The induced electric field distribution in the solar atmosphere

A method of calculating the induced electric field is presented. The induced electric field in the solar atmosphere is derived by the time variation of the magnetic field when the accumulation of charged particles is neglected. In order to derive the spatial distribution of the magnetic field, several extrapolation methods are introduced. With observational data from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager aboard NASA＇s Solar Dynamics Observatory taken on 2010 May 20, we extrapolate the magnetic field from the photosphere to the upper atmosphere. By calculating the time variation of the magnetic field, we can get the induced electric field. The derived induced electric field can reach a value of 102 V cm-1 and the average electric field has a maximum point at the layer 360 km above the photosphere. The Monte Carlo method is used to compute the triple integration of the induced electric field.

HIGH PERFORMANCE ELECTRIC FIELD MICRO SENSOR WITH COMBINED DIFFERENTIAL STRUCTURE

This paper presents a high performance electric field micro sensor with combined differential structure.The sensor consists of two backward laid micro-machined chips,each packaged by polymer and metal.The novel combined differential structure effectively reduces various environmental affections,such as thermal drift,humidity drift and electrostatic charge accumulation.The sensor is tested in near-ground place as well as balloon-borne sounding.In different weather conditions,the measurement results showed good agreement with those of the commercial electric field mill.

A data complementary method for thunderstorm point charge localization based on atmospheric electric field apparatus array group

Data loss or distortion causes adverse effects on the accuracy and stability of the thunderstorm point charge localization.To solve this problem,we propose a data complementary method based on the atmospheric electric field apparatus array group.The electric field component measurement model of the atmospheric electric field apparatus is established,and the orientation parameters of the thunderstorm point charge are defined.Based on the mirror method,the thunderstorm point charge coordinates are obtained by using the potential distribution formulas.To test the validity of the basic algorithm,the electric field component measurement error and the localization accuracy are studied.Besides the azimuth angle and the elevation angle,the localization parameters also include the distance from the apparatus to the thunderstorm cloud.Based on a primary electric field apparatus,we establish the array group of apparatuses.Based on this,the data measured by each apparatus is complementarily processed to regain the thunderstorm point charge position.The results show that,compared with the radar map data,this method can accurately reflect the location of the thunderstorm point charge,and has a better localization effect.Additionally,several observation results during thunderstorm weather have been presented.

On the Line Formation in Stellar Magnetized Atmospheres

The line formation process in stellar magnetized atmospheres is studied by observing the wavelength- dependence of Stokes contribution functions. The influence of magnetic field on the escape line photon distribution and line absorption is obtained by comparing with the null magnetic field case. Two models airs adopted. One assumes limited distributions of both the line absorption and magnetic field where a hypothetical magneto-sensitive line is formed. The other is a model atmosphere of sunspot umbra in which MgI 5172.7 forms. It is found that the magnetic field influences the formation region of Stokes I at wavelengths sufficient close to the Zeeman splitting points ±△ H. The formation regions at wavelengths far away from the Zeeman splitting points generally show a non-magnetic behaviour. Further, if the line core is split by the Zeeman effect, the line formation core introduced in the previous paper disappears. On the other hand, Stokes Q, U, V at each wavelength within the line form in the same layers where both the line absorption and magnetic field are present in the models accepted for the lines used. When the line absorption and magnetic field ubiquitously exist, the formation regions of the T peaks or valleys of Stokes Q, U and those of σ of Stokes V generally cover the widest depth range. It is pointed out that such a study is instructive in the explanation of solar polarized filtergrams. It can tell us at each observation point where the received line photons of wavelengths within the bandpass come from and where their polarization states are formed or give us the distributions of these photons as well as their polarization intensities. Thus a three-dimensional image can be constructed for a morphologic study of the observed area from serial filtergrams.

Association among Geomagnetic Activity, Atmospheric Electric Field and Selected Meteorological Parameters

The association among the geomagnetic activity (Ap index) and atmospheric electric field, meteorological parameters was investigated using a long series of continuous data set available tor Colaba (18 ° 53'N, 72 ° 48'E, 11m ASL) for the period 1936-1966. The meteorological parameters used for the investigation are the surface pressure, temperature, wind velocity and relative humidity. The results of the above study indicate that the atmospheric electric field and the meteorological parameters are associated with the geomagnetic storms with Ap > 100 . The atmospheric electric field shows an increasing trend after the geomagnetic storm. The surface pressure dips and surface temperatures increase after a geomagnetic storm. The wind velocity shows a decreasing trend and the relative humidity shows an increasing trend after the geomagnetic storm.

