Higher-order expansions of powered extremes of logarithmic general error distribution

In this paper,Let M_(n)denote the maximum of logarithmic general error distribution with parameter v≥1.Higher-order expansions for distributions of powered extremes M_(n)^(p)are derived under an optimal choice of normalizing constants.It is shown that M_(n)^(p),when v=1,converges to the Frechet extreme value distribution at the rate of 1/n,and if v>1 then M_(n)^(p)converges to the Gumbel extreme value distribution at the rate of(loglogn)^(2)=(log n)^(1-1/v).

Effects of cooling rate on thermal expansion of Cu_(49)Hf_(42)Al_9 metallic glass

Effects of cooling rate on thermal expansion of Cu49Hf42Al9 metallic glass were studied. Five types of amorphous samples with different sizes were prepared in order to get a broad range of cooling rates （from 102 to 107 K/s）. The average thermal expansion coefficients （αaver） of as-quenched samples range from 6.14×10-6 to 9.20×10-6 K-1. When the temperature is below the glass transformation temperature （Tg）, αaver of as-quenched samples has a negative correlation with cooling rate; the values of αaver of annealed and crystallized samples are closed to each other. The results indicate that the amount and motion of free volume play important roles in thermal expansion of metallic glasses.

Urban Expansion in Major Grain Producing Area from 1978 to 2017:A Case Study of Zhengzhou Metropolitan Area,China

The spatial form of urbanization in China has developed from single-core city expansion to a multi-center metropolitan area.However,little attention has been paid to the growth process of the emerging metropolitan area situated in major grain producing locations in the central China.Taking the Zhengzhou metropolitan area(ZZMA)as a case study,we developed an inverse S-shape model to characterize the spatial distribution of urban land density,and constructed an urban expansion core index,urban expansion intensity index,and urban compactness index to quantify the spatial structure change that has taken place from 1978 to 2017 during the process of urban expansion.Moreover,cropland contribution rate(CR)was constructed to evaluate the impacts of urban expansion on croplands.We uncovered four key findings.First,over the past 40 yr,the ZZMA has experienced dramatic expansion,and the central city of Zhengzhou expanded faster than other cities.The gravity centers of urban expansion of surrounding cities were moving toward to Zhengzhou City.Second,the urban land density decreased with the distance from the city center to the outskirts.As the only large city,Zhengzhou has experienced the fastest and most compact centralized urban expansion,especially after 2000,while other medium-and small-sized cities have experienced low-intensity decentralized expansion.Third,the urban core has been gradually expanding outward.From 1978 to 2017,the hot-zone of urban growth has moved progressively with the acceleration of urbanization.All cities except Jiaozuo had a single peak in different periods.Forth,the cities in national core grain-producing areas has higher cropland contribution rates and lower urban expansion areas,which was closely related to cropland protection.Further analysis showed that large city was relatively better positioned than smaller cities in the efficiency of their urban infrastructure and the effectiveness of wealth creation efficiency in the urbanized area could be tested in all cities,and the policy factor seemed to play an important role in the urban expansion process.

Geographical Variation and Influencing Factors of Spartina alterniflora Expansion Rate in Coastal China

Biological invasion poses a huge threat to ecological security.Spartina alterniflora was introduced into China in 1979,and its arrival corresponded with negative effects on native ecosystems.To explore geographical variation of its expansion rate in coastal China,we selected 43 S.alterniflora sites from Tianjin Coastal New Area to Beihai.The area expansion rate,expansion rate paralleling and vertical to the shoreline were analysed based on Landsat images and field survey in 2015.Simple Ocean Data Assimilation(SODA)and climate data were collected to statistically analyse the influential factors of expansion rate.Results showed that significant difference of S.alterniflora area expansion rate among different latitude zones(P<0.01),increasing from 6.08%at southern(21°N–23°N)to 19.87% in Bohai Bay(37°N–39°N)along latitude gradient.There was a significant difference in expansion rate vertical to shoreline in different latitude zones(P<0.01)with the largest occurring in Bohai Bay(256m/yr,37°N–39°N),and showed an decreasing tendency gradually from north to south.No significant difference and latitudinal clines in expansion rate paralleling to shoreline were observed.Expansion rate had significant negative correlation with mean seawater temperature,the lowest seawater temperature,current zonal velocity and meridional velocity and presented a reducing trend as these biotic factors increased;however,they were not significantly correlated with the highest seawater temperature and mean seawater salinity.We identified significant correlations between expansion rate and annual mean temperature,the lowest temperature in January and annual precipitation,but there was little correlation with annual diurnal difference in temperature and the highest temperature in July.The rapid expansion rate in high-latitude China demonstrated a higher risk of potential invasion in the north;dynamic monitoring and control management should be established as soon as possible.

