Experimental study of relationship between average isotopic fractionation factor and evaporation rate

Isotopic fractionation is the basis of tracing the water cycle using hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. Isotopic fractionation factors in water evaporating from free water bodies are mainly affected by temperature and relative humidity, and vary significantly with these atmospheric factors over the course of a day. The evaporation rate （E） can reveal the effects of atmospheric factors. Therefore, there should be a certain functional relationship between isotopic fractionation factors and E. An average isotopic fractionation factor （ t~＊ ） was defined to describe isotopic differences between vapor and liquid phases in evaporation with time intervals of days. The relationship between or＊ and E based on the isotopic mass balance was investigated through an evaporation pan experiment with no inflow. The experimental results showed that the isotopic compositions of residual water were more enriched with time; tr＊ was affected by air temperature, relative humidity, and other atmospheric factors, and had a strong functional relation with E. The values of 0~＊ can be easily calculated with the known values of E, the initial volume of water in the pan, and isotopic compositions of residual water.

An Improved Non-isolated LED Converter with Power Factor Correction and Average Current Mode Control

A new type of high power LED drivers is proposed by adopting an improved two-stages non-isolated configuration. In order to improve power factor and achieve accurate average current control under universal input voltages ranging from 100 Vrms to 240 Vrms, the power factor correction and average current mode control methods operating in continuous current conduction mode are designed and implemented. With the LUMILEDS emitter type LEDs, a laboratory prototype is built and measured. And from the measured results, it could be concluded that the proposed driver has many better performances such as high power factor, low current harmonic, accurate average current control and switch protection.

Average of Distribution and Remarks on Box-Splines

A class of generalized moving average operators is introduced, and the integral representations of an average function are provided. It has been shown that the average of Dirac δ distribution is just the well known box spline. Some remarks on box splines, such as their smoothness and the corresponding partition of unity, are made. The factorization of average operators is derived. Then, the subdivision algorithm for efficient computing of box splines and their linear combinations follows.

Average modeling of Single Stage Flyback PFC ＋ Flyback DC／DC converter

With the use of this novel average model for Single Stage Flyback PFC + Flyback DC/DC converter, voltage control mode, peak current control mode and average current control mode can be simulated easily by changing the model's parmneters. It can be used to do various analysis not only for small signal and static behavior but also for large signal and dynamic behavior of the converter. By using this average model the simulation speed can be improved by 2 orders of rrmgnitude above that obtained by using the conventional switched model. It can be applied to optimize the trade-off between high power factor, voltage stress, current stress and good output performance while designing this kind of single stage PFC converter. A 60W single stage power factor corrector was built to verify the proposed model. The modeling principle can be applied to other Single Stage PFC topologies.

MULTI-SCALE COHERENT STRUCTURES IN TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER DETECTED BY LOCALLY AVERAGED VELOCITY STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS

The time sequence of longitudinal velocity component at different vertical locations in turbulent boundary layer was finely measured in a wind tunnel. The concept of coarse_grained velocity structure functions, which describes the relative motions of straining and compressing for multi_scale eddy structures in turbulent flows, was put forward based on the theory of locally multi_scale average. Based on the consistency between coarse_grained velocity structure function and Harr wavelet transformation,detecting method was presented, by which the coherent structures and their intermittency was identified by multi_scale flatness factor calculated by locally average structure function. Phase_averaged evolution course for multi_scale coherent eddy structures in wall turbulence were extracted by this conditional sampling to educe scheme. The dynamics course of multi_scale coherent eddy structures and their effects on statistics of turbulent flows were studied.