Characteristic Analysis of Atmospheric Electric Field in Contaminated Areas

[Objective] The research aimed to analyze characteristics of atmospheric electric field in polluted area. [Method] By using data of atmospheric electric field meter in Taiyuan in 2009, daily and annual changes of atmospheric electric field in Taiyuan were analyzed. [ Result] Atmospheric electric field intensity in Taiyuan was higher than that in other areas. Daily change was double-peak double-valley type. The first highest value appeared at nightfall, and the second highest value was before the noon. The first lowest value appeared in early morning, while the second low- est value appeared after the noon. Annual change was single-peak single-valley type. The maximum appeared in winter, while the minimum ap- peared in summer. [ Conclusion] When forecasting thunderstorm, in the area with higher aerosol content, alarm threshold of electric field should be adjusted via comparison with actual observation, which had very strong regional characteristics. By analyzing real-time monitoring data of atmospheric electric field, thunderstorm forecast could be realized, and timeliness and accuracy of warning and forecast could be increased.

Experimental Research on Atmospheric Electric Field and Extensive Air Shower Particle Increasing During Thunderstorms with ARGO-YBJ

From April 1st to August 14th, 2006, thunderstorms had been recorded at Yangbajing Cosmic Ray Observatory by ARGO-YBJ experiment. This paper analyzed the correlation between atmospheric electric field （AEF） and ＂scaler mode＂ counting rate during thunderstorm. Counting rates of multiplicities n=1,2 were found to have a large increase （from 1.02% to 9.03%）, while there was few or no changes in those of multiplicities n=3 and n≥4 during the thunderstorms. The counts of different multiplicities had different feedbacks on the violent change of AEF, which showed that their energy and most components were distinguishing.

Lunar Phases and Atmospheric Electric Field

The association between the lunar phases and the atmospheric electric field has been investigated from the superposed epoch analysis of the long series of continuous data of the vertical electric field for Colaba, Bombay (18 ° 53'N, 73 ° 48'E 11 mASL) for the period 1947-1966. Also the periodicities in the atmospheric electric field have been studied from the spectral analysis of the data. The study has indicated that when the full moon is within 4 of the ecliptic plane i.e.,Bf 4 ° , the electric field peaks on the day of the full moon followed by a steep fall in the field values up to 4 days following the full moon day and there after it showed a steep increase. Also, the electric field has exhibited 5-9 day periodicity and its multiples are nearly always present. The periodicity in the electric field corresponds with the average time interval between the successive magnetic sector boundary (MSB ) crossings i.e., 7 days. On most of the occasions, the MSB crossing day is associated with a maximum of one or more of the wavelengths derived from the spectral analysis of the atmospheric electric field.

A kind of informationon short-term and imminent earthquake precursors-research on atmospheric electric field anomalies before earthquakes

The long time practice of observational research on earthquake prediction has shown that the information on shortterm and imminent earthquake precursors can hardly be detected, but it is very important for practical and effective earthquake prediction. The result of analysis and study in this paper has shown that the anomaly of quasi static atmospheric electric field may be a kind of reliable information on short term and imminent earthquake precursors.On such a basis, the 20 years′ continuous and reliable data of atmospheric electric field observed at the Baijiatuan seismic station are used to study the correlation between the anomalies in seismic activity and relative quiet periods bear on the occurrence of near earthquakes within 200 km range around Beijing after the Tangshan earthquake. The observational results recently reported before hand in written form and earthquakes that actually occurred in near field in corresponding time periods are compared and analyzed. The efficacy of these written prediction opinions about near earthquakes in the recent 10 years is tested. From the test results, the brilliant prospect that the anomaly of quasi static atmospheric electric field may really become a reliable mark for making short term and imminent earthquake predictions is discussed. Besides, as a preliminary step, some judgment indexes for predicting earthquakes by use of the observational data of atmospheric electric field before earthquakes are put forward. In the last part, it is pointed out that it would be possible to obtain more believable judgment indexes for determining the three elements of near earthquakes before greater earthquakes ( M S5) only if a relatively reasonable station network (2～4 stations every 10 000 km 2) is deployed and further investigation is made.

Variations in the Atmospheric Electric Field at Tropical Station during 1930-1987

The variations noticed in the atmospheric electric field recorded at Pune (18°32'N, 73°51'E, 559 m ASL), a tropical inland station located in Dcccan Plateau, India, during the period 1930-1987, have been examined in relation to the variations observed in the Angstrom turbidity coefficient (β) and selected meteorological parameters. The monthly and annual mean values of the atmospheric electric field. Angstrom turbidity coefficient (β), rainfall, temperature and relative humidity for the years 1930-1938, 1957-1958, 1964-1965, 1973-1974 and 1987 were considered in the study.The results of the above study indicated gradual increases in the atmospheric electric field over the period of study (1930-1987) which is statistically significant at less than 5%level. The increases noticed during different periods varied from 30 to 109%. The increase noticed during the period (1930-1938) and (1973-1974) was maximum (109%). The Angstrom turbidity coefficient also showed systematic increases during the period of study, which is consistent. The diurnal curve of the atmospheric electric field at the station by and large, showed a double oscillation, which is generally observed in the conlinental environments.

