The attention is a scarce resource in decentralized autonomous organizations(DAOs),as their self-governance relies heavily on the attention-intensive decision-making process of“proposal and voting”.To prevent the ne...The attention is a scarce resource in decentralized autonomous organizations(DAOs),as their self-governance relies heavily on the attention-intensive decision-making process of“proposal and voting”.To prevent the negative effects of pro-posers’attention-capturing strategies that contribute to the“tragedy of the commons”and ensure an efficient distribution of attention among multiple proposals,it is necessary to establish a market-driven allocation scheme for DAOs’attention.First,the Harberger tax-based attention markets are designed to facilitate its allocation via continuous and automated trading,where the individualized Harberger tax rate(HTR)determined by the pro-posers’reputation is adopted.Then,the Stackelberg game model is formulated in these markets,casting attention to owners in the role of leaders and other competitive proposers as followers.Its equilibrium trading strategies are also discussed to unravel the intricate dynamics of attention pricing.Moreover,utilizing the single-round Stackelberg game as an illustrative example,the existence of Nash equilibrium trading strategies is demonstrated.Finally,the impact of individualized HTR on trading strategies is investigated,and results suggest that it has a negative correlation with leaders’self-accessed prices and ownership duration,but its effect on their revenues varies under different conditions.This study is expected to provide valuable insights into leveraging attention resources to improve DAOs’governance and decision-making process.展开更多
The control method of highly redundant robot manipulators is introduced. A decentralized autonomous control scheme is used to guide the movement of robot manipulators so that the work done by manipulators is minimized...The control method of highly redundant robot manipulators is introduced. A decentralized autonomous control scheme is used to guide the movement of robot manipulators so that the work done by manipulators is minimized. The method of computing pseudoinverse which needs too many complicated calculation can be avoided. Then the calculation and control of robots are simplified. At the same time system robustness/fault tolerance is achieved.展开更多
From AlphaGo to ChatGPT,the field of AI has launched a series of remarkable achievements in recent years.Analyzing,comparing,and summarizing these achievements at the paradigm level is important for future AI innovati...From AlphaGo to ChatGPT,the field of AI has launched a series of remarkable achievements in recent years.Analyzing,comparing,and summarizing these achievements at the paradigm level is important for future AI innovation,but has not received sufficient attention.In this paper,we give an overview and perspective on machine learning paradigms.First,we propose a paradigm taxonomy with three levels and seven dimensions from a knowledge perspective.Accordingly,we give an overview on three basic and twelve extended learning paradigms,such as Ensemble Learning,Transfer Learning,etc.,with figures in unified style.We further analyze three advanced paradigms,i.e.,AlphaGo,AlphaFold and ChatGPT.Second,to enable more efficient and effective scientific discovery,we propose to build a new ecosystem that drives AI paradigm shifts through the decentralized science(DeSci)movement based on decentralized autonomous organization(DAO).To this end,we design the Hanoi framework,which integrates human factors,parallel intelligence based on a combination of artificial systems and the natural world,and the DAO to inspire AI innovations.展开更多
Without a doubt,blockchain,as one of the most valuable technological advancements,has been introduced over the past decade and has played a significant role in the industrial revolution.The emergence of other technolo...Without a doubt,blockchain,as one of the most valuable technological advancements,has been introduced over the past decade and has played a significant role in the industrial revolution.The emergence of other technologies derived from blockchain,such as decentralized finance(DeFi)and the Metaverse,has fundamentally transformed people’s daily lives and profoundly impacted future versions of digital businesses.This study explored the evolution of digital businesses in the near future,with a specific focus on the two primary technologies mentioned above.First,we reviewed DeFi-based technologies,including GameFi,SciFi,SocialFi,and others which serve as foundational building blocks for future jobs and businesses.Second,we examined Metaverse-based jobs,such as Metaverse-based academies and markets which are expected to be launched as commonly used businesses.Ultimately,this study provides several guidelines,such as how to use DeFi 2.0 and apply centralized decentralized finance(CeDeFi)-based platforms.Additionally,it offers future directions for launching these businesses,including controlling the progress of artificial intelligence(AI)in practical applications,utilizing cloud-assisted models for the Metaverse,and providing conditional privacy for future Metaverse-based businesses.展开更多