Volume expansion rates of seismic landslides and influencing factors: A case study of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

When a big landside occurs, source material can change into loose deposit during its runout, causing the increase of the total landslide volume to some extent. Such changes can influence the quantification of seismic landslides. The objective of this paper was to study the volume expansion rate of landslides based on the data of 1417 co-seismic landslides triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan, China Mw 7.9 earthquake. We also analyzed the correlations between this rate and landslide geometric parameters(volume, height(H), length-width ratio(L/W), length-height ratio(L/H)), and environmental factors(peak ground acceleration(PGA), lithology, slope angle and aspect). The results show that the total source volume of the 1417 landslides is 1248 million m3, while the total volume of the deposit is 1501 million m3, which means the total volume expanding rate(Et) is 20.3% with the average volume expansion rate(Ea) 22.6%. The analysis indicates that volume expansion rate generally decreases with the increasing volume and height of landslides, while becoming larger with increasing L/H and L/W. Besides, the volume expansion rate is closely related to the landslide type and the volume scale of landslides. This study analyses volume change of co-seismic landslides deeply, permitting to help the correct quantification of the source volume and deposit volume of seismic landslide and a useful reference for the correct quantification of landslide volume.

RATE OF CONVERGENCE AND EXPANSION OF RNYI ENTROPIC CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

We obtain the expansion of Renyi divergence of order α （0 〈 α 〈 1） between the normalized sum of IID continuous random variables and the Caussian limit under minimal moment conditions via Edgeworth-type expansion. The rate is faster than that of Shannon case, which can be used to improve the rate of convergence in total variance norm.

An experimental study of salt expansion in sodium saline soils under transient conditions

Salt expansion in sulfate saline soils that are widely distributed in northwestern China causes serious infrastructural damages under low-temperature conditions. However, the mechanism of salt expansion under low temperatures is not clear. In this study, we conducted a series of cooling experiments combined with salt crystallization to study this mechanism, and employed an ionic model to calculate the supersaturation ratio of the solution. During the experiments, the strength and the process of salt expansion were examined under different cooling rates and various crystal morphologies. The relationship between temperature and supersaturation ratio under transient conditions was also considered. Results indicate that the initial supersaturation ratio of a sodium sulfate solution is closely related to environmental conditions, and that this ratio decreases with slowing the cooling rates and stabilizing the crystal forms. Higher initial supersaturation ratios lead to an increased non-steady-state zone, resulting in less salt expansion. On the other hand, chloride ion content has a distinct influence on the crystallization supersaturation ratio of the sodium sulfate solution, and higher chloride ion content can inhibit salt expansion in sodium saline soils. These findings help explain salt expansion mechanisms in complex conditions such as seasonally frozen soils, and thus help search for improved methods of preventing salt expansion in sulfate saline soils.

TAYLOR EXPANSION METHOD FOR NONLINEAR EVOLUTION EQUATIONS

A new numerical method of integrating the nonlinear evolution equations, namely the Taylor expansion method, was presented. The standard Galerkin method can be viewed as the 0_th order Taylor expansion method; while the nonlinear Galerkin method can be viewed as the 1_st order modified Taylor expansion method. Moreover, the existence of the numerical solution and its convergence rate were proven. Finally, a concrete example, namely, the two_dimensional Navier_Stokes equations with a non slip boundary condition,was provided. The result is that the higher order Taylor expansion method is of the higher convergence rate under some assumptions about the regularity of the solution.

