Global Tool Path Fairing Algorithm for Automated Fiber Placement

A global energy fairing method,applied to automated fiber placement(AFP)tool path,was proposed.The main purpose was to improve the adaptability of AFP path towards part with sharp curvature variation as well as product quality.The relation between path geometric property and manufacturing property was discussed and a series of experiments were carried out.Based on cubic B-Spline global fairing method,the AFP tool path was faired which decreased the tool path curvature and curvature changing rate.Compared with initial ones,the path faired by the proposed method was relatively flat and smooth,which contributed to layup efficiency and reducing bulking defects.The method was demonstrated potentials in application for AFP manufacturing,especially for aeronautic and aerospace industry practice.

Infrared Heating Technology for Automated Fiber Placement

Prepreg stickiness is the adhesion between prepregs or between a prepreg and a mold in lay-up process.It is critical for automated fiber placement,because the stickiness should be small for smooth transport,as well as large enough on the laying surface for a good placement performance.To ensure prepreg stickiness always being in the optimum laying window,placement temperature should be changed according to the laying speed.In our work,the relationship between laying speed and emissive power of heating lamp was studied.The heat transfer process between heating lamp and laying surface was analyzed and the control equation of dynamic temperature was derived.Finally,the infrared heating system was built and its effectiveness was verified based on placement experiment.

Analysis and Verification on Buckling Mechanism of Spatial Tow Steering in Automated Fiber Placement

Automated fiber placement(AFP)enables the efficient and precise fabrication of complex-shaped aerospace composite structures with lightweight and high-performance properties.However,due to the excessive compression on the inner edge of the tow placed along the curved trajectory,the resulting defects represented by buckling and wrinkles in spatial tow steering can induce poor manufacturing accuracy and quality degradation of products.In this paper,a theoretical model of tow buckling based on the first-order shear deformation laminate theory,linear elastic adhesion interface and Hertz compaction contact theory is proposed to analyze the formation mechanism of the wrinkles and predict the formation of defects by solving the critical radius of the trajectory,and finite element analysis involving the cohesive zone modeling(CZM)is innovated to simulate the local buckling state of the steered tow in AFP.Additionally,numerical parametric studies and experimental results indicate that mechanical properties and geometric parameters of the prepreg,the curvature of the placement trajectory and critical process parameters have a significant impact on buckling formation,and optimization of process parameters can achieve effective suppression of placement defects.This research proposes a theoretical modeling method for tow buckling,and conducts in-depth research on defect formation and suppression methods based on finite element simulation and placement experiments.

Temperature field characteristics of CF/PEEK thermoplastic composites formed by automated fiber placement using hot gas torch with slit structure nozzle

In-situ consolidation forming of high-performance thermoplastic composites by Automated Fiber Placement(AFP)is of significant interest in aerospace.During the laying process,the heating temperature has a great influence on the quality of the formed components.A threedimensional heat transfer finite element model of Carbon Fiber(CF)/Polyether Ether Ketone(PEEK)heated by Slit Structure Nozzle Hot Gas Torch(SSNHGT)assisted AFP is proposed.The influence of gas flow rate,heat transfer distance,and laying speed on heating temperature is analysed.The results show that the overall temperature increases and then decreases as the gas flow rate increases.With the increase in heat transfer distance and laying speed,the overall temperature decreases.Meanwhile,the gas flow rate has the greatest influence on the temperature of CF/PEEK being heated,followed by the laying speed and finally the heat transfer distance.Furthermore,the model can also be extended to other fiber-reinforced polymer composites formed by hot gas torch assisted AFP,which can guide the optimization of process parameters for subsequent heating temperature control.

