Promoting grain production through high-standard farmland construction:Evidence in China

Food security is a strategic priority for a country’s economic development.In China,high-standard farmland construction(HSFC)is an important initiative to stabilize grain production and increase grain production capacity.Based on panel data from 31 sample provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities in China from 2005–2017,this study explored the impact of HSFC on grain yield using the difference-in-differences(DID)method.The results showed that HSFC significantly increased total grain production,which is robust to various checks.HSFC increased grain yield through three potential mechanisms.First,it could increase the grain replanting index.Second,it could effectively reduce yield loss due to droughts and floods.Last,HSFC could strengthen the cultivated land by renovating the low-and medium-yielding fields.Heterogeneity analysis found that the HSFC farmland showed a significant increase in grain yield only in the main grain-producing areas and balanced areas.In addition,HSFC significantly increased the yields of rice,wheat,and maize while leading to a reduction in soybean yields.The findings suggest the government should continue to promote HSFC,improve construction standards,and strictly control the“non-agriculturalization”and“non-coordination”of farmland to increase grain production further.At the same time,market mechanisms should be used to incentivize soybean farming,improve returns and stabilize soybean yields.

Structure and functional heterogeneity of soil microbial communities in different farmland types on the Loess Plateau

Background,aim,and scope Soil microbes are important drivers of nutrient transformation and energy f low.Reclaiming forest land for agricultural use may have profound effects on soil properties and microbial communities.However,the response of soil microbial communities to soil reclamation in the dryland agroecosystem is less understood.Therefore,it is necessary to investigate the changes of soil microbial communities driven by land use conversion to promote nutrient cycling in reclaimed farmland.Materials and methods Based on the metagenomic technique,we evaluated the microbial composition and function of the newly created farmland(NF)after reclamation with two types of traditional farmland(slope farmland(SF),checkdam farmland(CF))on the Loess Plateau,and explored the response of nutrient cycling function to dominant genera and soil properties.Results The results showed that Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria,and Acidobacteria were prevalent in the three types of farmlands.Compared with SF and CF,NF increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Nocardioides,as well as genes related to amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism.The relative abundance of functional genes related to carbon and nitrogen cycling in the NF was higher than that in the traditional farmland(SF and CF).The relative abundance of nutrient cycling functional genes was positively correlated with dominant genera in the three types of farmlands.Except for pH,soil physicochemical factors were negatively correlated with genes related to amino acid metabolism and carbon cycle.Discussion Previous studies have shown that the nutrient conditions of the soil may intensify the competition between the eutrophic and oligotrophic microbial populations.After long-term cultivation and fertilization,the soil properties of traditional farmland were significantly different from those of NF,leading to the differentiation of dominant microbial groups.Microbes usually have functional redundancy to cope with changing environments.Soil microbes in traditional farmland may contain more genes related to replication and repair,cell growth and death,and environmental adaptation in response to disturbances caused by agricultural practices.On the contrary,the NF was less disturbed by agricultural activities,and the soil properties were more similar to forest land,so the carbon and nitrogen cycle function genes were more abundant.The nutrient cycling function was affected by the abundance of microbial dominant groups and soil properties,which may be related to the availability of soil nutrients and agricultural disturbance in different farmlands.Aspects of soil microbial-driven nutrient cycling in agriculture could be regulated in sustainable method.Conclusions The change from forest land to farmland kept more carbon and nitrogen cycling function in the newly created farmland,while long-term agricultural activities have drastically changed the functional structure of traditional farmland,resulting in the nutrient cycling function more concentrated to meet the needs of crop growth.Recommendations and perspectives Hence,it is necessary to apply sustainable agricultural method to regulate microbial-driven nutrient cycling.The insights are meaningful for sustainable agricultural development and land management in arid areas.

