Assessing the corrosion protection property of coatings loaded with corrosion inhibitors using the real-time atmospheric corrosion monitoring technique

The atmospheric corrosion monitoring(ACM)technique has been widely employed to track the real-time corrosion behavior of metal materials.However,limited studies have applied ACM to the corrosion protection properties of organic coatings.This study compared a bare epoxy coating with one containing zinc phosphate corrosion inhibitors,both applied on ACM sensors,to observe their corrosion protection properties over time.Coatings with artificial damage via scratches were exposed to immersion and alternating dry and wet environments,which allowed for monitoring galvanic corrosion currents in real-time.Throughout the corrosion tests,the ACM currents of the zinc phosphate/epoxy coating were considerably lower than those of the blank epoxy coating.The trend in ACM current variations closely matched the results obtained from regular electrochemical tests and surface analysis.This alignment highlights the potential of the ACM technique in evaluating the corrosion protection capabilities of organic coatings.Compared with the blank epoxy coating,the zinc phosphate/epoxy coating showed much-decreased ACM current values that confirmed the effective inhibition of zinc phosphate against steel corrosion beneath the damaged coating.

Study on the Automatic Generation of Emergency Monitoring Scheme of Atmospheric Pollution Based on GIS

Based on emergency monitoring work flow analysis of atmospheric pollution incidents, key technical problems involved in the atmospheric pollution monitoring scheme based on GIS was studied, including the orientation of the accident site, the inquiry of the distribution of the emergency monitoring units and the groups of experts and the determination of the shortest path of emergency monitoring researchers and equipments arriving to the accident site as well as the integrated technology of Gaussian model with GIS which was mainly researched. The automatic prototype system of the emergency monitoring optimized scheme of the atmospheric pollution based on GIS was analyzed with the case of atmospheric pollution accident in Kunshan.

Atmospheric Corrosion Monitoring of Field-exposed Q235B and T91 Steels in Zhoushan Offshore Environment Using Electrochemical Probes

This work aimed to in-situ monitor the atmospheric corrosion of steels exposed to Zhoushan offshore environment by using electrochemical noise（EN） technique. A portable EN monitoring system was established and two electrochemical probes（named as Q235 B and T91） were designed. Experimental results indicated that the noise resistance of T91 steel was higher than that of Q235 B steel, revealing that the corrosion resistance of T91 was higher than that of Q235 B. A 60-day monitoring result indicated that the noise resistance was well correlated with the weight loss data. Wavelet analyses results of EN data indicated that Q235 B underwent uniform corrosion and T91 suffered from localized corrosion, which was further confirmed by the surface observation. It is concluded that EN can be used as a new method to identify the corrosion form and corrosion resistance in atmospheric conditions.

Optical Remote-sensing Monitoring and Forecasting of Atmospheric Pollution in Huaibei Area, China

Huaibei is an energy city. Coal as the primary energy consumption brings a large number of regional pollution in Huaibei area. Differential optical absorption spectroscopy （DOAS） as optical remote sensing technology has been applied to monitor regional average concen- trations and inventory of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and ozone. DOAS system was set up and applied to monitor the main air pollutants in Huaibei area. Monitoring data were obtained from 7 to 28 August, 2011. Monitoring results show measurements in controlling pollution are effective, and emissions of pollutants are up to the national standard in Huaibei area. Prediction model was also created to track changing trend of pollutions. These will provide raw data support for effective evaluation of environmental quality in Huaibei area.

KEY TECHNOLOGY OF D-INSAR AT X-BAND FOR MONITORING LAND SUBSIDENCE IN MINING AREA AND ITS APPLICATION

In theory, land subsidence measurement results with high accuracy can be obtained by using the Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar(D-InSAR) at X-band. In practice, however, the measuring accuracy of D-InSAR at X-band has been seriously affected by some factors, e.g., decorrelation and high deformation gradient. In this work, the monitoring capability of D-InSAR for coal-mining subsidence is evaluated by using SAR data acquired by TerrraSAR-X system. The SAR image registration method for low coherence image pairs, the denoising phase filter for high noise level interferogram and atmospheric effects mitigation method are the key technical aspects which directly influence the measurement results of D-InSAR at X-band. Thus, a robust image registration method, an improved phase filter method and an atmospheric effects mitigation method are proposed in this paper. The proposed image registration method successfully achieves InSAR coregistration, while the amplitude cross-correlation cannot properly coregister low coherence SAR image pairs. Moreover, the time complexity of the proposed image registration method is obviously slighter than that of the Singular Value Decomposition(SVD) method. The comparing experiment results and the unwrapping phase results show that the improved Goldstein filter is more effective than the original Goldstein filter in noise elimination. The atmospheric influence correction experiment results show that the land subsidence areas with atmospheric influence correction are more clarified than that of without atmospheric influence correction. In summary, the presented methods directly improved the measurement results of D-InSAR at X-band.