Prediction-Based Thunderstorm Path Recovery Method Using CNN-BiLSTM

The loss of three-dimensional atmospheric electric field(3DAEF)data has a negative impact on thunderstorm detection.This paper proposes a method for thunderstorm point charge path recovery.Based on the relation-ship between a point charge and 3DAEF,we derive corresponding localization formulae by establishing a point charge localization model.Generally,point charge movement paths are obtained after fitting time series localization results.However,AEF data losses make it difficult to fit and visualize paths.Therefore,using available AEF data without loss as input,we design a hybrid model combining the convolutional neural network(CNN)and bi-directional long short-term memory(BiLSTM)to predict and recover the lost AEF.As paths are not present during sunny weather,we propose an extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)model combined with a stacked autoencoder(SAE)to further determine the weather conditions of the recovered AEF.Specifically,historical AEF data of known weathers are input into SAE-XGBoost to obtain the distribution of predicted values(PVs).With threshold adjustments to reduce the negative effects of invalid PVs on SAE-XGBoost,PV intervals corresponding to different weathers are acquired.The recovered AEF is then input into the fixed SAE-XGBoost model.Whether paths need to be fitted is determined by the interval to which the output PV belongs.The results confirm that the proposed method can effectively recover point charge paths,with a maximum path deviation of approximately 0.018 km and a determination coefficient of 94.17%.This method provides a valid reference for visual thunderstorm monitoring.

Preliminary inquiry into the causes of anomaly increase of air temperature by an impending earthquake

In this paper, the causes of the occurrence of the temperature increase by an impending earthquake of low altitude atmosphere and on the ground surface have been preliminarily expounded through several simulative controlexperiments. Air polarized by the anomalous atmospheric static electric field is regarded as the primary factor tocreate air temperature increase to a large degree and over a large area in the sunlight. In addition, another causeis considered as the temperature increase effect of “polluted” air.

Inferring of Organochlorine Pesticide Transmission under Atmospheric Circulation Impact

[ Objective] The study aims to infer the transmission of organochlorine pesticides under the influence of atmospheric circulation. [ Meth- od] A transmission profile of organochlorine pesticides was established in the region from the western margin of the Sichuan Basin to the western Si- chuan plateau, from which atmospheric particulate matter, atmospheric dry and wet deposition samples as well as corresponding soil samples were collected and analyzed. [ Result~ The study showed that HCHs content was the highest on the elevation boundaries of the study area, and,8-HCH content was the highest in the study area, indicating that there were no new HCHs input to the study area. In respect of HCHs content in the soil and atmospheric precipitation, it was significantly higher in low-lying areas than that of high-altitude areas. Besides, sources of organechlorine pesti- cides in high-altitude areas were mostly derived from atmospheric particulate matter and atmospheric dry deposition. A variety of factors affected the long-distance transmission of organochlorine pesticides, and the form of the atmospheric transport of organochlorine pesticides could be determined accurately based on the content of organochlorine pesticides in different media of each sample point. In different months, the sources of organechlo- rine pesticides in the atmospheric transmission varied with atmospheric circulation direction, so it could not be simply thought that organochlorine pesticides were transmitted from low-lying areas to high-altitude areas. Meanwhile, there was a transformation between the source and sink of or- ganochlorine pesticides in plateau areas because of atmospheric circulation changed. [ Condusionl The research could provide scientific references for the control of persistent organic pollutant diffusion and establishment of environmental protection measures. ds

Energetics and Propagation of Coronal Mass Ejections in Different Plasma Environments

Based on previous work, we investigate the propagation of CMEs in a more realistic plasma environment than the isothermal atmosphere, and find that it is a slightly faster reconnection for flux ropes to break free. The average Alfven Mach number MA for the inflow into the reconnection site has to be at least 0.013 in order to give a plausible eruption (compared to MA = 0.005 for the isothermal atmosphere). Taking MA = 0.1, we find that the energy output and the electric field induced inside the current sheet match the temporal behavior inferred from the energetic, long duration, CME-associated X-ray events. The results indicate that catastrophic loss of equilibrium in the coronal magnetic field provides the most promising mechanism for major solar eruptions, and that the more energetic the eruption is, the earlier the associated flare peaks. The variation of the output power with the background field strength revealed by our calculations implies the poor correlation between slow CMEs and solar flares. This work also further confirms the explanation we proposed for the peculiar motion of giant X-ray arches and anomalous post-flare loops. Their kinematic pattern and observed heights are determined by the local Alfven speed and its variation with height.