基于WBOA的3D-DV-Hop节点定位算法

针对三维(3D)-DV-Hop定位算法未知节点从最近的锚节点获取平均跳距估算距离时定位精度低的问题,提出了一种新的基于WBOA的3D-DV-Hop算法。首先,该算法去除了网络中无法通信和无法定位的节点;然后添加了修正因子,修正平均跳距。接着创建一个用于优化的蝴蝶初始种群,构建目标函数。采用自适应权重来平衡全局搜索与局部搜索的能力,使得算法不易陷入局部最优,加快了算法的收敛精度;最终求得全局最优平均跳距。仿真结果表明:尽管算法的平均运行时间略有增加,但算法的定位精度得到了有效提高。

三相电压型VIENNA整流器建模及稳定性分析

基于电动汽车直流充电桩的VIENNA型前级整流电路,提出采用小信号方法对VIENNA整流器进行建模。该方法首先通过采用局部线性化技术和状态空间平均法推导dq0坐标系下VIENNA整流器的数学模型,得出相关传递函数矩阵,即VIENNA整流器小信号线性化模型,进而用于控制器的设计;然后,采用频域法分别对电压环、电流环进行设计,利用频域法及根轨迹曲线详细分析各项参数对系统的影响,并利用曲线拟合的方式给出了系统稳定域随各项参数变化的曲线;最后,在实验中验证所提方法的正确性。

重型柴油车NO_(x)排放因子与其浓度相关性研究

重型柴油车排放的NO_(x)污染物对环境空气质量影响较大,受排放标准、排放控制技术水平、检测方法、驾驶工况等众多因素的影响,当前较难整体评估在用重型柴油车的实际排放状况.本研究首先通过发动机排放台架试验及实际道路排放(PEMS)循环试验,探究了重型柴油车NO_(x)排放因子与NO_(x)平均浓度之间的内在联系;其次,研究了远程监控有效数据筛选规则,提出了一种基于NO_(x)日均浓度评估远程监控重型柴油车NO_(x)排放因子的方法.结果表明:重型柴油车发动机排放台架、PEMS循环试验的NO_(x)排放因子均与NO_(x)平均浓度呈较强相关性,相关系数(R^(2))为0.99.通过远程监控平台监测数据验证了重型柴油车的NO_(x)排放因子与NO_(x)日均浓度有一定相关性,R^(2)高于0.9(p<0.01).因此,可用重型柴油车排放的NO_(x)日均浓度来表征整车污染物排放情况.研究显示,安装远程终端的第五和第六排放阶段的重型柴油车,分别按照NO_(x)日均浓度低于200×10^(−6)和50×10^(−6)来判定排放稳定达标重型柴油车,按照NO_(x)日均浓度高于900×10^(−6)和500×10^(−6)来判定高排放重型柴油车,监管部门和车辆生产企业可利用该指标快速筛选排放稳定达标以及高排放重型柴油车.

基于SARIMAX-SVR的光伏发电功率预测

为提高光伏发电功率预测精度,提出一种基于外生因素及季节性的差分自回归移动平均SARIMAX(seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average with exogenous factors)并结合优化支持向量回归SVR(support vector regression)的光伏发电功率预测方法。首先,采用相关性特征法聚类气象条件中关键气象因子,以消除数据冗余并降低ARIMAX模型的复杂性;其次,在ARIMAX模型中引入季节性因素,构建SARIMAX模型来捕捉数据的季节性变化;最后,使用SARIMAX模型的拟合残差其作为SVR模型的输入,进一步拟合数据的非线性。通过仿真算例分析表明,所提方法可显著提高光伏发电功率预测精度。

GC-MS/FID双柱测定环境空气中57种臭氧前体物

建立了GC-MS/FID双柱同时测定环境空气中57种臭氧前体物的分析方法。实验结果表明:在0.5~10 nmol/mol范围内,57种臭氧前体物相关线性系数均大于0.999,5种低碳类(C_(2)~C_(3))目标化合物方法检出限为0.05~0.15 nmol/mol,其他52种目标化合物的平均相对响应因子均小于10%,方法检出限为0.02~0.16 nmol/mol,加标回收率在91.3%~103.9%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为0.3%~7.2%之间,实际样品分析结果表明,本方法适用于环境空气中57种臭氧前体物的测定和应用。

Low-complexity PTS scheme based on phase factor sequences optimization

In this paper, a new partial transmit sequence（PTS）scheme with low computational complexity is proposed for the problems of high computational complexity in the conventional PTS method. By analyzing the relationship of candidate sequences in the PTS method under the interleaved partition method, it has been discovered that some candidate sequences generated by phase factor sequences have the same peak average power ratio（PAPR）. Hence, phase factor sequences can be optimized to reduce their searching times. Then, the computational process of generating candidate sequences can be simplified by improving the utilization of data and minimizing the calculations of complex multiplication. The performance analysis shows that, compared with the conventional PTS scheme, the proposed approach significantly decreases the computational complexity and has no loss of PAPR performance.