Decentralized autonomous organizations(DAOs)have found use in the governance of open source software(OSS)projects.However,the governance of an OSS producing DAO should match the particularities of OSS production while...Decentralized autonomous organizations(DAOs)have found use in the governance of open source software(OSS)projects.However,the governance of an OSS producing DAO should match the particularities of OSS production while also overcoming the existing challenges of decentralized governance.The existing decentralized governance frameworks do not include all the governance activities of OSS projects.Therefore,this study presents a governance framework for DAOs that produce OSS.The framework is built upon a total of 34 articles on DAO and OSS governance.The framework was evaluated in three leading DAOs that produce OSS.The evaluation underscores the significance of the framework and proves the potential of the systematic categorization of governance mechanisms.Finally,we list emerging governance practices in various governance domains in this developing field.展开更多
Context:Decentralized autonomous organizations are a new form of smart contract-based governance.Decentralized autonomous organization platforms,which support the creation of such organizations,are becoming increasing...Context:Decentralized autonomous organizations are a new form of smart contract-based governance.Decentralized autonomous organization platforms,which support the creation of such organizations,are becoming increasingly popular,such as Aragon and Colony.Selecting the best fitting platform is challenging for organizations,as a significant number of decision criteria,such as popularity,developer availability,governance issues and consistent documentation of such platforms,should be considered.Additionally,decision-makers at the organizations are not experts in every domain,so they must continuously acquire volatile knowledge regarding such platforms.Objective:Supporting decision-makers in selecting the right decentralized autonomous organization platforms by designing an effective decision model is the main objective of this study.We aim to provide more insight into their selection process and reduce time and effort significantly by designing a decision model.Method:This study presents a decision model for the decentralized autonomous organization platform selection problem.The decision model captures knowledge regarding such platforms and concepts systematically.This model is based on an existing theoretical framework that assists software engineers with a set of multi-criteria decision-making problems in software production.Results:We conducted three industry case studies in the context of three decentralized autonomous organizations to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the decision model in assisting decision-makers.The case study participants declared that the decision model provides significantly more insight into their selection process and reduces time and effort.Conclusion:We observe in the empirical evidence from the case studies that decision-makers can make more rational,efficient,and effective decisions with the decision model.Furthermore,the reusable form of the captured knowledge regarding decentralized autonomous organization platforms can be employed by other researchers in their future investigations.展开更多
Despite the increase in the number of blockchain-based Decentralized Autonomous Organizations(DAOs),there is no consensus on what constitutes a DAO.This paper provides an in-depth study of DAOs by analyzing their defi...Despite the increase in the number of blockchain-based Decentralized Autonomous Organizations(DAOs),there is no consensus on what constitutes a DAO.This paper provides an in-depth study of DAOs by analyzing their definitions,characteristics,and emerging developments.Existing definitions in the literature hardly recognize common functionalities and intermingle coded DAOs,DAO deployment platforms,and blockchain DAOs.We developed a comprehensive DAO definition by reviewing the literature and empirically analyzing 1,859 DAOs.The findings show that many DAOs were inactive and that a threshold of 20 tokenholders is a tipping point for DAOs to survive over time and maintain sustained levels of activity.Finally,based on an empirical analysis of 9,845 perceived DAOs,we identified the emerging development of off-chain voting.This emerging development challenges the autonomous nature of DAOs.We recommend further research to investigate the effect of governance structures on their long-term sustainability and viability for both on-chain and off-chain DAOs.展开更多
