in an Asymmetric Channel with Full Slip and Convective Conditions

The peristaltic ttow of nanofluids is a relatively new area of research. Scientists are of the opinion that the no-slip conditions at the boundaries are no longer valid and consequently, the first and the second order slip conditions should be addressed. In this paper, the effects of slip conditions and the convective boundary conditions at the boundary walls on the peristaltic flow of a viscous nanofluid are investigated for. Also, the exact analytical solutions are obtained for the model. The obtained results are presented through graphs and discussed. The results reveal that the two slip parameters have strong effects on the temperature and the nanoparticles volume fraction profiles. Moreover, it has been seen that the temperature and nanoparticles volume fraction profiles attain certain values when the first slip condition exceeds a specified value. However, no limit value for the second slip parameter has been detected. Further, the effects of the various emerging parameters on the flow and heat transfer characteristics have been presented.

Natural Propulsion with Lorentz Force and Nanoparticles in a Bioinspired Lopsided Ciliated Channel

The transportation of biological and industrial nanofluids by natural propulsion like cilia movement and self-generated contraction-relaxation of flexible walls has tremendous applications in various fields. Inspired by multidisciplinary invention in this direction, a fuid mechanical model is proposed to study the Magneto-hydrodynamics （MHD） and heat transfer for nanofluids fabricated by the dispersion of nanoparticles in water as base fluid. The steady flow is induced by metachronal wave propulsion due to beating cilia. The flow regime is asymmetric channel. The flow is restricted under the low Reynolds number and long wavelength approximations. Cilia boundary conditions for velocity components are employed to find the exact solutions. The impacts of pertinent physical parameters on temperature profile, velocity profile, pressure, and stream lines are computed numerically. It is observed that velocity is inversely proportional to magnetic Reynolds number, Reynolds number, Strommer＇s number and velocity is directly proportional to flow rate. It is analyzed that temperature is inversely proportional to Strommer＇s number and magnetic Reynolds number and directly proportional to Brinkmann number and flow rate. The temperature is maximum at the center of the channel and it starts decreasing towards the boundary walls.

Peristaltic transport of a MHD Carreau fluid in a tapered asymmetric channel with permeable walls

The effect of permeable walls and magnetic field on the peristaltic flow of a Carreau fluid in a tapered asymmetric channel is studied. The tapered asymmetric channel is normally created due to the intra-uterine fluid flow induced by myometrial contractions and it was simulated by asymmetric peristaltic fluid flow in a two-dimensional infinite non-uniform channel. The analysis has been performed under long wavelength and low- Reynolds number assumptions to linearize the governing flow equations. A series solution in respect of a small Weissenberg number is obtained for the stream function, axial pressure gradient and shear stress. Time average of pressure rise and frictional force on the upper wall has also been computed using numerical integration. The results have been presented graphically for the various interested physical parameters. It is observed that for Carreau fluids the peristalsis works as a pump against a greater pressure rise compared with a Newtonian fluid, while there exists no significant difference in free pumping flux for Newtonian and Carreau fluids in the tapered asymmetric channel.

MHD EYRING-PRANDTL FLUID FLOW WITH CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS IN SMALL INTESTINES

In this paper, we have discussed the food movement in stomach with thermal bound- ary conditions. Eyring-Prandtl fluid model is considered. Formulation of the considered phenomena have been developed for both fixed and moving frame of references. Regular perturbation is used to find the solution of stream function, temperature profile and pressure gradient. Analysis has been carried out for velocity, ＂stream function, temper- ature, pressure gradient and heat transfer＂. Appearance of pressure gradient is quite complicated so to get the expression for pressure rise we have used numerical integra- tion. It is perceived that the velocity close to the channel walls is not same in outlook of the Eyrin^Prandtl fluid parameter taken as fl and Hartman number M. The velocity decreases by increasing β and M.