Computation of Impact Factor of High-Speed Railway Bridge by KTX Train Riding Test

The design live load of railway is divided into common railway and high-speed railway separately inKorea. Accordingly, the Korean design specification of railway specifies the impact factor for common railway and high-speed railway respectively. The impact factor for high-speed railway is based on Eurocode. Since the impact factor criteria inKoreawere established by adopting those of the Eurocode and without dedicated investigation relying on research results reflecting the domestic circumstances, thorough examination should be implemented on these criteria. Therefore the evaluation of impact factor based on field tests is required. Both dynamic and static vertical displacements are necessary to compute the impact factor. The dynamic response can be obtained from the measurement of deflection of the bridge slab crossed by the firstKoreahigh-speed train (KTX, Korea Train eXpress) running at high-speed. The main difficulties encountered are in obtaining static response because static response corresponds to the response of the bridge when the train remains immobile on the bridge or crosses the bridge at speed slower than5 km/hr. This study introduces the static response derived by applying the moving average method on the dynamic response signal. To that goal, field measurements was conducted under train speeds of5 km/hr and ranging from100 km/hr to300 km/hr on Yeonjae Bridge located in the trial section of the Gyeonbu High-Speed Railway Line before its opening. The validity of the application of the moving average method is verified from comparison of measured static response and derived static response by moving average method. Moreover, evaluation is conducted on the impact factor computed for a bridge crossed by the KTX train running at operational speed.

半无桥Boost PFC变换器平均电流控制的设计

半无桥Boost功率因数校正(PFC)变换器拓扑在新能源领域有着重要研究价值,为合理设计变换器控制电路,以实现变换器宽范围的动态特性,此处建立了半无桥Boost PFC变换器小信号模型,并据此推导出基于平均电流控制的双闭环控制系统中电压控制环和电流控制环的传递函数,提出了补偿网络的参数设计方案,确保了变换器的动态特性和稳态特性。在此基础上,设计了一台开关频率100 kHz、额定输出400 V/600 W的原理样机,验证了基于平均电流控制电路参数设计方案的可行性和理论分析的正确性。

基于灰色关联理论深孔切割槽爆破块度影响因素分析及参数优化

以内蒙古三贵口铅锌矿为背景,利用理论分析、图像处理和工程试验等技术手段对地下深孔切割槽爆破块度影响因素及参数优化开展研究。首先针对现场粉矿率高、平均块度小等问题,开展了爆破块度影响因素试验并采集现场数据,利用Split-Desktop 4.0软件处理试验爆堆图像;然后运用灰色关联理论确定影响爆破块度的主次因素;最后利用趋势分析法并结合现场实际情况,确定爆破参数优化方案,并进行工程试验验证。结果表明,该矿山切割槽粉矿率主要受排间延期时间和孔距影响,平均块度主要受孔距和排数影响;优化后的爆破参数为:孔距1.2 m,排距1.5 m,抵抗线0.8 m,爆破排数3排,4孔孔间延期时间分别为13、0、9、18 ms,排间延期时间42 ms,该参数条件下爆破粉矿率降低了27.19%,平均块度提高了62.89%。