We empirically study the state of three prominent DAO governance systems on the Ethereum blockchain:Compound,Uniswap and Ethereum name service(ENS).In particular,we examine how the voting power is distributed in these...We empirically study the state of three prominent DAO governance systems on the Ethereum blockchain:Compound,Uniswap and Ethereum name service(ENS).In particular,we examine how the voting power is distributed in these systems.Using a comprehensive dataset of all governance token holders,delegates,propos-als,and votes,we analyze who holds the voting power and how this power is being used to influence governance decisions.While we reveal that the majority of voting power is concentrated in the hands of a small number of addresses,we rarely observe these powerful entities overturning a vote by choosing a different outcome than that of the overall community and less influential voters.展开更多
Smart contracts show a high potential to make supply chain management strategies epochally leap towards higher levels of productivity,not only in the functioning of production processes but also in terms of product in...Smart contracts show a high potential to make supply chain management strategies epochally leap towards higher levels of productivity,not only in the functioning of production processes but also in terms of product innovation and overall economic returns.This article illustrates the principle of Income Sharing as a highly performing economic strategy for supply chains with a natural implementation in blockchain smart contracts.It proposes a blockchain-based architecture that uses smart contracts to implement various algorithmic versions of the Income Sharing principle among companies participating in a supply chain.The formation of the total income and its consequent redistribution are calculated taking into account the role of the technological platform automating these procedures,which therefore becomes a party to the inter-company business project of a supply chain in the alternative roles,as feasible in business practice,of Blockchain-as-a-Service and Blockchain-as-a-Partner.The approach is implemented on Hyperledger Fabric,the most widespread platform for private and consortium blockchains.We compare and justify this design choice with the alternative given by public blockchains,with specific attention to Ethereum.展开更多
With the wide application of advanced information and communication technology(ICT),power systems are becoming more reliable,more efficient and self-healing.Meanwhile more sophisticated cyber-attacks have appeared,e.g...With the wide application of advanced information and communication technology(ICT),power systems are becoming more reliable,more efficient and self-healing.Meanwhile more sophisticated cyber-attacks have appeared,e.g.false data injection(FDI)attacks,which deeply affect the state estimation of power systems and can lead to destructive consequences.To better manage and protect measurement data in power systems,we propose a blockchain-based multi-chain framework,taking advantage of the existing infrastructure.In this framework,measurements from sensors are mined into blocks by base stations using Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance(PBFT)as the consensus protocol.We analyze the security of the proposed framework and carry out simulations to show its superiority compared to existing systems.The result of the simulations further provides guidance for how to structure the networking in the proposed framework.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62103411)the Science and Technology Development Fund of Macao SAR(0093/2023/RIA2,0050/2020/A1)。
文摘The attention is a scarce resource in decentralized autonomous organizations(DAOs),as their self-governance relies heavily on the attention-intensive decision-making process of“proposal and voting”.To prevent the negative effects of pro-posers’attention-capturing strategies that contribute to the“tragedy of the commons”and ensure an efficient distribution of attention among multiple proposals,it is necessary to establish a market-driven allocation scheme for DAOs’attention.First,the Harberger tax-based attention markets are designed to facilitate its allocation via continuous and automated trading,where the individualized Harberger tax rate(HTR)determined by the pro-posers’reputation is adopted.Then,the Stackelberg game model is formulated in these markets,casting attention to owners in the role of leaders and other competitive proposers as followers.Its equilibrium trading strategies are also discussed to unravel the intricate dynamics of attention pricing.Moreover,utilizing the single-round Stackelberg game as an illustrative example,the existence of Nash equilibrium trading strategies is demonstrated.Finally,the impact of individualized HTR on trading strategies is investigated,and results suggest that it has a negative correlation with leaders’self-accessed prices and ownership duration,but its effect on their revenues varies under different conditions.This study is expected to provide valuable insights into leveraging attention resources to improve DAOs’governance and decision-making process.