Impact of slope farmland use change on ecosystem services value in China,2000-2020

Slope farmland is an important component of farmland resources in China.The utilization and change of slope farmland have significant effects on ecosystems,and understanding the impact of slope farmland change on ecosystem services(ESs)is critical for effective land utilization and ecosystem protection.This study aims to analyze slope farmland changes in China between 2000 and 2020 and quantify the impact of these changes on ESs by the use of a land use dynamic attitude study,and an ecosystem services value(ESV)equivalent.Results show that the area of slope farmland in China was mainly concentrated on slopes of 2°-6°,and exhibited a downward trend between 2000 and 2020.There were significant differences in the spatial distribution of the farmland,which was mainly located in the Taihang,Qinling,Wushan,and Xuefeng mountains.ESV increased by$179.235 million due to the conversion between slope farmland and forest,grassland,and construction land from 2000-2010.Conversely,from 2010 to 2020,ESV decreased by$2613.919 million due to the conversion of forest and grassland to slope farmland as well as the conversion of slope farmland to construction land.

An Improved Farmland Fertility Algorithm with Hyper-Heuristic Approach for Solving Travelling Salesman Problem

Travelling Salesman Problem(TSP)is a discrete hybrid optimization problem considered NP-hard.TSP aims to discover the shortest Hamilton route that visits each city precisely once and then returns to the starting point,making it the shortest route feasible.This paper employed a Farmland Fertility Algorithm(FFA)inspired by agricultural land fertility and a hyper-heuristic technique based on the Modified Choice Function(MCF).The neighborhood search operator can use this strategy to automatically select the best heuristic method formaking the best decision.Lin-Kernighan(LK)local search has been incorporated to increase the efficiency and performance of this suggested approach.71 TSPLIB datasets have been compared with different algorithms to prove the proposed algorithm’s performance and efficiency.Simulation results indicated that the proposed algorithm outperforms comparable methods of average mean computation time,average percentage deviation(PDav),and tour length.

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus additions on soil microbial community structure and ecological processes in the farmland of Chinese Loess Plateau

Microorganisms regulate the responses of terrestrial ecosystems to anthropogenic nutrient inputs.The escalation of anthropogenic activities has resulted in a rise in the primary terrestrial constraining elements,namely nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P).Nevertheless,the specific mechanisms governing the influence of soil microbial community structure and ecological processes in ecologically vulnerable and delicate semi-arid loess agroecosystems remain inadequately understood.Therefore,we explored the effects of different N and P additions on soil microbial community structure and its associated ecological processes in the farmland of Chinese Loess Plateau based on a 36-a long-term experiment.Nine fertilization treatments with complete interactions of high,medium,and low N and P gradients were set up.Soil physical and chemical properties,along with the microbial community structure were measured in this study.Additionally,relevant ecological processes such as microbial biomass,respiration,N mineralization,and enzyme activity were quantified.To elucidate the relationships between these variables,we examined correlation-mediated processes using statistical techniques,including redundancy analysis(RDA)and structural equation modeling(SEM).The results showed that the addition of N alone had a detrimental effect on soil microbial biomass,mineralized N accumulation,andβ-1,4-glucosidase activity.Conversely,the addition of P exhibited an opposing effect,leading to positive influences on these soil parameters.The interactive addition of N and P significantly changed the microbial community structure,increasing microbial activity(microbial biomass and soil respiration),but decreasing the accumulation of mineralized N.Among them,N24P12 treatment showed the greatest increase in the soil nutrient content and respiration.N12P12 treatment increased the overall enzyme activity and total phospholipid fatty acid(PLFA)content by 70.93%.N and P nutrient contents of the soil dominate the microbial community structure and the corresponding changes in hydrolytic enzymes.Soil microbial biomass,respiration,and overall enzyme activity are driven by mineralized N.Our study provides a theoretical basis for exploring energy conversion processes of soil microbial community and environmental sustainability under long-term N and P additions in semi-arid loess areas.