Experimental research on the mixed sand ratio and initial dry density of weathered sand improved expansive soil free load swelling rate

In this paper, through the indoor free load swelling rate test, expansive soil in a section of a first- class highway reconstruction project in Yichang City was studied. It emphatically analyzed the interrelations among free load swelling rate, non-load time, the proportion of mixed sand and initial dry density. Experimen- tal studies have shown that： Free load swelling deformation is mainly divided into three stages of rapid expan- sion, slow expansion and final stability; when the initial dry density is constant, free load swelling rate of the weathered sand modified soil will reduce rapidly before they slow down with the increase of sand proportion, and weathered sand modified soil free load swelling rate is not sensitive to the large amount of sand mixed; in the same mixed sand ratio, weathered sand modified soil free load swelling rate increases rapidly with the in- crease of initial dry density, there is a good linear correlation between them. To take appropriate control of the initial dry density during the expansive soil subgrade construction helps to reduce its swelling deformation and ensures the stability of the embankment.

Quinoa Expansion in Peruvian Departments and Land Use Change before the Health Crisis

National and international policies have promoted quinoa consumption, influencing the expansion of the crop, and generating changes in land use. In this article, we analyzed the evolution of quinoa cultivation in Peru both at the national and departmental levels. Time series analysis vas used to. Between 1951 and 2019, the evolution of the quinoa-harvested areas in Peru has gone through various stages, first in regression until 1990, and then it has experienced a growth rate of 10%. Puno is still by far the department where the crop is most widespread. Taking into account the geographical and technological conditions, this highland area is less likely to maintain the rate of expansion than the Peruvian coast, which will imply great challenges for Andean farmers who have maintained the traditional crop throughout the period.

玉米秸秆刨花板压制工艺优化及吸水厚度膨胀率

农作物秸秆用作人造板原材料,可减少环境污染,缓解木材供需紧张,秸秆中纤维素与木质素含量可以满足人造板生产要求。以玉米秸秆刨花为原料,在一定热压压力、热压时间、刨花密度、热压温度下,采用不同施胶量无机胶黏剂压制玉米秸秆刨花板,探索最优工艺参数及玉米秸秆刨花板吸水厚度膨胀率变化规律。结果显示:压制玉米秸秆刨花板的最优工艺参数为刨花含水率12%、热压压力1.6MPa、热压时间9min、刨花密度1.0g/cm^(3)、施胶量20%、热压温度90℃;影响玉米秸秆刨花板吸水厚度膨胀率的因素依次为刨花含水率>热压压力>热压时间>刨花密度>施胶量>热压温度。试验结果表明:在吸水厚度膨胀率合格的前提下,玉米秸秆刨花板的内结合强度、弹性模量、静曲强度均符合国家标准规定的性能要求。

新乡地区改良膨胀土路用性能研究

为减小膨胀土对公路工程的危害,采用粉砂土和聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维对新乡地区弱膨胀土进行改良,研究了改良前后膨胀土的路用性能;通过加州承载比(CBR)试验、冻融循环试验、无侧限抗压强度试验,研究了不同试样的膨胀率、CBR以及冻融循环对无侧限抗压强度的影响规律。结果表明:素膨胀土、30%粉砂土改良膨胀土、30%粉砂土+0.2%PVA纤维改良膨胀土的膨胀率随压实度的增大而增大,随含水率的增大而减小;CBR随压实度的增大而增大,随含水率的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势;30%粉砂土+0.2%PVA纤维对膨胀土的改良效果最好,最佳含水率时膨胀率最多降低59.76%,CBR最大提升467%;随着冻融循环次数增加,膨胀土的无侧限抗压强度不断减小并趋于平稳,其中第1次冻融循环对土的强度影响最大;PVA纤维的掺入使土体经历冻融循环后的残余强度仍大于初始状态下的素膨胀土,且土体应力-应变曲线由软化型转变为弱软化型;粉砂土和PVA纤维能够有效改善膨胀土的不良性质,显著提升其承载能力及抗冻性。

