Automatic modulation recognition of radio fuzes using a DR2D-based adaptive denoising method and textural feature extraction

The identification of intercepted radio fuze modulation types is a prerequisite for decision-making in interference systems.However,the electromagnetic environment of modern battlefields is complex,and the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of such environments is usually low,which makes it difficult to implement accurate recognition of radio fuzes.To solve the above problem,a radio fuze automatic modulation recognition(AMR)method for low-SNR environments is proposed.First,an adaptive denoising algorithm based on data rearrangement and the two-dimensional(2D)fast Fourier transform(FFT)(DR2D)is used to reduce the noise of the intercepted radio fuze intermediate frequency(IF)signal.Then,the textural features of the denoised IF signal rearranged data matrix are extracted from the statistical indicator vectors of gray-level cooccurrence matrices(GLCMs),and support vector machines(SVMs)are used for classification.The DR2D-based adaptive denoising algorithm achieves an average correlation coefficient of more than 0.76 for ten fuze types under SNRs of-10 d B and above,which is higher than that of other typical algorithms.The trained SVM classification model achieves an average recognition accuracy of more than 96%on seven modulation types and recognition accuracies of more than 94%on each modulation type under SNRs of-12 d B and above,which represents a good AMR performance of radio fuzes under low SNRs.

A High Resolution Convolutional Neural Network with Squeeze and Excitation Module for Automatic Modulation Classification

Automatic modulation classification(AMC) technology is one of the cutting-edge technologies in cognitive radio communications. AMC based on deep learning has recently attracted much attention due to its superior performances in classification accuracy and robustness. In this paper, we propose a novel, high resolution and multi-scale feature fusion convolutional neural network model with a squeeze-excitation block, referred to as HRSENet,to classify different kinds of modulation signals.The proposed model establishes a parallel computing mechanism of multi-resolution feature maps through the multi-layer convolution operation, which effectively reduces the information loss caused by downsampling convolution. Moreover, through dense skipconnecting at the same resolution and up-sampling or down-sampling connection at different resolutions, the low resolution representation of the deep feature maps and the high resolution representation of the shallow feature maps are simultaneously extracted and fully integrated, which is benificial to mine signal multilevel features. Finally, the feature squeeze and excitation module embedded in the decoder is used to adjust the response weights between channels, further improving classification accuracy of proposed model.The proposed HRSENet significantly outperforms existing methods in terms of classification accuracy on the public dataset “Over the Air” in signal-to-noise(SNR) ranging from-2dB to 20dB. The classification accuracy in the proposed model achieves 85.36% and97.30% at 4dB and 10dB, respectively, with the improvement by 9.71% and 5.82% compared to LWNet.Furthermore, the model also has a moderate computation complexity compared with several state-of-the-art methods.

Automatic modulation recognition of radiation source signals based on two-dimensional data matrix and improved residual neural network

Automatic modulation recognition(AMR)of radiation source signals is a research focus in the field of cognitive radio.However,the AMR of radiation source signals at low SNRs still faces a great challenge.Therefore,the AMR method of radiation source signals based on two-dimensional data matrix and improved residual neural network is proposed in this paper.First,the time series of the radiation source signals are reconstructed into two-dimensional data matrix,which greatly simplifies the signal preprocessing process.Second,the depthwise convolution and large-size convolutional kernels based residual neural network(DLRNet)is proposed to improve the feature extraction capability of the AMR model.Finally,the model performs feature extraction and classification on the two-dimensional data matrix to obtain the recognition vector that represents the signal modulation type.Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the AMR method based on two-dimensional data matrix and improved residual network can significantly improve the accuracy of the AMR method.The recognition accuracy of the proposed method maintains a high level greater than 90% even at -14 dB SNR.

A Few-Shot Learning-Based Automatic Modulation Classification Method for Internet of Things

Due to the limited computational capability and the diversity of the Internet of Things devices working in different environment,we consider fewshot learning-based automatic modulation classification(AMC)to improve its reliability.A data enhancement module(DEM)is designed by a convolutional layer to supplement frequency-domain information as well as providing nonlinear mapping that is beneficial for AMC.Multimodal network is designed to have multiple residual blocks,where each residual block has multiple convolutional kernels of different sizes for diverse feature extraction.Moreover,a deep supervised loss function is designed to supervise all parts of the network including the hidden layers and the DEM.Since different model may output different results,cooperative classifier is designed to avoid the randomness of single model and improve the reliability.Simulation results show that this few-shot learning-based AMC method can significantly improve the AMC accuracy compared to the existing methods.

