Robust Reversible Audio Watermarking Scheme for Telemedicine and Privacy Protection

The leakage of medical audio data in telemedicine seriously violates the privacy of patients.In order to avoid the leakage of patient information in telemedicine,a two-stage reversible robust audio watermarking algorithm is proposed to protect medical audio data.The scheme decomposes the medical audio into two independent embedding domains,embeds the robust watermark and the reversible watermark into the two domains respectively.In order to ensure the audio quality,the Hurst exponent is used to find a suitable position for watermark embedding.Due to the independence of the two embedding domains,the embedding of the second-stage reversible watermark will not affect the first-stage watermark,so the robustness of the first-stage watermark can be well maintained.In the second stage,the correlation between the sampling points in the medical audio is used to modify the hidden bits of the histogram to reduce the modification of the medical audio and reduce the distortion caused by reversible embedding.Simulation experiments show that this scheme has strong robustness against signal processing operations such as MP3 compression of 48 db,additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN)of 20 db,low-pass filtering,resampling,re-quantization and other attacks,and has good imperceptibility.

Multipurpose audio watermarking algorithm

To make audio watermarking accomplish both copyright protection and content authentication with localization, a novel multipurpose audio watermarking scheme is proposed in this paper. The zero-watermarking idea is introduced into the design of robust watermarking algorithm to ensure the transparency and to avoid the interference between the robust watermark and the semi-fragile watermark. The property of natural audio that the VQ indices of DWT-DCT coefficients among neighboring frames tend to be very similar is utilized to extract essential feature from the host audio, which is then used for watermark ex-traction. And, the chaotic mapping based semi-fragile watermark is embedded in the detail wavelet coefficients based on the instantaneous mixing model of the independent component analysis (ICA) system. Both the robust and semi-fragile watermarks can be extracted blindly and the semi-fragile watermarking algorithm can localize the tampering accurately. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm in terms of transparency, security, robustness and tampering localization ability.

A Novel Digital Audio Watermarking Scheme in the Wavelet Domain

We present a novel quantization-based digital audio walermarking scheme inwavelet domain. By quantizing a host audio's wavelet coefficients (Integer Lifting WaveletTransform) and utilizing the characteristics of human auditory system (HAS), the grayimage isembedded using our watermarking method. Experimental results show that the proposed watermarkingscheme is inaudible and robust against various signal processing such as noising adding, lossycompression, low pass filtering, re-sampling, and re-quantifying.

Adaptive audio watermarking based on SNR in localized regions

In this paper, a novel localized audio watermarking scheme based on signal to noise ratio （SNR） to determine a scaling parameter a is proposed. The basic idea is to embed watermark in selected high inflexion regions, and the intensity of embedded watermarks are modified by adaptively adjusting a. As these high inflexion local regions usually correspond to music edges like sound of percussion instruments, explosion or transition of mixed music, which represent the music rhythm or tempo and are very important to human auditory perception, the embedded watermark is especially expected to escape the distortions caused by time domain synchronization attacks. Taking advantage of localization and SNR, the method shows strong robustness against common problems in audio signal processing, random cropping, time scale modification, etc.

A Novel Algorithm for Robust Audio Watermarking in Wavelet Domain

A novel algorithm for digital audio watermarking in wavelet domain is proposed. First, an original audio signal is decomposed by discrete wavelet transform at three levels. Then, a discrete watermark is embedded into the coefficients of its intermediate frequencies. Finally, the watermarked audio signal is obtained by wavelet reconstruction. The proposed algorithm makes good use of the multiresolution characteristics of wavelet transform. The original audio signal is not needed when detecting the watermark correlatively. Simulation results show that the algorithm is inaudible and robust to noise, filtering and resampling.

Robust Digital Audio Watermarking Scheme Using Blind Source Separation with Global Optimal Property

The paper proposes a robust digital audio watermarking scheme using blind source separation(BSS) based on the global optimization of independency metric(IM),which is formulated as a generalized eigenvalue(GE) problem.Compared with traditional information-theoretical approaches used in digital audio watermarking,such as fast independent component analysis(FastICA),the proposed scheme has lower complexity without timeconsuming iteration steps used in FastICA.To make full use of the multiresolution characteristic of discrete wavelet transform(DWT) and the energy compression characteristic of discrete cosine transform(DCT),the watermark is embedded in the middle DWT-DCT coefficients and the independent component analysis(ICA) approach based on IM is used in the detecting scheme.Simulation results based on Stirmark for Audio v02 show that the proposed scheme has strong robustness as well as the imperceptibility and security.