Influence of Straw Incorporation on Maize Yield,N Accumulation and Remobilization on Slope Farmland in Northeast China

Slope farmland is a main type of agricultural land throughout northeast China.Long-term high intensity utilization and unreasonable farming have caused the deterioration of soil resources and a decrease in crop production.Here,it was hypothesized that crop straw incorporation might help to reduce nutrient losses and increase maize yields across time and space.A field experiment for testing straw management practices on maize across three slope positions(top,back and bottom slopes)was conducted in Northeast China in 2018 and 2019.In this study,the dry matter accumulation(DMA),N accumulation(NA),N remobilization,postsilking N uptake and grain yield were measured under SI(straw incorporation)and NSI(no straw incorporation)across three slope positions of 100-m-long consecutive black soil slope farmland during the maize(Zea mays L.)growth stages.Compared with NSI,SI significantly increased DMA and NA at the silking and maturity stages.SI typically increased the N remobilization in all slope positions,and significantly increased N remobilization efficiency and contribution of N remobilization to grain on the back and bottom slopes.However,post-silking N uptake was only increased by SI on the top slope.SI generally increased the crop yield in three slope positions.In the SI treatments,the bottom slope was the highest yield position,followed by the top,and then the back slopes,suggesting that the bottom slope position of regularly incorporated straw might have increased the potential for boosting maize yield.Overall,the study demonstrated the outsized potential of straw incorporation to enhance maize NA and then increase the grain yield in black soil slope farmland.

Construction of Legal System of China's Farmland Protection under the Coexistence of Multiple Objectives:Historical Logic,Practical Problems and Optimization Paths

[Objectives]To explore the evolution of the legal system of farmland protection and explore the rules and characteristics of policy development based on the theory and logic of institutional change since China's reform and opening up,reveal the problems and deep-seated reasons of its legislation,clarify the direction of farmland protection in the new period,and solve the"non-agricultural""non-grain"and ecological problems of farmland.[Methods]Literature analysis and inductive deduction methods were used.[Results]The evolution of the farmland protection legal system has gone through the process of"national consciousness-policy guidelines-institutional system",the change from"single subject to multiple subjects";change from the use of"one-way administrative means to coordinated use of administrative,economic and technical means".The practical problems of the farmland protection legal system are mainly due to the insufficient systematization of the farmland protection legal system itself,the generalization of quantity protection,the transformation of quality protection,and the absence of ecological protection.[Conclusions]It is recommended to improve the existing farmland protection legal system from the establishment of the Farmland Protection Law,the improvement of the farmland protection public participation mechanism and supervision mechanism,the establishment of the farmland quality construction and improvement system,the differentiated farmland occupation and supplementation balance system,and the ecological restoration system.

耕地保护补偿制度的定位反思与规范重构

研究目的:探析耕地保护补偿制度的立法定位,准确把握耕地保护补偿制度的调整范畴,为正在制定的《耕地保护法》关于“国家建立耕地保护补偿制度”提供具体的立法建议。研究方法:规范分析法和制度目标分析法。研究结果:(1)耕地保护补偿制度在认识论层面,耕地权利设限与补偿的法权基础模糊;在本体论层面,耕地保护补偿的内涵外延尚存争议;在价值论层面,生态供益与增益的激励属性无从彰显。(2)耕地具有资源利益和生态利益一体两面共存的属性,《耕地保护法(草案)》相关条款仍是在“资源—管制”立法理念下的产物,存在显著构造缺陷。(3)以补偿目的为基准,该制度涵盖耕地资源存续补偿与耕地生态保护补偿;以补偿属性为基准,该制度包括耕地保护填平补偿与耕地保护奖励补助。研究结论:建议通过“一般规定+具体制度群”的立法模式在《耕地保护法》中完善耕地保护补偿制度,从而实现该制度维护粮食安全和生态安全的目标定位、价值导向和功能预设。

Zoning Control of Health of Farmland System

In addition to the quality and quantity of farmland, the health of farmland has also become an important research direction in the field of farmland protection. In order to comprehensively evaluate the relationship and distribution of health and farmland production capacity, the depression area behind the Yellow River in Henan Province is taken as the research object. Using production capacity evaluation data and system health evaluation results, the health status and production capacity of farmland in the region are coupled. The results show that high productivity farmland is most distributed in areas with moderate health risks, while low productivity farmland is more distributed in areas with low health risks. Based on their coupling characteristics, the depression area behind the Yellow River can be divided into five types, and management and protection strategies can be formulated separately.