A Convolutional and Transformer Based Deep Neural Network for Automatic Modulation Classification

Automatic modulation classification(AMC)aims at identifying the modulation of the received signals,which is a significant approach to identifying the target in military and civil applications.In this paper,a novel data-driven framework named convolutional and transformer-based deep neural network(CTDNN)is proposed to improve the classification performance.CTDNN can be divided into four modules,i.e.,convolutional neural network(CNN)backbone,transition module,transformer module,and final classifier.In the CNN backbone,a wide and deep convolution structure is designed,which consists of 1×15 convolution kernels and intensive cross-layer connections instead of traditional 1×3 kernels and sequential connections.In the transition module,a 1×1 convolution layer is utilized to compress the channels of the previous multi-scale CNN features.In the transformer module,three self-attention layers are designed for extracting global features and generating the classification vector.In the classifier,the final decision is made based on the maximum a posterior probability.Extensive simulations are conducted,and the result shows that our proposed CTDNN can achieve superior classification performance than traditional deep models.

Automatic modulation classification using modulation fingerprint extraction

An automatic method for classifying frequency shift keying(FSK),minimum shift keying(MSK),phase shift keying(PSK),quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM),and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)is proposed by simultaneously using normality test,spectral analysis,and geometrical characteristics of in-phase-quadrature(I-Q)constellation diagram.Since the extracted features are unique for each modulation,they can be considered as a fingerprint of each modulation.We show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the previously published methods in terms of signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)and success rate.For example,the success rate of the proposed method for 64-QAM modulation at SNR=11 dB is 99%.Another advantage of the proposed method is its wide SNR range;such that the probability of classification for 16-QAM at SNR=3 dB is almost 1.The proposed method also provides a database for geometrical features of I-Q constellation diagram.By comparing and correlating the data of the provided database with the estimated I-Q diagram of the received signal,the processing gain of 4 dB is obtained.Whatever can be mentioned about the preference of the proposed algorithm are low complexity,low SNR,wide range of modulation set,and enhanced recognition at higher-order modulations.

Tracking performance of large margin classifier in automatic modulation classification with a software radio environment

Automatic modulation classification is the process of identification of the modulation type of a signal in a general environment. This paper proposes a new method to evaluate the tracking performance of large margin classifier against signal-tonoise ratio （SNR）, and classifies all forms of primary user＇s signals in a cognitive radio environment. For achieving this objective, two structures of a large margin are developed in additive white Gaussian noise （AWGN） channels with priori unknown SNR. A combination of higher order statistics and instantaneous characteristics is selected as effective features. Simulation results show that the classification rates of the proposed structures are well robust against environmental SNR changes.

An effective approach for low-complexity maximum likelihood based automatic modulation classification of STBC-MIMO systems

A low-complexity likelihood methodology is proposed for automatic modulation classification of orthogonal space-time block code(STBC)based multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)systems.We exploit the zero-forcing equalization technique to modify the typical average likelihood ratio test(ALRT)function.The proposed ALRT function has a low computational complexity compared to existing ALRT functions for MIMO systems classification.The proposed approach is analyzed for blind channel scenarios when the receiver has imperfect channel state information(CSI).Performance analysis is carried out for scenarios with different numbers of antennas.Alamouti-STBC systems with 2×2 and 2×1 and space-time transmit diversity with a 4×4 transmit and receive antenna configuration are considered to verify the proposed approach.Some popular modulation schemes are used as the modulation test pool.Monte-Carlo simulations are performed to evaluate the proposed methodology,using the probability of correct classification as the criterion.Simulation results show that the proposed approach has high classification accuracy at low signal-to-noise ratios and exhibits robust behavior against high CSI estimation error variance.

Automatic modulation classification based on Alex Net with data augmentation

Deep learning(DL) requires massive volume of data to train the network. Insufficient training data will cause serious overfitting problem and degrade the classification accuracy. In order to solve this problem, a method for automatic modulation classification(AMC) using AlexNet with data augmentation was proposed. Three data augmentation methods is considered, i.e., random erasing, CutMix, and rotation. Firstly, modulated signals are converted into constellation representations. And all constellation representations are divided into training dataset and test dataset. Then, training dataset are augmented by three methods. Secondly, the optimal value of execution probability for random erasing and CutMix are determined. Simulation results show that both of them perform optimally when execution probability is 0.5. Thirdly, the performance of three data augmentation methods are evaluated. Simulation results demonstrate that all augmentation methods can improve the classification accuracy. Rotation improves the classification accuracy by 13.04% when signal noise ratio(SNR) is 2 dB. Among three methods, rotation outperforms random erasing and CutMix when SNR is greater than-6 dB. Finally, compared with other classification algorithms, random erasing, CutMix, and rotation used in this paper achieved the performance significantly improved. It is worth mentioning that the classification accuracy can reach 90.5% with SNR at 10 dB.

Automatic Recognition of Analog Modulated Signals Using Artificial Neural Networks

This paper presents work on modulated signal recognition using an artificial neural network （ANN） developed using the Python programme language. The study is basically on the analysis of analog modulated signals. Four of the best-known analog modulation types are considered namely： amplitude modulation （AM）, double sideband （DSB） modulation, single sideband （SSB） modulation and frequency modulation （FM）. Computer simulations of the four modulated signals are carried out using MATLAB. MATLAB code is used in simulating the analog signals as well as the power spectral density of each of the analog modulated signals. In achieving an accurate classification of each of the modulated signals, extensive simulations are performed for the training of the artificial neural network. The results of the study show accurate and correct performance of the developed automatic modulation recognition with average success rate above 99.5%.