基于改进CenterNet的AFP铺层表面缺陷检测

针对利用可见光图像检测AFP铺层表面缺陷受光源条件差、预浸纱纹理对比度低等因素影响,检测结果不理想,提出一种基于改进CenterNet的AFP铺层表面红外图像缺陷检测方法,提高AFP铺层表面缺陷检测性能。首先,针对CenterNet模型参数数量过多而工控机硬件配置有限的问题,提出利用基于ASFF的轻量级MobileNetV3作为骨干网络,构建轻量级anchor-free检测模型AFPCenterNet,减少网络参数数量的同时降低计算机存储资源占用率。然后,针对高斯核函数带宽参数的求解,提出一种根据ground-truth bounding box长宽比自适应调整带宽参数的方法,减小负样本数量,降低网络模型的损失误差。实验结果表明,改进后的AFP-CenterNet在AFP红外数据集上的AP为90.2%,模型内存容量为12.9 MB,使用GPU加速时单张检测时间为52 ms。和原有的CenterNet骨干网络相比,AFP-CenterNet检测精度略差于DLA-34,和ResNet-101相当,比ResNet-18高7.7%,内存占用率和DLA-34、ResNet-101、ResNet-18相比分别降低83.2%、93.6%和78.6%。和SSD、YOLOv3相比,AFP-CenterNet模型的AP分别提升9.6%和8.3%,内存占用量降低85.1%和94.5%。在不使用GPU加速的条件下,改进后的AFP-CenterNet的检测速度和CenterNet、SSD、YOLOv3相比提高近一倍,具有明显的检测优势。

Deviation-Rectifying Control of Carbon Fiber Prepreg Slitting and Winding Machine

With the growing needs of prepreg tapes for the automated fiber placement(AFP),the deviation-rectifying of prepreg in slitting process was investigated on a self-developed 16-tow prepreg slitting and winding machine.The process of slitting and rewinding of prepreg tape was introduced,and the reason of prepreg tape deviation in slitting process was analyzed.In order to ensure the quality of the narrow prepreg slits,the application of the fuzzy PID algorithm in a closed-loop control system was discussed.A fuzzy PID algorithm was designed by combining fuzzy rules and PID controller.By applying it to precise deviation-rectifying control strategy,the automatic control of rectification could be achieved with accuracy of 0.1 mm,which satisfies the requirement of the prepreg tape both in slitting quality and layup quality for AFP.

Thermal management for thermoset automated fiber placement based on infrared heater structure arrangement

Layup temperature is a vital factor that affects the production quality of automated fiber placement for thermoset composites.For high quality production,this paper proposes a new prediction model of layup temperature by considering the structure of infrared heater of automatic fiber placement equipment.The model was first verified by comparing with the temperature results of layup experiments.Then a prediction on the effects of heater structure arrangement on layup temperature was conducted in the model.The research shows that the length of infrared tube and the radian of reflective-film have significant influences,rather than other parameters.According to this investigation,a heater structure-based heating strategy was presented in the paper to efficiently achieve constant temperature control in variable speed layup process.

Effect of gap and overlap on mode Ⅱ interlaminar fracture toughness of automated fiber placement prepreg laminates

Automated Fiber Placement(AFP)technology facilitates the manufacturing process of composite structures with complex geometry owing to its high efficiency and accuracy.However.the unavoidable imperfections induced by the automated layup method bring challenges to the stability of the final mechanical properties of composites.The influence of AFP-induced gaps and overlaps on the modeⅡinterlaminar fracture process of oven-cured laminates is experimentally investigated and explicitly revealed.End-Notched Flexure(ENF)tests were performed to measure the interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional laminates under three different defect configurations,namely"Gap""Overlap"and"Gap&Overlap".A marginal decline(about-1.2%in non-precracked tests,-5.1%in precracked tests)and an obvious increase(about 15.2%in nonprecracked tests,5.2%in precracked tests)in fracture toughness were observed for the"Gap"group and the"Overlap"group,respectively.Fractographic studies which involve the metallographic observation and Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM)observation revealed that the increases in fracture area and crack length helped improve the fracture toughness of the Overlap"group.However,the resin-rich area with high porosity induced by gaps was detrimental to the delamination resistance.To capture the interlaminar stress distribution local to imperfections,a three-dimensional numerical model was established.Gap defects facilitate the local delamination process,and the overlap defect postpones the damage onset and the propagation.

梁类零件转角区域自动铺丝分析

在航空航天领域,自动铺丝已经被广泛应用于制造形状复杂的复合材料构件,C型梁就是其中的典型。C型梁结构通常具有曲率很大的转角过渡区域,保证该区域内的±45°路径铺放质量和铺放效率是C型梁结构铺放过程中的难题。为解决这一问题,分别研究了减丝束方法和缠绕方法对梁类零件转角区域铺放质量的影响,并进一步对比分析了减丝束法和缠绕法两种铺放策略在铺放转角区域时的优劣。建立了实际铺放过程中两种铺放策略的选择原则。最终通过实际铺放试验证明减丝束法和缠绕法相结合能够更有效地保证C型梁转角区域的铺放质量和铺放效率。