畜禽粪肥中抗生素残留对土壤微生物及抗性基因的影响分析研究进展

简述了施用集约化养殖的畜禽粪肥对农田土壤造成不利影响的抗生素残留水平和种类,并结合抗生素检测方法的发展对国内外农田土壤抗生素残留现状进行分析。探究了抗生素对土壤微生物菌群的影响,揭示了抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)对农田土壤的潜在风险。最后展望了未来应深入了解土壤微生物和ARGs之间的作用机理,从而为管控抗生素的负面环境影响提供科技支撑。

俯仰式播种单体仿形性能检测试验台设计与试验

为解决播种单体仿形机构性能难以检测的问题,设计了俯仰式播种单体仿形性能检测试验台。阐述了试验台组成结构与工作原理,对其高速传动系统、液压升降系统、监控系统以及关键部件参数进行设计。应用ANSYS软件对台架整体和关键部件进行静力学分析和模态分析,验证结构设计的合理性。为检验俯仰式播种单体仿形性能检测试验台的实际检测效果,以德邦大为1205型牵引式免耕精量播种机播种单体为研究对象,先以液压杆伸出量与传送带速度为试验因素,以监控系统误差为评价指标进行试验。试验得出,在液压杆伸出量为0~200 mm范围内,监控系统角度传感器最大误差为0.69 mm;在传送带速度8~19 km/范围内,光电编码器最大误差为0.18 km/h。确认监控系统准确性后,再以单体速度为试验因素,采集速度8、10、12 km/h下地块的起伏数据为目标曲线,以地形起伏模拟曲线的绝对误差平均值为指标进行单因素试验,试验得出,所设计的试验台可有效模拟田间地面的起伏频率与起伏量,绝对误差平均值为1.86 mm,满足播种单体仿形性能检测需求。

粮食安全视域下耕地生态补偿的法治化进路研究

耕地生态补偿的法治化契合了粮食安全和生态文明法治保障体系建设的内在要求。我国尚未制定耕地生态补偿专门性法律法规,《耕地保护法(草案)》对于耕地保护补偿制度的设计还存在诸多疏漏,未对耕地生态补偿制度予以明晰表达。为推动耕地保护,进而保障粮食安全及可持续发展,需要着眼于耕地生态补偿制度建构的权利基础,证成耕地生态补偿制度构造的正当性,厘定耕地生态补偿制度的属性特质,进而着眼于补偿请求权主体、补偿标准、补偿方式、补偿监督等多维度,对耕地生态补偿予以法治构造。

高标准农田建设提升了农户种粮积极性吗?——基于双季稻种植的考察

高标准农田建设是增强粮食综合生产能力,强化国家粮食安全保障的重要举措。基于江西省1556份微观农户调查数据,采用双季稻种植行为来衡量农户种粮积极性,实证分析高标准农田建设对传统双季稻主产区农户种粮积极性的影响及其作用机制。研究发现:(1)高标准农田建设显著提高了农户种粮积极性,促进传统双季稻主产区农户种植双季稻,并扩大双季稻种植规模,该结论在进行稳健性检验后依然成立。(2)机制分析表明,促进农业社会化服务发展、降低农业生产成本、诱导农地转入是高标准农田建设提高农户种粮积极性的三个重要路径。(3)异质性分析发现,高标准农田建设对农地调整、低细碎化与非平原地区农户的双季稻种植行为有更明显的促进作用。为进一步强化粮食安全保障,更好地发挥高标准农田建设的种粮激励效应,应持续大力推进高标准农田建设,优化高标准农田建设模式,着力降低高标准农田的细碎化程度。

耕地保护考核和粮食安全考核“合二为一”的基础与推进路径

为让耕地保护目标更好地服务于保障国家粮食安全总目标,我国开始推动耕地保护考核和粮食安全考核“合二为一”。从制度基础看,修订后的《省级政府耕地保护责任目标考核办法》和《粮食安全省长责任制考核办法》都经过多年应用实践,在奖惩措施、结果运用等方面都具有较高的借鉴价值;从实践基础看,地方探索取得初步成效,典型省份的耕地面积、粮食播种面积都稳中有增。然而考核只是手段,耕地保护党政同责和粮食安全党政同责都实行不久。更好发挥这两项考核“合二为一”对确保各项政策措施落实见效的作用,还需要从根本上理顺关系、构建机制,为此,应着力从以下两方面推进:其一,推动形成党政齐抓共管的工作格局,重点是从讲政治的高度看待耕地保护和粮食安全问题,厘清党政权责界限,统筹协调各部门形成合力,充分发挥考核“指挥棒”作用和督察“利剑”作用;其二,构建以主产区为主、主销区和产销平衡区共同支撑的国家粮食安全保障格局,重点是主产区优先享有政策扶持和利益补偿,主销区对主产区承担横向利益补偿义务,加快产销平衡区经济发展。

有土斯有粮:高标准农田建设提高了粮食单产吗?