Comparative investigation on copper atmospheric corrosion by electrochemical impedance and electrical resistance sensors

Electrochemical impedance(EIS)and thin electrical resistance(ER)sensors were invented for atmospheric corrosion measurement of copper(Cu)during cyclic wetting−drying/high−low temperature tests and field exposure tests.Three-month field exposure results showed that average corrosion rate of Cu measured by ER sensor was well in accordance with that by weight loss method.During cyclic wetting−drying test,EIS was proven to reflect sensitively time of wetting and drying on the surface of sensor.Although corrosion rate obtained from EIS had a similar tendency to that obtained from ER sensors,the former was more dependent on environmental humidity than the latter.When relative humidity was low than 60%,corrosion rate of Cu measured by EIS was much lower than that by weight loss method,mainly attributing to the fact that impedance sensor failed to detect corrosion current of interlaced Cu electrodes due to the breakdown of conductive passage composed of absorbed thin liquid film under low humidity condition.Promisingly,ER sensor was proven to be more suitable for atmospheric corrosion monitoring than electrochemical techniques because it could sensitively monitor thickness loss of Cu foil according to the Ohmic law,no matter how dry or wet the sensor surface is.

Research on Decision Support System (DSS) of Atmospheric Environment Management in Anhui Province Based on Air Quality Forecasting

With the atmospheric stereoscopic monitoring, air quality forecasting and decision of environment management as the main line, and comprehensive management system as the guidance, five platforms including infrastructure, technological support, monitoring and early monitoring, decision support and information services were established. These platforms have 15 subsystems, including stereoscopic monitoring network, visual business consultation, high-performance computing environment, comprehensive management of atmospheric data, emission inventories of pollu-tion sources, evaluation tools of atmospheric models, monitoring and management of air pollution, forecasting and early warning of air quality, diag-nostic analysis of atmospheric environment, tracking of air pollution sources, emergency management of air pollution, conformity management of air quality, comprehensive display of information, releasing of information to external networks, and releasing of information by mobile networks. The decision support system （DSS） of atmospheric environment management could realize an integration business system of 11 air quality forecast - heavy pollution weather warning - diagnosis of pollution causes （dynamic analysis of pollution sources） -air quality conformity planning （air pollu-tion emergency management） -evaluation of forecasting and warning results （evaluation pf management measures） -air quality forecasting＂ and provide the technical support for the prevention and control of atmosphere pollution in Anhui province.

Creating a Geographical Observatory of Atmospheric Pollution （GEOAP） for the Greek Territory

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the necessity of a Geographical Observatory of Atmospheric Pollution （GEOAP） in the Greek territory. The analysis performed is mainly focused on the benefits of the future function of the GEOAP to the environmental planning of the country and it could also provide an environmental management tool for the whole region. Measuring and mapping the pollution data and at the same time performing the geographical analysis of the complexity and the characteristics of natural and human environment can be useful tool in observation, management, and planning of the environmental policy of the country.

Simplified Atmospheric Dispersion Model andModel Based Real Field Estimation System ofAir Pollution

The atmospheric dispersion model has been well developed and applied in pollution emergency and prediction. Based on thesophisticated air diffusion model, this paper proposes a simplified model and some optimization about meteorological andgeological conditions. The model is suitable for what is proposed as Real Field Monitor and Estimation system. The principle ofsimplified diffusion model and its optimization is studied. The design of Real Field Monitor system based on this model and itsfundamental implementations are introduced.

Needs and challenges of optical atmospheric monitoring on the background of carbon neutrality in China

The achievement of the targets of coordinated control of PM2.5 and O3 and the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality depend on the development of pollution and greenhouse gas monitoring technologies.Optical monitoring technology,based on its technical characteristics of high scalability,high sensitivity and wide-targets detection,has obvious advantages in pollution/greenhouse gases monitoring and has become an important direction in the development of environmental monitoring technology.At present,a system of environmental optical monitoring technology with differential optical absorption spectroscopy(DOAS),cavity ring-down spectroscopy(CRDS),light detection and ranging(LIDAR),laser heterodyne spectroscopy(LHS),tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy(TDLAS),fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)and fluorescence assay by gas expansion(FAGE)as the main body has been established.However,with the promotion of“reduction of pollution and carbon emissions”strategy,there have been significant changes in the sources of pollution/greenhouse gases,emission components and emission concentrations,which have put forward new and higher requirements for the development of monitoring technologies.In the future,we should pay more attention to the development of new optical monitoring techniques and the construction of stereoscopic monitoring system,the interdisciplinarity(among mathematics,physics,chemistry and biology,etc.),and the monitoring of greenhouse gases and research on atmospheric chemistry.