基于形态学的自动铺丝纤维铺放准确性检测

自动铺丝质量检查既耗时又不充分,缺陷对比度低。对此,根据铺丝过程中的热特性,搭建丝束铺放准确性检测平台,结合形态学算法对缺陷红外图像特征进行纤维铺放准确性检测。首先进行形状相同尺度不同的结构元素的顶帽变换,然后提取每一组尺度下多尺度亮暗区域和相邻组尺度间的多尺度亮暗细节来增强图像;其次使用了多方向多尺度的结构元素和系数自调节的形态学边缘检测算法来获得丝束边缘位置。实验结果表明,该方法在减少图像噪声和增强图像的对比度之上平衡了边缘检测精度与抗噪性能之间的协调问题,有效检测了纤维铺放准确性,最大铺放误差不超过4.53%。

工艺参数对CCF/PEEK预浸料单束铺放尺寸的影响

热塑性预浸料铺放过程中单丝束尺寸对整体构件铺放质量有重要影响,为提高连续碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮(CCF/PEEK)复合丝材铺放成型质量,研究了工艺参数对其在铺放过程中的单束宽度和厚度的影响规律,并根据实验结果建立拟合模型。首先设计正交实验,研究了铺放速度、铺放压力、加热温度等铺放工艺参数对CCF/PEEK预浸料宽度和厚度变化的影响规律,并由上述研究所得的影响宽度和厚度的最显著工艺参数,分别开展单因素实验研究。正交研究结果表明,各工艺参数对丝束宽度的影响显著程度依次为加热温度>铺放速度>铺放压力,对丝束厚度的影响显著程度依次为铺放压力>加热温度>铺放速度。单因素实验结果表明,在丝束不发生失效的工艺参数范围内,丝束宽度随加热温度的升高而增大,随铺放速度的提高而减小,随铺放压力的增大而增大。丝束厚度随铺放压力的增大而减小。采用多元线性回归方法对各工艺参数综合影响丝束宽度进行拟合,验证计算结果表明,建立的模型拟合效果较好。

变厚度帽型长桁加筋壁板自动铺丝工艺成形技术研究

针对帽型长桁加筋壁板的自动铺丝工艺成形技术进行了研究,并提出了帽型长桁加筋壁板各工序的关键工艺参数,通过研究自动铺丝设备的结构设计和控制系统设计,探究了帽型长桁加筋壁板的自动铺丝成形工艺,明确了自动铺丝间隙控制和工艺参数设计的基础,为帽型长桁加筋壁板的自动铺丝工艺成形技术的研究形成了一定的技术积累,具有较好的应用前景和经济效益。

国内复合材料自动铺放技术发展

复合材料自动铺放技术主要包括自动铺带技术和自动铺丝技术。国内自动铺放技术起步较晚,目前研究的单位主要有南京航空航天大学、武汉理工大学、哈尔滨工业大学、天津工业大学、哈尔滨飞机工业集团有限责任公司、北京航空制造工程研究所、北京航空材料研究院、内蒙古工业大学和华中科技大学等。

锥壳零件自动铺丝变角度轨迹规划算法

基于自动铺丝设备具有可灵活操作的铺放头及铺放所采用的预浸纤维丝宽度窄等特点,提出一种新型的铺层成型算法——变角度丝束铺放,其具有无间隙和无重叠的特点.以锥壳零件为例,首先建立此类零件几何特征的数学模型,推导出锥壳零件上任意轨迹的数学方程;然后提出变角度铺层的成型原理及方法,建立变角度轨迹规划算法的数学模型并推导出锥壳零件上任意变角度铺放路径及路径曲率的数学方程,再结合自动铺丝设备及预浸丝束自身特点对变角度铺层的可铺性进行分析.最后通过仿真实验对文中算法进行了验证.