作为“藏粮于地,藏粮于技”战略的重要政策实践,高标准农田建设被期待能够有效实现粮食增产和更好保障国家粮食安全。基于27个省(市、自治区)的面板数据,探索了高标准农田建设对粮食单产的影响及其可能机制。研究发现:(1)高标准农田建设能显著提高粮食单产。替换核心变量、进行非参数估计和考虑内生性的稳健性检验,均证实上述发现可信。(2)机制验证表明,高标准农田建设主要通过提升规模经营、促进技术进步和降低生产风险三大路径来提高粮食单产。(3)异质性分析发现,高标准农田建设对起伏度较小地形、粮食主产区、较发达地区的粮食单产促进效应更大。研究结果表明高标准农田建设确实是夯实粮食安全根基的重要举措,需扎实推进新一轮高标准农田建设工作。

湖南省畜禽养殖粪污的耕地负荷与土地承载力评价

[目的]测算和分析畜禽养殖粪污耕地负荷和土地承载力,为防治农业面源污染,促进农牧协调发展提供科学依据。[方法]根据湖南省畜禽养殖、作物产量等数据资料,在考虑粪污综合利用率的前提下,采用产排污系数法、养分平衡法分别计算2020年各地市州畜禽养殖耕地污染负荷和土地承载力,分析畜禽养殖空间布局以及粪污消纳分配。[结果]湖南省2020年共养殖猪当量4.27×10^(7)头,各区域养殖量差异很大;畜禽粪便和TN,TP耕地负荷分别为19.04t/hm^(2),94.85,24.99kg/hm^(2),耕地负荷警报级别均在Ⅱ级以上,对耕地环境稍有威胁,其中永州市、娄底市、怀化市、郴州市至少有两项耕地负荷警报级别达到了Ⅲ级及以上,耕地环境风险较高;畜禽养殖土地最大承载量为1.23×10^(8)头猪当量,已养殖猪当量仅占其37.18%。各地市州的可增加养殖量也非常可观,常德市、益阳市、岳阳市、邵阳市、长沙市、永州市、衡阳市7个市的可养殖猪当量在5.00×10^(6)头以上。在确认区域内畜禽养殖未超载的基础上,永州市、娄底市、怀化市、郴州市要鼓励林地、园地的作物管理者增加有机肥的施用比例,加大粪污消纳量,才能降低耕地环境污染风险。[结论]湖南省畜禽养殖耕地环境风险整体上较低,畜禽养殖业发展空间很大,但是部分地市州存在耕地污染风险,必须调整粪污消纳去向,才能缓解耕地的粪污消纳压力,推动农业可持续发展。

丹江口库区沿岸农田土壤重金属分布与来源解析

丹江口水库作为南水北调中线水源地,库区沿岸土壤重金属分布特征直接影响水库水质安全。为研究丹江口水库沿岸农田土壤重金属的污染特征及来源,测定了As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Hg、Ni、Zn和Cr等8种重金属。采用地质累积指数和富集因子对土壤污染状况进行评价,并运用相关性分析及主成分分析展开溯源。结果表明:研究区8种重金属(除2个样品的总As浓度外),其他样品重金属浓度均未超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行):GB 15618—2018》筛选值。Hg富集程度最高,均有4%采样点处于中度富集状态(1<I_(geo)≤2)和重度富集状态(2<I_(geo)≤3)。整个库区农田土壤重金属As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Hg、Ni、Zn和Cr的无污染至轻微污染区均>92%,As、Cd、Hg和Cr的中度以上污染区分别为4%、4%、6%和4%,仅Hg有2%区域属重度污染。空间上,8种重金属分布差异显著,库区农田土壤呈轻度富集趋势。来源解析发现,As、Cu、Ni和Zn主要受生活污染源和工业污染的混合影响,Pb以交通源为主,Cd主要来源于农业污染源,Hg受大气沉降源的污染,而Cr主要来源为成土母质自然源输入,其贡献率分别为44.655%、15.376%、13.093%、11.178%、8.386%。