A multipurpose audio watermarking algorithm with synchronization and encryption

We propose a new multipurpose audio watermarking scheme in which two complementary watermarks are used. For audio copyright protection, the watermark data with copyright information or signature are first encrypted by Arnold transforma- tion. Then the watermark data are inserted in the low frequency largest significant discrete cosine transform （DCT） coefficients to obtain robustness performance. For audio authentication, a chaotic signal is inserted in the high frequency insignificant DCT coefficients to detect tampered regions. Furthermore, the synchronization code is embedded in the audio statistical characteristics to resist desynchronization attacks. Experimental results show that our proposed method can not only obtain satisfactory detection and tampered location, but also achieve imperceptibility and robustness to common signal processing attacks, such as cropping, shifting, and time scale modification （TSM）. Comparison results show that our method outperforms some existing methods.

Novel quantum watermarking algorithm based on improved least significant qubit modification for quantum audio

As one of essential multimedia in quantum networks, the copyright protection of quantum audio has gradually be- come an important issue in the domain of quantum information hiding in the decades. In this paper, an improved quantum watermarking algorithm based on quantum audio by using least significant qubit （LSQb） modification is proposed. Com- pared with the previous achievements, it can effectively improve the robustness and security of watermark for copyright protection of quantum audio. In the new algorithm, the least significant bites and the peripheral least significant bits of the amplitudes are modified in terms of their logical consistency and correlation to enhance watermark robustness of resisting various illegal attacks. Furthermore, the new algorithm can avoid the weak robustness defect of many previous algorithms that directly embedded the watermark into the least significant bits. In order to implement the new algorithm, some spe- cific quantum circuits are designed to obtain better applicability and scalability for embedding and extracting watermark. Finally, the simulation results including the values of audio waveforms and signal to noise ratios （SNR） prove that the new algorithm has good transparency, robustness, and security.

A robust intelligent audio watermarking scheme using support vector machine

Rapid growth in information technology and computer networks has resulted in the universal use of data transmission in the digital domain. However, the major challenge faced by digital data owners is protection of data against unauthorized copying and distribution. Digital watermark technology is starting to be considered a credible protection method to mitigate the potential challenges that undermine the efficiency of the system. Digital audio watermarking should retain the quality of the host signal in a way that remains inaudible to the human hearing system. It should be sufficiently robust to be resistant against potential attacks, One of the major deficiencies of conventional audio watermarking techniques is the use of non-intelligent decoders in which some sets of specific rules are used for watermark extraction. This paper presents a new robust intelligent audio water- marking scheme using a synergistic combination of singular value decomposition （SVD） and support vector machine （SVM）. The methodology involves embedding a watermark data by modulating the singular values in the SVD transform domain. In the extraction process, an intelligent detector using SVM is suggested for extracting the watermark data. By learning the destructive effects of noise, the detector in question can effectively retrieve the watermark. Diverse experiments under various conditions have been carried out to verify the performance of the proposed scheme. Experimental results showed better imperceptibility, higher robustness, lower payload, and higher operational efficiency, for the proposed method than for conventional techniques.

Fragile Audio Watermarking with Perfect Restoration Capacity Based on an Adapted Integer Transform

We propose a novel audio watermarking scheme which can recover the original audio carrier perfectly if the watermarked audio is modified. Besides, we can adjust the maximum tampered rate allowed and the quality of watermarked audio flexibly as required. In the scheme, an efficient generalized integer transform is improved to embed watermark data which are composed of least significant bits（LSBs） of averages in each patch, reference-bits and check-bits. LSBs are needed in the inverse transform. Then, by comparing the extracted check-bits and calculated ones, the modified area can be localized. Finally, reliable reference-bits and samples data help us reconstruct the original audio without errors. The efficiency of the proposed method is theoretically and experimentally verified.