热塑性复合材料自动铺放过程中温度场研究

自动铺放成型技术可以实现热塑性复合材料逐层"原位固结",在加工制造大型零部件、提高生产率、降低制造成本方面具有巨大的潜力。由于温度历程对复合材料构件成型质量有较大影响,本工作通过ANSYS软件模拟热源随铺放头移动、铺放过程中预浸料不断被铺叠到底层预浸料上,获得复合材料铺层的温度场分布情况。同时构建基于WinCC flexible的温度场在线测量系统,对铺层温度进行在线采集和存储。实验结果表明,在铺放成型过程中,每一层预浸料的温度曲线出现多个峰值,且随着热气温度的升高,每层峰值温度逐渐增加,热气温度越高,铺层间峰值温度差越大,热电偶测量结果与仿真结果相差越小。通过对实验结果中的峰值温度与有限元模拟结果进行对比,证明了有限元仿真模型的正确性。研究结果表明,随着铺放速率的加快,每层峰值温度逐渐降低,为满足成型要求,当热风枪出口处热气温度最高为600℃时,最大铺放速率为1.2m/min。

自动铺丝用预浸丝制备工艺研究

针对预浸料特点,提出平刀与圆刀2种分切刀具形式。以分切预浸丝束宽度与边缘质量为评价标准,对比了2种刀具形式对预浸料的分切质量,研究了刀具形式、工艺参数对分切质量的影响。结果显示,由于平刀刀片薄,弯曲模量低,易发生弯曲变形,所得预浸丝束宽度稳定性差;同时,由于刃口始终固定、散热性能差,分切过程中刃口处容易发生树脂堆积,使刀片钝化,影响丝束边缘质量,无法实现对预浸料进行高质量连续式分切。而圆刀分切时,由于刀片旋转,刃口不断变化;独特的刀具形式,降低了刀片在分切过程中的侧向移动,使得圆刀分切能够获得宽度均匀,边缘质量良好的自动铺丝用预浸丝束。

自动铺丝过程中预浸料的侧向弯曲

根据自动铺丝过程中预浸料的受力特点,建立预浸料的侧向弯曲变形模型。利用最小势能原理、瑞利-利兹法以及相关的复合材料力学理论,推导出预浸料侧向屈曲半径公式。研究自动铺丝温度、压力、速度、黏附力等主要工艺参数对侧向弯曲性能的影响,并用自动铺丝机铺放不同半径的预浸料圆弧进行验证。结果表明:随着温度增大、压力和速度减小,预浸料的侧向弯曲性能提高;增加预浸料黏附力可显著提高其侧向弯曲性能,符合理论分析结果。

自动铺放成型热塑性复合材料的非等温结晶动力学研究

利用差示扫描量热仪结合Avrami方程研究玻璃纤维增强聚丙烯复合材料自动铺放成型过程非等温结晶动力学,推导非等温结晶动力学模型,并通过构建冷压辊下方铺层的冷却模型,将结晶动力学模型和传热模型相结合,设定自动铺放成型过程中的冷却条件,探讨冷却速率及冷却时间对基体材料结晶行为的影响,求解出不同冷却速率下的最大铺放速率。研究结果表明:铺层树脂基体的结晶度随冷却速率的增大而依次减小;随着冷却速率的提高,树脂结晶起始温度和结晶完成温度均向低温方向移动,且树脂相对结晶度随温度变化规律接近反S形曲线;自动铺放成型实验件的压缩强度及层间剪切强度随着铺层结晶度的增大基本呈增大趋势,而冲击强度与铺层结晶度的变化趋势完全相反,随着结晶度的增大,材料韧性越差。

自动铺丝成型构件缺陷在线检测技术进展

自动铺丝(AFP)工艺为连续纤维增强复合材料结构提供了高效和稳定的成型方法,但铺放工艺参数和成型装备性能的不稳定极易造成制件出现间隙、重叠、纤维波纹等各类缺陷,从而严重影响整体结构的机械性能及使用寿命,因此,利用在线检测系统对成型过程中铺层表面或内部缺陷进行实时识别与评估尤为重要。归纳了复合材料铺放过程中常见缺陷的产生原因、表现形式及其对结构产品综合性能的影响。基于不同检测原理综述了复合材料制件自动铺丝成型过程在线检测系统的发展及应用特点,涵盖激光技术、可见光图像技术、热成像技术及布拉格光纤光栅技术等。总结了当前在线检测系统存在的问题,并展望了其未来发展趋势。

复合材料构架式卫星接头自动铺丝成型仿真研究

在七轴自动铺丝机器人加工单元上以构架式卫星接头为对象研究了自动铺丝的加工成形仿真,设计了接头的形状和自动铺丝基本线型;根据D H法建立机器人的各坐标系,应用OpenGL编程接口和VisualC++集成开发环境,设计了0°、90°和±45°三个角度的仿真模块,开发了包括芯模设计、铺丝线型仿真和七轴机器人成形运动仿真等功能的SimJoint系统软件;为深入研究自动铺丝技术提供了一个基本研究平台。