不同截面类型玻纤增强PA6的性能

对比研究了扁平玻纤及圆形玻纤增强尼龙6 (PA6)复合材料的力学性能、流动性能、收缩翘曲情况、摩擦性能及线膨胀系数(CLTE)。结果表明,随着玻纤含量增加,扁平玻纤及圆形玻纤增强PA6复合材料力学性能均增加,但熔体流动速率(MFR)降低;相同玻纤含量下,与圆形玻纤相比,扁平玻纤增强PA6复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度及弯曲弹性模量较低,简支梁缺口冲击强度及MFR较高。在玻纤含量30%的条件下,不同扁平玻纤及圆形玻纤增强PA6复合材料性能存在差异,通过收缩率测试分析,扁平玻纤复合材料比圆形玻纤具有更低的收缩率及横纵收缩比,扁平比越高,横纵收缩比越低,翘曲度越小;通过MFR及注塑螺旋线测试,发现扁平玻纤复合材料具有更好流动性、更高流长比,扁平比越高优势越明显,有利于成型加工;通过滑动摩擦测试结果看出,扁平玻纤复合材料具有更低摩擦系数,随着扁平比增大,摩擦系数越低;通过热机械分析检测,扁平玻纤复合材料在垂直流动方向CLTE低于圆形玻纤,且流动方向和垂直流动方向CLTE差异也较小。扁平玻纤增强材料能改善传统圆形玻纤增强体系的一些不足,优化产品性能。

深海环境下金属点蚀进程及诱导应力演化

局部腐蚀产生的应力是影响海洋服役装备寿命与稳定性的关键因素.针对深海钢材料的点蚀力学问题,采用关联腐蚀与诱导应力的方法展开研究,建立了基于Nernst-Planck传质方程的腐蚀模型与腐蚀诱导应力模型,结合COMSOL多物理场仿真软件实现了深海点蚀全进程中力-电化学信息的协同表征,其关键技术有两个,一是基于腐蚀膨胀理论给出了应力与腐蚀参量之间的联系,二是以产物堆积增厚与基底腐蚀减薄的面积比确定了腐蚀膨胀率,给出了腐蚀进程中电流密度、形貌、诱导应力等参量随时空的非线性演化规律.结果表明:空间分布上,深海环境下的腐蚀呈深挖状,蚀坑中心处的电流密度最大、腐蚀程度最深,腐蚀诱导应力存在明显的集中效应,力、电化学参量随着远离蚀坑中心呈现出发散状的削弱趋势;时序演化上,电流密度随腐蚀年限减小,腐蚀进程因此逐年放缓,然而,由于蚀坑中心尖锐程度的加剧,腐蚀诱导应力的非线性增加却愈发剧烈.在此基础上,研究了腐蚀产物形貌对应力的影响,对比了简化椭球形产物与模拟所得实际形貌产物两种情况的腐蚀诱导应力,结果表明实际形貌产物最大拉应力高于椭球形的最大应力,误差超过50%,指出点蚀研究中忽略蚀坑的深挖动力学特征会给腐蚀相关的力学研究带来偏差.

不同注液速率水力压裂多裂缝扩展规律研究

为了分析影响水力压裂效果的射孔参数,采用TCHFSM-I型大尺寸真三轴压裂渗流模拟装置,并配合声发射监测系统和高温-高压动态流量计,以均质水泥砂浆试件为研究对象,对不同注液速率下水力压裂多裂缝同步扩展规律进行研究。研究结果表明:随注液速率增大,射孔裂缝长度和宽度不同程度增加,缝间干扰程度减弱,应力阴影效应减小,射孔间距较大时裂缝扩展更加均衡,压裂效果更佳;随注液速率增大,射孔水力压裂裂缝起裂压力增大,起裂时间变短,受射孔间距影响较小;不同注液速率条件下各射孔注液流量分配差异显著,且受射孔间距影响明显,射孔间距为20 mm和60 mm时,中部射孔注液流量占比分别为7.31%、10.88%、16.12%和31.12%、32.69%、33.44%。