Numerical Modelling of the Effects of Ozone on the Summer Atmospheric Circulation

The effects of ozone on the summer atmospheric general circulation are simulated by use of a zonal model with the pesigma coordinate system. Results show that the simulated properties at the upper levels are remarkably improved after the ozone effects are introduced to the model. The direct effect of ozone is to enhance the heating rates at the upper levels. In the lower atmosphere. this effect is very little. Furthermore, the ozone can change the distributions and values of other components of heating fields, resulting in the change of the total heating rates, and meanwhile induce evident variation of atmospheric circulation at the lower levels.

Ultra low frequeney electromagnetic wave anomaly and its spectrum characteristics before earthquakes

Many observations and researches show that abundant and intense ultra low frequency (ULF) electromagneticanomalies appears before local earthquakes. In order to understand this phenomenon systematically, the trans-mission property and the formation of the seismic-electric dipole are discussed in this paper. The results showthat the vertical component Of the ULF electric anomaly before earthquake has the properties of better penetration, less disturbance and high signal-to-noise ratio. The signal can be easily extracted and received. The anomaly should be an important way to seek for reliable short-term and imminent earthquake precursors. After thespectrum analysis of the (ULF) electric field anomalies, we found that the periods of the anomaly related to localearthquakes are from a few minutes to a dozens minutes. There is a relation between the spectrum of the anomaly and the epicentral distance. The ULF electric field anomalies strongly rely on the orientation of the seismo-genie zone. The percolation electric field anomaly and its spectrum amplitude do not have obvious relation withthe size of local earthquakes.

Measurements and analyses of infrasound noise field in the atmosphere

Methods for measuring and analyzing the infrasound noise field in the atmosphere have been expounded. A set of space correlation radii of noise corresponding to wind speed 4 m/ s has been obtained, which can be taken as the tentative basis for an acoustical array design. At the same time, the wind speed-sound pressure relation curves have been measured and calculated, and the anti-jamming ability of the array receiving infrasonic signals is obtained.

Statistical study of co-rotating interaction region properties with STEREO and ACE observations

We analyzed the data on co-rotating interaction regions （CIRs） measured by the Advanced Composition Explorer （ACE） and Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory （STEREO） from 2007 to 2010. The CIRs were observed by STEREO B （STB）, ACE and STEREOA （STA） one after another, and a total of 28 CIRs were identified in this work. Since the same characteristics of CIRs were detected by these three spacecraft at three different locations and times, these data can help us to study the evolutions of CIRs. For a single event, the properties of CIRs observed by the three spacecraft were quite different and could be explained by spatial or temporal variations. For all these 28 CIRs, STA and STB observed similar mean parameters, such as peak magnetic field strength （offset 11%）, peak and change in solar wind speed （offset 3% and 10% respectively）, peak proton temperature （offset 14%） and peak perpendicular pressure （offset 15%）. Surprisingly, STA detected much higher （41%） peak density of protons than STB.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE AND ATMOSPHERIC HEATING FIELDS OVER QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU FOR THE PERIOD FROM AUGUST 1982 TO JULY 1983

The surface and atmospheric heating fields over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau are computed by using the observational data of solar radiation during 1982—1983.The mian results are as follows:The central and northern parts of the Plateau act as heat sinks in winter from November to January.Both eastern and south- ern parts of the Plateau are of heat sources.In summer,the main part of the Plateau acts as a strong heat source,and the center of the heating field is in the southeastern Plateau.However the main part of the Plateau acts as a heat sink for the atmospheric heating fields from October to March.The maximum intensity of the atmospheric heat sink over the central Plateau appears in December and January.From April to September,the main part of the Plateau acts as a heat source for the atmospheric heating fields.

In situ monitoring of atmospheric nitrous acid based on multi-pumping flow system and liquid waveguide capillary cell

In the last four decades, various techniques including spectroscopic, wet chemical and mass spectrometric methods, have been developed and applied for the detection of ambient nitrous acid（HONO）. We developed a HONO detection system based on long path photometry which consists of three independent modules i.e., sampling module, fluid propulsion module and detection module. In the propulsion module, solenoid pumps are applied. With solenoid pumps the pulsed flow can be computer controlled both in terms of pump stroke volume and pulse frequency, which enables the attainment of a very stable flow rate. In the detection module, a customized Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell（LWCC） is used. The customized LWCC pre-sets the optical fiber in-coupling with the liquid wave guide, providing the option of fast startup and easy maintenance of the absorption photometry. In summer 2014, our system was deployed in a comprehensive campaign at a rural site in the North China Plain. More than one month of high quality HONO data spanning from the limit of detection to 5 ppb were collected. Intercomparison of our system with another established system from Forschungszentrum Juelich is presented and discussed. In conclusion, our instrument achieved a detection limit of 10 ppt V within2 min and a measurement uncertainty of 7%, which is well suited for investigation of the HONO budget from urban to rural conditions in China.