BACKGROUND Healthcare professionals need to be prepared to promote healthy lifestyles and care for patients.By focusing on what students should be able to perform one day as clinicians,we can bridge the gap between me...BACKGROUND Healthcare professionals need to be prepared to promote healthy lifestyles and care for patients.By focusing on what students should be able to perform one day as clinicians,we can bridge the gap between mere theoretical knowledge and its practical application.Gender aspects in clinical medicine also have to be considered when speaking of personalized medicine and learning curricula.AIM To determine sets of intellectual,personal,social,and emotional abilities that comprise core qualifications in medicine for performing well in anamnesis-taking,in order to identify training needs.METHODS An analysis of training clinicians’conceptions with respect to optimal medical history taking was performed.The chosen study design also aimed to assess gender effects.Structured interviews with supervising clinicians were carried out in a descriptive study at the Medical University of Vienna.Results were analyzed by conducting a qualitative computer-assisted content analysis of the interviews.Inductive category formation was applied.The main questions posed to the supervisors dealt with(1)Observed competencies of students in medical history taking;and(2)The supervisor’s own conceptions of"ideal medical history taking".RESULTS A total of 33 training clinicians(n=33),engaged in supervising medical students according to the MedUni Vienna’s curriculum standards,agreed to be enrolled in the study and met inclusion criteria.The qualitative content analysis revealed the following themes relevant to taking an anamnesis:(1)Knowledge;(2)Soft skills(relationship-building abilities,trust,and attitude);(3)Methodical skills(structuring,precision,and completeness of information gathering);and(4)Environmental/contextual factors(language barrier,time pressure,interruptions).Overall,health care professionals consider empathy and attitude as critical features concerning the quality of medical history taking.When looking at physicians’theoretical conceptions,more general practitioners and psychiatrists mentioned attitude and empathy in the context of"ideal medical history taking",with a higher percentage of females.With respect to observations of students’history taking,a positive impact from attitude and empathy was mainly described by male health care professionals,whereas no predominance of specialty was found.Representatives of general medicine and internal medicine,when observing medical students,more often emphasized a negative impact on history taking when students lacked attitude or showed non-empathetic behavior;no gender-specific difference was detected for this finding.CONCLUSION The analysis reveals that for clinicians engaged in medical student education,only a combination of skills,including adequate knowledge and methodical implementations,is supposed to guarantee acceptable performance.This study’s findings support the importance of concepts like relationship building,attitude,and empathy.However,there may be contextual factors in play as well,and transference of theoretical concepts into the clinical setting might prove challenging.展开更多
由于旋翼无人机具有续航时间长、垂直起降及应用广泛等特点,其姿态稳定控制是实现日常飞行任务的主要因素,需具备一定抗干扰能力。针对传统PID(proportional-integral-derivative,PID)控制算法的旋翼无人机姿态抗干扰性弱、鲁棒性及解...由于旋翼无人机具有续航时间长、垂直起降及应用广泛等特点,其姿态稳定控制是实现日常飞行任务的主要因素,需具备一定抗干扰能力。针对传统PID(proportional-integral-derivative,PID)控制算法的旋翼无人机姿态抗干扰性弱、鲁棒性及解耦性差等问题,基于模糊比例-积分-微分控制算法,依托NI ELVIS II+开放式试验平台,进行了旋翼无人机姿态模糊PID控制设计;利用LabVIEW软件设计控制算法,通过系统建模、仿真调试和试验结果分析,表明模糊PID控制器比传统PID控制速度更快,稳态时间更长,且具有自适应特性,控制参数可随外部环境自动调节,能充分保证控制系统的稳定性。展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Healthcare professionals need to be prepared to promote healthy lifestyles and care for patients.By focusing on what students should be able to perform one day as clinicians,we can bridge the gap between mere theoretical knowledge and its practical application.Gender aspects in clinical medicine also have to be considered when speaking of personalized medicine and learning curricula.AIM To determine sets of intellectual,personal,social,and emotional abilities that comprise core qualifications in medicine for performing well in anamnesis-taking,in order to identify training needs.METHODS An analysis of training clinicians’conceptions with respect to optimal medical history taking was performed.The chosen study design also aimed to assess gender effects.Structured interviews with supervising clinicians were carried out in a descriptive study at the Medical University of Vienna.Results were analyzed by conducting a qualitative computer-assisted content analysis of the interviews.Inductive category formation was applied.The main questions posed to the supervisors dealt with(1)Observed competencies of students in medical history taking;and(2)The supervisor’s own conceptions of"ideal medical history taking".RESULTS A total of 33 training clinicians(n=33),engaged in supervising medical students according to the MedUni Vienna’s curriculum standards,agreed to be enrolled in the study and met inclusion criteria.The qualitative content analysis revealed the following themes relevant to taking an anamnesis:(1)Knowledge;(2)Soft skills(relationship-building abilities,trust,and attitude);(3)Methodical skills(structuring,precision,and completeness of information gathering);and(4)Environmental/contextual factors(language barrier,time pressure,interruptions).Overall,health care professionals consider empathy and attitude as critical features concerning the quality of medical history taking.When looking at physicians’theoretical conceptions,more general practitioners and psychiatrists mentioned attitude and empathy in the context of"ideal medical history taking",with a higher percentage of females.With respect to observations of students’history taking,a positive impact from attitude and empathy was mainly described by male health care professionals,whereas no predominance of specialty was found.Representatives of general medicine and internal medicine,when observing medical students,more often emphasized a negative impact on history taking when students lacked attitude or showed non-empathetic behavior;no gender-specific difference was detected for this finding.CONCLUSION The analysis reveals that for clinicians engaged in medical student education,only a combination of skills,including adequate knowledge and methodical implementations,is supposed to guarantee acceptable performance.This study’s findings support the importance of concepts like relationship building,attitude,and empathy.However,there may be contextual factors in play as well,and transference of theoretical concepts into the clinical setting might prove challenging.
文摘由于旋翼无人机具有续航时间长、垂直起降及应用广泛等特点,其姿态稳定控制是实现日常飞行任务的主要因素,需具备一定抗干扰能力。针对传统PID(proportional-integral-derivative,PID)控制算法的旋翼无人机姿态抗干扰性弱、鲁棒性及解耦性差等问题,基于模糊比例-积分-微分控制算法,依托NI ELVIS II+开放式试验平台,进行了旋翼无人机姿态模糊PID控制设计;利用LabVIEW软件设计控制算法,通过系统建模、仿真调试和试验结果分析,表明模糊PID控制器比传统PID控制速度更快,稳态时间更长,且具有自适应特性,控制参数可随外部环境自动调节,能充分保证控制系统的稳定性。