文摘The control method of highly redundant robot manipulators is introduced. A decentralized autonomous control scheme is used to guide the movement of robot manipulators so that the work done by manipulators is minimized. The method of computing pseudoinverse which needs too many complicated calculation can be avoided. Then the calculation and control of robots are simplified. At the same time system robustness/fault tolerance is achieved.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFB2104001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62271485,61903363,U1811463)Open Project of the State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems(20220117).
文摘From AlphaGo to ChatGPT,the field of AI has launched a series of remarkable achievements in recent years.Analyzing,comparing,and summarizing these achievements at the paradigm level is important for future AI innovation,but has not received sufficient attention.In this paper,we give an overview and perspective on machine learning paradigms.First,we propose a paradigm taxonomy with three levels and seven dimensions from a knowledge perspective.Accordingly,we give an overview on three basic and twelve extended learning paradigms,such as Ensemble Learning,Transfer Learning,etc.,with figures in unified style.We further analyze three advanced paradigms,i.e.,AlphaGo,AlphaFold and ChatGPT.Second,to enable more efficient and effective scientific discovery,we propose to build a new ecosystem that drives AI paradigm shifts through the decentralized science(DeSci)movement based on decentralized autonomous organization(DAO).To this end,we design the Hanoi framework,which integrates human factors,parallel intelligence based on a combination of artificial systems and the natural world,and the DAO to inspire AI innovations.
文摘Without a doubt,blockchain,as one of the most valuable technological advancements,has been introduced over the past decade and has played a significant role in the industrial revolution.The emergence of other technologies derived from blockchain,such as decentralized finance(DeFi)and the Metaverse,has fundamentally transformed people’s daily lives and profoundly impacted future versions of digital businesses.This study explored the evolution of digital businesses in the near future,with a specific focus on the two primary technologies mentioned above.First,we reviewed DeFi-based technologies,including GameFi,SciFi,SocialFi,and others which serve as foundational building blocks for future jobs and businesses.Second,we examined Metaverse-based jobs,such as Metaverse-based academies and markets which are expected to be launched as commonly used businesses.Ultimately,this study provides several guidelines,such as how to use DeFi 2.0 and apply centralized decentralized finance(CeDeFi)-based platforms.Additionally,it offers future directions for launching these businesses,including controlling the progress of artificial intelligence(AI)in practical applications,utilizing cloud-assisted models for the Metaverse,and providing conditional privacy for future Metaverse-based businesses.
文摘Decentralized autonomous organizations(DAOs)have found use in the governance of open source software(OSS)projects.However,the governance of an OSS producing DAO should match the particularities of OSS production while also overcoming the existing challenges of decentralized governance.The existing decentralized governance frameworks do not include all the governance activities of OSS projects.Therefore,this study presents a governance framework for DAOs that produce OSS.The framework is built upon a total of 34 articles on DAO and OSS governance.The framework was evaluated in three leading DAOs that produce OSS.The evaluation underscores the significance of the framework and proves the potential of the systematic categorization of governance mechanisms.Finally,we list emerging governance practices in various governance domains in this developing field.
基金funded in part by the HTSM HiTMaT Grant entitled"SearchSECO"。
文摘Context:Decentralized autonomous organizations are a new form of smart contract-based governance.Decentralized autonomous organization platforms,which support the creation of such organizations,are becoming increasingly popular,such as Aragon and Colony.Selecting the best fitting platform is challenging for organizations,as a significant number of decision criteria,such as popularity,developer availability,governance issues and consistent documentation of such platforms,should be considered.Additionally,decision-makers at the organizations are not experts in every domain,so they must continuously acquire volatile knowledge regarding such platforms.Objective:Supporting decision-makers in selecting the right decentralized autonomous organization platforms by designing an effective decision model is the main objective of this study.We aim to provide more insight into their selection process and reduce time and effort significantly by designing a decision model.Method:This study presents a decision model for the decentralized autonomous organization platform selection problem.The decision model captures knowledge regarding such platforms and concepts systematically.This model is based on an existing theoretical framework that assists software engineers with a set of multi-criteria decision-making problems in software production.Results:We conducted three industry case studies in the context of three decentralized autonomous organizations to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the decision model in assisting decision-makers.The case study participants declared that the decision model provides significantly more insight into their selection process and reduces time and effort.Conclusion:We observe in the empirical evidence from the case studies that decision-makers can make more rational,efficient,and effective decisions with the decision model.Furthermore,the reusable form of the captured knowledge regarding decentralized autonomous organization platforms can be employed by other researchers in their future investigations.
