A Demonstration of Automatically Switched Optical Network

We build an automatically switched optical network (ASON) testbed with four optical cross-connect nodes. Many fundamental ASON features are demonstrated, which is implemented by control protocols based on generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS) framework.

Descriptive IoT Based Design and Implementation of a 3-Input Automatic Transfer Switch with Data Logging Features

Electricity is crucial for critical sectors such as banking, healthcare, education, and business. However, in developing nations like Cameroon, persistent power fluctuations and outages present significant challenges, leading to communication disruptions, food spoilage, water supply interruptions, and financial losses. This study proposes a novel solution: a three-input automatic transfer switch integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) and data logging capabilities. The system automatically switches between three independent power sources based on priority and availability, employing electromechanical contactors, relays, and timers for seamless switching. It incorporates ATMEGA328P microcontrollers, a GSM module for communication, and an SD card module for efficient data logging. Safety measures, such as miniature circuit breakers, voltage monitoring relays, and proper grounding, ensure user protection and system integrity. A user-friendly mobile application enables remote manual switching and real-time system information requests, while SMS notifications inform consumers about power source changes. The system has a power rating of 4.752 kW, accommodating a maximum continuous load of the same value. Voltage dividers provide a reliable 3.37 VDC output from a 12 VDC input, and data logging operates effectively by storing system data onto an SD card every 1.5 seconds. Comprehensive testing validates the system’s performance, with an average percentage error of 2.31% compared to actual values, falling within an acceptable range. This solution distinguishes itself by incorporating modern technologies like data logging and IoT, addressing the limitations of existing alternatives.

Fabrication of automatic switch for AC-DC completely automated measurement system at NIS

A fast automatic AC-DC switch is designed and fabricated mainly by a microcontroller and three double poles single throw reed relays.This new switch is introduced to establish a fully automated system for AC-DC measurements through ACDC transfer standards for the first time at the National Institute for standards(N IS)in Egypt.The implemented circuit of theautomatic AC-DC switch and its protection are presented in details.An AC voltage source is calibrated against DC voltagesource by using the demonstrated automatic switch as an application The calibrated voltage ranges are2V,6V,20V and60V as examples.The uncertainty budget is also evaluated for the calibrated values.

Method of Predicting Water Content in Crude Oil Based on Measuring Range Automatic Switching

Water content in output crude oil is hard to measure precisely because of wide range of dielectric coefficient of crude oil caused by injected dehydrating and demulsifying agents.The method to reduce measurement error of water content in crude oil proposed in this paper is based on switching measuring ranges of on-line water content analyzer automatically.Measuring precision on data collected from oil field and analyzed by in-field operators can be impressively improved by using back propogation （BP） neural network to predict water content in output crude oil.Application results show that the difficulty in accurately measuring water-oil content ratio can be solved effectively through this combination of on-line measuring range automatic switching and real time prediction,as this method has been tested repeatedly on-site in oil fields with satisfactory prediction results.

Plant Cultivation Device in Intelligent Agricultural Greenhouse

This paper mainly introduces the design and research of plant cultivation device in intelligent agricultural greenhouse.The device can automatically ventilate and control the temperature when the carbon dioxide content is insufficient.At the same time,the light color can be selected according to the plant properties,and the light and dark time can be controlled to provide a suitable growth environment for plants,which makes up for the shortcomings of the existing ordinary greenhouse.With China's strong support for agriculture,automatic agriculture is developing rapidly,and has a broad market prospect.

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SMART HOME APPLIANCES Caixin June 1one day in the future,when you walk into your home,the lights will turn on,the curtains will draw apart and the air conditioner will switch on–all of this automatically.when you leave,the reverse will happen.imagine your refrigerator giving you its food inventory,complete with the expiry dates,reminding you to buy fresh food,and even buying food items online itself.with the internet of things-a scenario in

Enhanced solutions for resource conflict in GMPLS controlled optical network

This article discusses the issue of resource conflict in the generalized multi-protocol label switching （GMPLS） controlled optical network. Based on the analysis of the current random rebuilding mechanism and its drawbacks, this article presents two enhanced solutions for improvement, namely, the priority-based resource allocation mechanism and the network management system （NMS） based sequential resource allocation mechanism. Experimental results show that the presented mechanisms perform better than the original random rebuilding solution in terms of the connection setup/recovery time and successful rate.

Novel disjoint path selection scheme based on link availability in ASON

Risk-disjoint routing is an efficient way to improve network survivability. In this article, a partial risk-disjoint routing algorithm based on link availability （PRDRA-LA） is proposed based on the complete risk-disjoint routing algorithm （CRDRA）. While calculating the protection path with PRDRA-LA, the links that share risks with the links in the working path are filtered by link availability. In addition, the risk disjoint degree between the protection path and the working path can be adjusted freely. Simulation results showed that when compared with CRDRA, routing connections with PRDRA-LA can achieve improved survivability while the number of connections that can be successfully routed over the current network is kept from serious decline.