Understanding environmental impacts on initial atmospheric corrosion based on corrosion monitoring sensors

Atmospheric corrosion monitoring(ACM)sensors were employed to study the initial atmospheric corrosion of carbon steels over a one-month period in six outdoor dynamic atmospheric environments in China.Based on the~250,000 corrosion data sets collected,the environmental impacts of relative humidity,temperature and rainfall on the initial corrosion behavior of carbon steels were investigated.The results showed that rainfall was the strongest environmental factor influencing the initial atmospheric corrosion rate.Relative humidity significantly influenced the corrosion of carbon steels in low-precipitation environments and non-rainfall period.

Atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment in China:A review and outlook

Accurate monitoring of the atmospheric environment and its evolution are important for understanding the sources,chemical mechanisms,and transport processes of air pollution and carbon emissions in China,and for regulatory and control purposes.This study gives an overview of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment in China and summarizes the major achievements obtained in recent years.China has made great progress in the development of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment with decades of effort.The manufacturing level of atmospheric environment monitoring equipment and the quality of products have steadily improved,and a technical&production system that can meet the requirements of routine monitoring activities has been initiated.It is expected that domestic atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment will be able to meet future demands for routine monitoring activities in China and provide scientific assistance for addressing air pollution problems.

A review of Space-Air-Ground integrated remote sensing techniques for atmospheric monitoring

Currently,the three-dimensional(3D)distribution and characteristics of air pollution cannot be understood based on the application of any single atmospheric monitoring technology.Long-term,high-precision and large-scale 3D atmospheric monitoring might become practical by combining heterogeneous modern technologies;for this purpose,the SpaceAir-Ground integrated system is a promising concept.In this system,optical remote sensing technologies employing fixed or mobile platforms are used as the main means for groundbased observations.Tethered balloons,unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV)and airborne platforms serve as the air-based observation segment.The final part,satellite remote sensing,corresponds to space-based observations.Aside from obtaining the 3D distribution of air pollution,research on emission estimation and pollution mechanisms has been extensively implemented based on the strengths of this system or some portion of it.Moreover,further research on the fusion of multi-source data,optimization of inversion algorithms,and coupling with atmospheric models is of great importance to the realization of this system.

Review on recent progress in on-line monitoring technology for atmospheric pollution source emissions in China

Emissions from mobile sources and stationary sources contribute to atmospheric pollution in China,and its components,which include ultrafine particles(UFPs),volatile organic compounds(VOCs),and other reactive gases,such as NH3and NOx,are the most harmful to human health.China has released various regulations and standards to address pollution from mobile and stationary sources.Thus,it is urgent to develop online monitoring technology for atmospheric pollution source emissions.This study provides an overview of the main progress in mobile and stationary source monitoring technology in China and describes the comprehensive application of some typical instruments in vital areas in recent years.These instruments have been applied to monitor emissions from motor vehicles,ships,airports,the chemical industry,and electric power generation.Not only has the level of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment been improving,but relevant regulations and standards have also been constantly updated.Meanwhile,the developed instruments can provide scientific assistance for the successful implementation of regulations.According to the potential problem areas in atmospheric pollution in China,some research hotspots and future trends of atmospheric online monitoring technology are summarized.Furthermore,more advanced atmospheric online monitoring technology will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of atmospheric pollution and improve environmental monitoring capacity.

Advances in the Researches of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere in China in 2012–2014

In this report we summarize the research results by Chinese scientists in 2012–2014. The focuses are placed on the researches of the middle and upper atmosphere, specifically the researches related to ground-based observation capability development, dynamical processes, the property of circulation and chemistry-climate coupling of the middle atmospheric layers.