稻壳灰替代型微膨胀同步注浆料的制备及性能研究

为解决盾构渣土外运和堆放造成的成本和环境污染问题,并实现固体废弃物资源化再利用的目的,依托郑州地铁十号线某区段盾构工程,利用掘进渣土替代砂、粉煤灰、膨润土,并以稻壳灰(RHA)替代部分水泥制备微膨胀同步注浆料,探究RHA掺量、渣土粒径、水胶比、膨胀剂类型及掺量对同步注浆料工作性能及力学性能的影响。结果表明,RHA对浆料稠度和凝结时间影响较大,RHA掺量越高,浆料稠度越小,凝结时间越短。当RHA掺量为25%(以水泥质量之比计)时,浆料稠度降低27.5%,凝结时间缩短39.9%。随着RHA掺量增大,浆料抗压强度呈先降低后升高趋势。随着渣土粒径增大,浆料稠度和凝结时间减小。生石灰粉和高效静态破碎剂(HSCA)作为膨胀剂会降低浆料的稠度,但可有效增大凝结时间及抗压强度;当HSCA质量分数超过3%时,膨胀效果优于生石灰粉。经试验确定水胶比2.6、RHA掺量25%、采用大粒径渣土以及适当加入膨胀剂,可以使浆料各项指标符合工程要求,为盾构渣土和稻壳灰的再利用提供一种新思路。

组合膨胀剂对风电灌浆料早期膨胀性能的影响

基于改进的竖向膨胀率(εv)测试方法,获得了高强风电灌浆料0~24 h、1~7 d的εv发展全曲线;并研究了掺合料比例及组合膨胀剂比例对灌浆料εv、流动度、力学强度的影响.结果表明:灌浆料0~24 h竖向膨胀率曲线呈“四阶段”特征;在0%~20%掺量范围内提高硅灰掺量,灌浆料流动度下降,0~24 h内εv曲线峰值先增大后减小;塑性膨胀剂(PEA)对24 h内εv发展起主导作用,复掺氧化钙-硫铝酸钙双源膨胀剂(HP-CSA)后,εv峰值减小,24 hεv下降、3 hεv增大,有利于控制24 h与3 h的εv差值;在1~7 d内,0.03%掺量的PEA即可促进HP-CSA膨胀效能的发挥,6%以上掺量的HP-CSA可较好补偿竖向自收缩变形而获得净膨胀灌浆料;PEA与HP-CSA组合,可发挥时间上接力、效果上协同的膨胀调控作用,可分阶段、按需设计,从而实现对灌浆料7 d内竖向膨胀率的精细调控;随组合膨胀剂掺量增加,灌浆料初始和30 min流动度无明显变化,28 d抗压强度先增大后减小;在本文研究范围内,0.06%PEA+6%HP-CSA是最优掺量组合.

水侵气藏型储气库全周期高效建设微观模拟实验

借助微观可视化模型与微流控技术,开展了水侵气藏型储气库初期建库阶段注气驱水及循环储采阶段采气底水上侵、储气排驱水体的模拟实验,分析气液界面稳定机制、气液渗流与赋存规律,探索储气库全周期高效运行的优化调控方式。研究表明:储气库初期建库阶段应调控注气速度,充分发挥重力作用保证气液界面宏观稳定运移,大幅度提高气体的波及能力,为储气库后续循环储采阶段提供更大的储气孔隙空间。储气库循环储采阶段,恒定的储采气速度导致孔隙空间利用率低,逐渐提高储采气速度,从“小吞小吐”逐渐过渡到“大吞大吐”,可以持续打破孔喉内流体的平衡受力状态,扩大储气孔隙空间与流动通道,有利于储气库扩容增效和调峰保供。

基于朗肯热力循环模型修正的热电厂热耗改进分析与实践

朗肯循环是热力发电厂的典型热力循环之一,主要包括等熵压缩、等压加热、等熵膨胀以及等压冷凝4个热力过程。在分析朗肯循环的基础上,结合实际工程案例,对4个热力过程进行优化和修正,提高了发电厂朗肯循环的效率,并结合《ASME PTC46电厂整体性能试验标准》,运用简单的Excel软件开发了机组效率分析软件,对发电厂蒸汽循环过程进行了详细的分析诊断,找出机组效率折损点以及优化提升方向。通过检修工作逐一落实热耗改进方案,实现了机组高效运行,节省热耗支出约2263万美元。