气候行动最前线的高标准农田生产气象保障

以变暖为主要特征的全球气候变化已经严重威胁到全球粮食安全,高标准农田建设作为农业适应气候变化的重要措施已经在中国推广实施。为助力气候变暖影响下的高标准农田生产,文章梳理了国际土地整理与我国高标准农田建设历程,并从高标准农田适宜性评价、土地要素配置的粮食效应、高标准农田监督管理和高标准农田建设效益评价四个方面综述了高标准农田的最新研究进展,指出目前缺乏高标准农田生产气象保障相关研究。在此基础上,针对高标准农田旱涝保收、抗灾能力强和生态良好“三位一体”的要求,提出气象助力高标准农田生产应加强三个方面研究:农田生态系统气候水资源相互作用与农田节水灌溉;主要粮食作物气象灾变精准监测模拟与快速解析归因;农田生态气象风险敏感因子检测及其气象监测评价,以实现气象为农服务提质增效,助力高标准农田高产增效。

稻麦轮作高标准农田控制排水对排水与氮素输出削减效果模拟

稻麦轮作区高标准农田建设中,通过加深排水沟提高麦作期农田排水降渍能力的同时,加大稻作期农田排水输出,不仅降低了水资源利用效率,而且加重了接纳水体的污染。本文基于江苏省扬州市沿运灌区稻麦轮作农田排水水文水质过程的监测结果,利用田间水文模型(DRAINMOD)模拟了长序列气象条件下,灌区提高农田降渍能力对稻田排水、氮素流失及灌溉需求的负面影响以及控制排水措施的积极效果。结果表明,在节水灌溉模式下,研究区排水沟深度由现状的60 cm加深至120 cm,排水间距由120 m加密至20 m时,稻作期排水量与总氮(TN)输出负荷增加9.0%~22.2%、氨氮(NH_(3)-N)输出负荷增加4.0%~16.8%、灌溉用水量增加9.6%~23.4%。若结合田间管理要求,实施控制排水则可有效缓解提高农田降渍能力造成的负面影响;当排水沟深为120 cm,间距为120~20 m时,稻作期控制排水可使排水量和TN输出负荷减少19.3%~35.3%、NH_(3)-N输出负荷减少7.6%~27.2%、灌溉用水量减少22.9%~40.0%。由于控制排水降低了地下排水梯度,相较于传统排水,农沟从60 cm加深至120 cm时,地下排水平均占比降至50.7%,灌溉用水量相应减少。综上,稻麦轮作农田控制排水具有显著的节水减排作用,可有效降低高标准农田建设中提高降渍能力所产生的负面影响。研究成果可为稻麦轮作区高标准农田建设与水环境保护提供理论依据与技术支撑。

我国耕地质量主控因素及提升策略

我国耕地质量总体偏低,严重威胁国家粮食安全和生态环境安全。目前我国耕地质量的主控因素尚缺乏系统研究,不同类型障碍耕地的质量提升技术策略也不明晰。因此,本文在全面阐述我国耕地质量现状的同时,重点调研揭示了东北黑土地、北方旱地、南方水田、南方旱地、设施农地和盐碱耕地6类典型耕地的突出问题,深入分析了耕地质量问题的主控因素和耕地质量下降的驱动机制。以耕地保护与合理利用为核心,从耕地监测、改良、培肥、利用4个方面,提出维持和提升耕地质量的核心策略,明确耕地科技创新的主要方向。阐明农田工程、保护性耕作、科学施肥、水资源高效利用、耐逆适生作物品种选育等关键耕地质量提升技术途径的适用性。旨在梳理全面综合提升耕地质量的科技需求,为耕地保护相关政策的制定提供重要参考,支撑耕地的农业生产和生态服务功能提升,实现藏粮于地、藏粮于技和农业绿色可持续发展的战略目标。