文摘Despite the increase in the number of blockchain-based Decentralized Autonomous Organizations(DAOs),there is no consensus on what constitutes a DAO.This paper provides an in-depth study of DAOs by analyzing their definitions,characteristics,and emerging developments.Existing definitions in the literature hardly recognize common functionalities and intermingle coded DAOs,DAO deployment platforms,and blockchain DAOs.We developed a comprehensive DAO definition by reviewing the literature and empirically analyzing 1,859 DAOs.The findings show that many DAOs were inactive and that a threshold of 20 tokenholders is a tipping point for DAOs to survive over time and maintain sustained levels of activity.Finally,based on an empirical analysis of 9,845 perceived DAOs,we identified the emerging development of off-chain voting.This emerging development challenges the autonomous nature of DAOs.We recommend further research to investigate the effect of governance structures on their long-term sustainability and viability for both on-chain and off-chain DAOs.
文摘We empirically study the state of three prominent DAO governance systems on the Ethereum blockchain:Compound,Uniswap and Ethereum name service(ENS).In particular,we examine how the voting power is distributed in these systems.Using a comprehensive dataset of all governance token holders,delegates,propos-als,and votes,we analyze who holds the voting power and how this power is being used to influence governance decisions.While we reveal that the majority of voting power is concentrated in the hands of a small number of addresses,we rarely observe these powerful entities overturning a vote by choosing a different outcome than that of the overall community and less influential voters.
基金supported by the Italian Ministry of University and Research(MUR)under PRIN grant B87G22000450001(PINPOINT).
文摘Smart contracts show a high potential to make supply chain management strategies epochally leap towards higher levels of productivity,not only in the functioning of production processes but also in terms of product innovation and overall economic returns.This article illustrates the principle of Income Sharing as a highly performing economic strategy for supply chains with a natural implementation in blockchain smart contracts.It proposes a blockchain-based architecture that uses smart contracts to implement various algorithmic versions of the Income Sharing principle among companies participating in a supply chain.The formation of the total income and its consequent redistribution are calculated taking into account the role of the technological platform automating these procedures,which therefore becomes a party to the inter-company business project of a supply chain in the alternative roles,as feasible in business practice,of Blockchain-as-a-Service and Blockchain-as-a-Partner.The approach is implemented on Hyperledger Fabric,the most widespread platform for private and consortium blockchains.We compare and justify this design choice with the alternative given by public blockchains,with specific attention to Ethereum.
基金This work was supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program under grant no.2016YFB0901405Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong province(2017B090901072)Key Research and Development Program of Hainan province(ZDYF2018003).
文摘With the wide application of advanced information and communication technology(ICT),power systems are becoming more reliable,more efficient and self-healing.Meanwhile more sophisticated cyber-attacks have appeared,e.g.false data injection(FDI)attacks,which deeply affect the state estimation of power systems and can lead to destructive consequences.To better manage and protect measurement data in power systems,we propose a blockchain-based multi-chain framework,taking advantage of the existing infrastructure.In this framework,measurements from sensors are mined into blocks by base stations using Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance(PBFT)as the consensus protocol.We analyze the security of the proposed framework and carry out simulations to show its superiority compared to existing systems.The result of the simulations further provides guidance for how to structure the networking in the proposed framework.
