The Time-Frequency Energy Attenuation Factor and Its Application on the Basis of Gauss Linear Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wavelet Transform

Based on the Gauss linear frequency modulated wavelet transform, a new characteristic index is presented, namely time frequency energy attenuation factor which can reflect the difference features of waveform in earthquake focus mechanism, wave traveling path and its attenuation characteristics in focal area or near field. In order to test its validity, we select the natural earthquakes and explosion or collapse events whose focus mechanisms vary obviously,and some natural earthquakes located at the same site or in a very small area. The study indicates that the time frequency energy attenuation factors of the natural earthquakes are obviously different with that of explosion or collapse events, and the change of the time frequency energy attenuation factors is relatively stable for the earthquakes under the normal seismicity background. Using the above mentioned method, it is expected to offer a useful criterion for strong earthquake prediction by continuous earthquake observation.

The Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability Due to Leaching of Chemicals: The Review of Attenuation Factor

To assess the groundwater vulnerability due to leaching of chemicals, the groundwater system in the unsaturated zone is characterized by conceptual models that are further extended and refined with more detailed mathematical models to understand the governing physical processes in detail. However, due to lack of data and uncertainty level, an intermediate transition through index based models is researched. The attenuation factor (AF) approach, which works under the assumption that the chemicals degrade following a first-order kinetics and determines the fraction of the chemicals that goes to groundwater table, is one of the index based models that has been widely used due to its simplicity. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to review the research works done using the AF approach, to outline the future research needs. Furthermore, the mathematical implementation of the AF approach and the associated uncertainty levels is explained through an example and MATLAB source code.

A nonparametric spectrum estimation method for dispersion and attenuation analysis of borehole acoustic measurements

Dispersion and attenuation analysis can be used to determine formation anisotropy induced by fractures,or stresses.In this paper,we propose a nonparametric spectrum estimation method to get phase dispersion characteristics and attenuation coefficient.By designing an appropriate vector filter,phase velocity,attenuation coefficient and amplitude can be inverted from the waveform recorded by the receiver array.Performance analysis of this algorithm is compared with Extended Prony Method(EPM)and Forward and Backward Matrix Pencil(FBMP)method.Based on the analysis results,the proposed method is capable of achieving high resolution and precision as the parametric spectrum estimation methods.At the meantime,it also keeps high stability as the other nonparametric spectrum estimation methods.At last,applications to synthetic waveforms modeled using finite difference method and real data show its efficiency.The real data processing results show that the P-wave attenuation log is more sensitive to oil formation compared to S-wave;and the S-wave attenuation log is more sensitive to shale formation compared to P-wave.

Estimation of Reliability for Stress-Strength Cascade Model

The study endeavors to provide statistical inference for a (1 + 1) cascade system for exponential distribution under joint effect of stress-strength attenuation factors. Estimators of reliability function are obtained using Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) and Uniformly Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimator (UMVUE) of the parameters. Asymptotic distribution of the parameters is also obtained. Comparison between estimators is made using data obtained through simulation experiment.

The Quantitative Identification of Regional Mine and Natural Earthquakes and Its Application

Based on the Morlet wavelet transform and digital data from the Fushun and Beizhen seismic stations, Liaoning Province, we put forward a new method in the paper, called time-frequency energy attenuation factor （α-value）. The characteristics of the α-value and its variation with magnitude of natural and mine earthquakes are studied, and the statistic relations between the α-value and specific earthquake magnitude are obtained. From the results, some conclusions can be drawn as follows： （1） in general, the α-values of mine and natural earthquakes of the same intensity have obvious difference and the ranges of their variation do not overlap each other; （2） the α-value decreases with the increase of earthquake magnitude, and the α-value of mine earthquake decreases faster than that of natural earthquake; （3） based on the earthquake magnitude and on the relations between the α-value and earthquake magnitude, we can distinguish the mine earthquakes from the natural ones; （4） the difference in focal mechanism of mine and natural earthquakes would be the main cause for obvious difference of the α-value; （5） the α-value variation is relatively steady for mine and natural earthquakes that occur in the same region, but it has obvious regional difference. The above results are of inspirational meaning for the study of abnormal change of the α-value before strong earthquakes.

Iterative hybrid decoding algorithm for LDPC codes based on attenuation factor

An attenuated iterative reliability-based major- ity-logic （AIML） decoding algorithm for low-density parity-check （LDPC） codes is proposed, which pertains to hybrid decoding schemes. The algorithm is devised based on the orthogonal check-sums of one-step majority- logic （OSMLG） decoding algorithm in conjunction with certain of reliability measures of the received symbols. Computation of reliability measure of the syndrome sum is refined by introducing an attenuation factor. Simulation results show that, in binary-input additive white Gaussian noise （BI-AWGN） channel, the AIML decoding algorithm outperforms other popular iterative reliability-based major- ity-logic （IML） decoding algorithms with a slight increase in computational complexity. Within maximum iteration number of 5, the AIML algorithm can achieve almost identical error performance to sum-product algorithm （SPA）. No error floor effect can be observed for the AIML algorithm down to the bit error rate （BER） of 10- s, while error floor appears for SPA around the BER of 10 7 even with maximum iteration number of 100. Furthermore, the inherent feature of parallel procession for AIML algorithm enforces the decoding speed in contrast to those serial decoding schemes, such as weighted bit-flipping （WBF） algorithm.

Experimental study on wire breakage detection by acoustic emission

This paper experimentally investigated wire breakage detection in a steel cable by acoustic emission(AE)waveform.In the experiments,the attenuation laws of waveform amplitudes were discussed based on stress wave propagation in the wire,which was generated by kNocking and wire breakage.Then the wave velocity was calculated based on the reach time of the stress wave from each sensor.Finally,based on the waveform attenuation laws and the linear position method,the amplitude and energy of the source were confirmed through the measured waveform to identify the source category.The experimental results illustrated that the stress wave from different sources has a different frequency spectrum,and the amplitude attenuation factor varied with the stress wave frequency;high frequency waves had a greater attenuation factor.Compared with the other source,the wire breakage source contained a much higher energy,and thus,the wire breakage signal can be distinguished from the other source by comparing the non-attenuation energy at the source position.