Reaction path synthesis methodology for waste minimization

It is a key step for reducing waste generation in chemical processes to design op-timal reaction paths. In this paper, methods of waste minimization for reaction path synthesis problems are proposed to realize eco-industrial production mode with minimum waste emission. A new conception of simple stoichiometric reaction is presented for reaction path synthesis problem. All simple stoichiometric reactions can be obtained by mathematical transformation for atom matrix of a reaction system. Based on the conception, a two-tier optimization method for complex reaction path synthesis problems is addressed. The first step is to determine the eco-nomic optimal overall reactions, and the second step to decompose each overall reaction into several sub-reactions and find out the best thermodynamic feasible reaction path. Further, a method of reaction path synthesis with waste closed-cycle is proposed based on simple stoichiometric reactions for achieving zero waste emission to poly-generation problem of multi-products. Case studies show that the proposed methods can efficiently solve practical re-action path synthesis problems.

Anisotropic Hardy-Lorentz spaces and their applications

Let p ∈(0, 1], q ∈(0, ∞] and A be a general expansive matrix on Rn. We introduce the anisotropic Hardy-Lorentz space H^(p,q)_A(R^n) associated with A via the non-tangential grand maximal function and then establish its various real-variable characterizations in terms of the atomic and the molecular decompositions, the radial and the non-tangential maximal functions, and the finite atomic decompositions. All these characterizations except the ∞-atomic characterization are new even for the classical isotropic Hardy-Lorentz spaces on Rn.As applications, we first prove that Hp,q A(Rn) is an intermediate space between H^(p1,q1)_A(Rn) and H^(p2,q2)_A(R^n) with 0 < p1 < p < p2 < ∞ and q1, q, q2 ∈(0, ∞], and also between H^(p,q1)_A(Rn) and H^(p,q2)_A(R^n) with p ∈(0, ∞)and 0 < q1 < q < q2 ∞ in the real method of interpolation. We then establish a criterion on the boundedness of sublinear operators from H^(p,q)_A(R^n) into a quasi-Banach space; moreover, we obtain the boundedness of δ-type Calder′on-Zygmund operators from H^(p,∞)_A(R^n) to the weak Lebesgue space L^(p,∞)(R^n)(or to H^p_A(R^n)) in the ln λcritical case, from H^(p,q)_A(R^n) to L^(p,q)(R^n)(or to H^(p,q)_A(R^n)) with δ∈(0,(lnλ)/(ln b)], p ∈(1/(1+,δ),1] and q ∈(0, ∞], as well as the boundedness of some Calderon-Zygmund operators from H^(p,q)_A(R^n) to L^(p,∞)(R^n), where b := | det A|,λ_:= min{|λ| : λ∈σ(A)} and σ(A) denotes the set of all eigenvalues of A.

A Rational Design of Heterojunction Photocatalyst Cd S Interfacing with One Cycle of ALD Oxide

Photo-corrosion is one of the major obstacles for CdS application in wet chemical fields, and atomic layer deposition （ALD） has been proposed as an effective way to suppress the corrosion. Here, prior to ALD coating, CdS, one facilely corrosive photocatalyst, was synthesized via hydrothermal synthesis to access the fundamental corrosion mechanism and the according corrosive sites. X-ray photoelectron spectros- copy （XPS） and X-ray diffraction （XRD） demonstrated that the failure of catalytic decomposition of methylene blue originated from the formation of soluble CdSO4 by oxidizing S2 of as-prepared CdS. High resolu- tion transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM） further identified the active sites in the V-shaped regions ofCdS nanoparticles, confirmed by the simulated electric field distribution. To rationally coat oxides on CdS, the right candidates and their thicknesses have been considered by our tunneling model with trans- fer matrix method based on quantum mechanism, upon which the thickness of protective layer should be less than 0.5 nm to maintain a high tunneling probability, and thus one cycle of ALD TiO2 or AbO3 was proposed to passivate the CdS powder to balance the carrier transportation and corrosion suppres- sion. Based on HRTEM results, we found that the active V-shaped region was covered by ALD oxides （TiO2 or AbO3）. For each case, no soluble CdSO4 has been found before and after photocatalytic reactions based XPS measurements. Importantly, we noticed that with the passivation of one cycle of ALD, the catalyst＇s lifetime was elongated up to 〉14 times higher than that of the as-prepared CdS.