Simulation of CO_2 variations at Chinese background atmospheric monitoring stations between 2000 and 2009: Applying a CarbonTracker model

We carried out a downscaling treatment over China using the CarbonTracker numerical model,which was applied using double grid nesting technology(3°×2°over the whole globe,1°×1°over China),simulating and analyzing atmospheric CO2concentrations over 10 recent years(2000–2009).The simulation results agreed very well with observed data from four background atmospheric monitoring stations in China(The periods for which the simulation results and observed values be compared were January2000 to December 2009 for the WLG station and June 2006 to December 2009 for the SDZ,LFS,and LAN stations),giving correlation coefficients of>0.7.The high-resolution simulation data correlated slightly better than the low resolution simulation data with the observed data for three of the regions’atmospheric background stations.Further analysis of the annual,seasonal CO2concentration variations at the background stations showed that the CO2concentration increased each year over the study period,with an average annual increase of more than 5%,and annual increases of more than 7%at the Shangdianzi and Lin’an stations.Seasonal CO2variations were greater at the Longfengshan station than at the Shangdianzi or Lin’an stations.However,the CO2concentrations were higher at the Shangdianzi and Lin’an stations because they are greatly affected by human activities in the Jingjinji and Changjiang Delta economic zones.Spatial distribution in CO2concentrations and fluxes were higher in eastern than in western China.

Monitoring of atmospheric radionuclides from the Fukushima nuclear accident and assessing their impact on Xi'an, China

Aerosol radionuclides (131I, 134Cs, 137Cs) and gaseous radioactive xenon (133Xe) were monitored at Xi'an, China following the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in March 2011. The additional annual effective dose attributable to the Fukushima emissions was much lower than the public annual effective dose from natural radiation, according to Chinese national standards. The monitoring results were compared with data from other countries as well as with the radionuclide concentrations observed in Xi'an after the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986. Possible transport pathways of the released radionuclides from Fukushima to Xi'an were investigated. The occurrence of an anticyclone in the Pacific Ocean region and the extended period over which the radionuclides were released made the determination transport pathways complex, but divergence in the plume and easterly flow evidently brought the initial suite of radionuclides to Xi'an.

Development of a Gas Monitoring and Removal Device to Reduce the Effect of Extinction Coefficient

At present, the use of furnaces in the northern rural areas of China is very common, due to the insufficient burning of fuel (coal, wood, etc.), carbon monoxide (CO) and other toxic gases are produced, CO colorless and odorless, difficult to find in time, and bring huge safety risks to the life and health of residents. Based on the above problems, we developed a gas monitoring and removal device which could reduce the effect of extinction coefficient. The device was composed of ash settling area, gas disturbance area, spectral absorption identification area and gas removal area. After the air entered the device, the large-size particles were first settled to purify the solid particles in the gas, the gas was disturbed through the multi-layer separator to achieve the turbulent production of the gas, and then the gas was identified through the optical element of the direct absorption spectrum technology. When the toxic gas component reached the threshold, the spray device would automatically start for chemical removal to achieve the role of purifying the gas. At the same time, the device’s alarm could be alerted by buzzer and flash to remind users to evacuate in time. By improving the optical device, the effect of extinction coefficient on measurement was reduced and the monitoring accuracy was improved.

基于高通量监测数据的PMF源解析数据输入量研究

为探究数据输入量的变化对源解析结果的影响,以上海某工业区的大气重金属高通量监测数据为例,按不同数据量将监测数据分别输入至正定矩阵因子分解(Positive Matrix Factorization, PMF)模型中,通过考察模型中Q理论值(Qtheo)与Q计算值(Qtrue)的接近程度、源分类以及源贡献与研究区污染源分布特点的吻合情况,分析数据输入量对源解析结果的影响。结果显示:该区域大气重金属污染受工业生产主导(64.44%),其次是扬尘(19.60%)和交通运输(15.96%)。通过对数据量的考察,发现输入量为60~120时能够得出研究区域的污染源数量与贡献率,但考虑到测试成本、获取数据的时间,认为输入量为60~80时,也能得出合理的源解析结果。短期高通量的分钟级数据集,有益于PMF模型输出高精密度、高时效性的源解析结果,是解决应急污染监控的最佳手段。

电子绩效监控对员工责任式创新行为的双刃剑效应

基于压力认知评价理论,通过对两阶段346份配对问卷数据的分析,探究了电子绩效监控对员工责任式创新行为影响的作用机制和边界条件。研究结果表明:挑战性压力在电子绩效监控与责任式创新行为之间起正向中介作用,阻碍性压力在电子绩效监控与责任式创新行为之间起负向中介作用;感知的组织包容性氛围正向调节电子绩效监控与挑战性压力的关系,同时负向调节电子绩效监控与阻碍性压力的关系;感知的组织包容性氛围正向调节挑战性压力在电子绩效监控与责任式创新行为之间的中介作用,同时负向调节阻碍性压力在电子绩效监控与责任式创新行为之间的中介作用。