Multilevel Pattern Mining Architecture for Automatic Network Monitoring in Heterogeneous Wireless Communication Networks

The rapid development of network technology and its evolution toward heterogeneous networks has increased the demand to support automatic monitoring and the management of heterogeneous wireless communication networks.This paper presents a multilevel pattern mining architecture to support automatic network management by discovering interesting patterns from telecom network monitoring data.This architecture leverages and combines existing frequent itemset discovery over data streams,association rule deduction,frequent sequential pattern mining,and frequent temporal pattern mining techniques while also making use of distributed processing platforms to achieve high-volume throughput.

Discussion on the Design of E-commerce Automatic Operation Module

E-commerce refers to a kind of business and trade activities, which are conducted under the situation that buyers and sellers do not meet each other by using a fast, easy and low-cost way. Along with the promotion and application of computer office automation, it is necessary for e-commerce module to develop towards automation, in which the core lies in making a good design for operation module. In this paper, the promotion of e-commerce in the information age is reviewed by the authors, the unique characteristics of e-commerce functional modules are analyzed, and also the most important point of the design of e-commerce automatic operation module is discussed. Hopefully, helps can be provided for relevant follow-up studies in the future.

Discussion on the Design of E-commerce Automatic Operation Module

E-commerce refers to a kind of business and trade activities, which are conducted under the situation that buyers and sellers do not meet each other by using a fast, easy and low-cost way. Along with the promotion and application of computer office automation, it is necessary for e-commerce module to develop towards automation, in which the core lies in making a good design for operation module. In this paper, the promotion of e-commerce in the information age is reviewed by the authors, the unique characteristics of e-commerce functional modules are analyzed, and also the most important point of the design of e-commerce automatic operation module is discussed. Hopefully, helps can be provided for relevant follow-up studies in the future.

Classifying Modulations in Communication Intelligence Using Deep Learning Networks

The present research employs artificial intelligence to come up with an automatic solution for the modulation's classification of various radio signal varieties.As a result,the work we performed involved selecting the database required for supervised deep learning,evaluating the performance of current techniques on unprocessed communication signals,and suggesting a deep learning networkbased method that would enable the classification of modulation types with the best possible ratio between computation time and accuracy.We started by examining the automatic classification models that are currently in usage.In light of the difficulty of forecasting in low Signal Noise Ratio(SNR)situations,we suggested an ensemble learning strategy based on adjusted Res Net and Transformer Neural Network,which is effective at extracting multi-scale features from the raw I/Q sequence data.Finally,we produced an architecture that is simple to use and apply to communication signals.The architecture of this solution is strong and optimal,enabling it to determine the type of modulation with up to 95%accuracy automatically.

Hierarchical Digital Modulation Classification Using Cascaded Convolutional Neural Network

Automatic modulation classification(AMC)aims to identify the modulation format of the received signals corrupted by the noise,which plays a major role in radio monitoring.In this paper,we propose a novel cascaded convolutional neural network(CasCNN)-based hierarchical digital modulation classification scheme,where M-ary phase shift keying(PSK)and M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM)modulation formats are considered to be classified.In CasCNN,two-block convolutional neural networks are cascaded.The first block network is utilized to classify the different classes of modulation formats,namely PSK and QAM.The second block is designed to identify the indexes of the modulations in the same PSK or QAM class.Moreover,it is noted that the gird constellation diagram extracted from the received signal is utilized as the inputs to the CasCNN.Extensive simulations demonstrate that CasCNN yields performance gain and performs stronger robustness to frequency offset compared with other recent methods.Specifically,CasCNN achieves 90%classification accuracy at 4 dB signal-to-noise ratio when the symbol length is set as 256.

An Improved Algorithm for Blind Carrier Frequency Estimation with Burst MPSK Transmissions

This paper presents an improved non-data-aided algo- rithm for carrier frequency estimation for burst M-ary PSK signals when modulation order M and training symbols are unknown. Unlike data-aided estimation, a phase clustering algorithm is used first to estimate M and modulated information is removed by a vari- able interval linear phase unwrapping. Then, a high-order correlation algorithm with proper correction is present, which reduces the probability of phase ambiguity and promotes anti-noise capability of the estimation. Simulations are given to analyze the unbiased esti- mation range, and the asymptotic performance and symbol number are needed to compare with the former algorithms. The new algo- rithm has a large estimation range close to the theoretical maximum value for non-data-aided estimation and has a better performance than earlier non-data-aided techniques for large frequency offset, low signal-to-noise ratio, and limited symbol numbers.