林分因子对神木垒不同森林群落林下植物多样性的影响

为探究神木垒不同森林群落林下植物多样性的差异,采用典型样地法,以夹金山神木垒的5种主要森林群落:云杉林、丽江云杉林、红杉林、针阔混交林、阔叶林为研究对象,对不同森林群落林下植物物种组成和物种多样性进行比较,并对林分因子和林下植物多样性进行冗余分析,确定影响林下植物多样性的主要林分因子,为当地森林经营管理提供理论依据。结果表明,(1)在研究区内共记录林下植物147种,隶属于61科,108属,云杉林群落林下植物的科属种组成最丰富;(2)各类型群落的H值、H′值、D值、J_(SW)值均为:草本层>灌木层,灌木层多样性最高的群落为云杉林群落,草本层多样性最高的群落为丽江云杉林群落,针阔混交林群落、阔叶林群落林下植物多样性较差;(3)平均枝下高与林分密度是影响灌木层物种多样性的主要林分因子(P<0.01),平均枝下高与灌木层的D值、H值、H′值呈负相关关系,林分密度与灌木层4个多样性指数均呈正相关关系;同时平均枝下高也是影响草本层物种多样性的主要林分因子(P<0.01),平均枝下高与草本层H值、H′值、J_(SW)值呈正相关关系。本研究认为,云杉林群落与丽江云杉林群落的林下植物多样性较高,平均枝下高与林分密度是影响神木垒不同森林群落林下植物多样性的主要林分因子。

影响荷斯坦母犊断奶平均日增重的因素分析

为探究影响荷斯坦母犊断奶平均日增重的因素,利用一般线性模型对江苏某奶牛场2017-2019年7101条犊牛断奶重数据进行分析,探索母牛不同初产月龄、产犊季节、胎次以及初乳浓度对断奶犊牛平均日增重的影响。结果表明:母牛不同初产月龄、产犊季节、胎次、初乳浓度对断奶母犊平均日增重、初生重以及断奶重均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。其中母牛初产月龄为22月龄及以下时犊牛日增重最高,初产月龄为22~24月龄时断奶体重最高;母牛夏季产犊时犊牛日增重和断奶体重极显著高于其他产犊季节(P<0.01);4胎及以上母牛所产犊牛日增重极显著高于其他胎次(P<0.01);母牛初乳浓度Brix值大于等于30%时日增重极显著低于其它初乳浓度的犊牛(P<0.01);犊牛初生重为32~34 kg时日增重最高。该结果为牧场预测犊牛生长发育状态及饲养管理改进提供了参考。

自然环境因素对铝合金大气腐蚀的影响性研究

目的研究铝合金大气腐蚀受自然环境因素的影响性,探索环境因素对铝合金腐蚀的影响规律。方法采用多层感知器神经网络分析环境因素对7种铝合金平均腐蚀速率的影响。结果确定了影响铝合金腐蚀损伤的重要因素为SO2沉积率、Cl–沉积率、NOx沉积率;辅要因素为年降雨量、年雾露时数、相对湿度、年日照时数、温度、铝合金成分;次要因素为年累积降水时数、雨水pH值。结论基于多层感知器神经网络分析有效展现了环境因素对平均腐蚀速率的影响性。

Designing Adaptive Multiple Dependent State Sampling Plan for Accelerated Life Tests

A novel adaptive multiple dependent state sampling plan(AMDSSP)was designed to inspect products from a continuous manufacturing process under the accelerated life test(ALT)using both double sampling plan(DSP)and multiple dependent state sampling plan(MDSSP)concepts.Under accelerated conditions,the lifetime of a product follows the Weibull distribution with a known shape parameter,while the scale parameter can be determined using the acceleration factor(AF).The Arrhenius model is used to estimate AF when the damaging process is temperature-sensitive.An economic design of the proposed sampling plan was also considered for the ALT.A genetic algorithm with nonlinear optimization was used to estimate optimal plan parameters to minimize the average sample number(ASN)and total cost of inspection(TC)under both producer’s and consumer’s risks.Numerical results are presented to support the AMDSSP for the ALT,while performance comparisons between the AMDSSP,the MDSSP and a single sampling plan(SSP)for the ALT are discussed.Results indicated that the AMDSSP was more flexible and efficient for ASN and TC than the MDSSP and SSP plans under accelerated conditions.The AMDSSP also had a higher operating characteristic(OC)curve than both the existing sampling plans.Two real datasets of electronic devices for the ALT at high temperatures demonstrated the practicality and usefulness of the proposed sampling plan.

2021年我国196个城市人均预期寿命及其影响因素

目的了解我国196个城市的人均预期寿命现况,并分析其主要影响因素,为制定和完善相关政策提供参考依据。方法基于2021年全国健康城市评价指标数据,采用Spearman相关性分析对人均预期寿命与各指标间的相关性进行初步判断,并采用多元逐步线性回归模型分析影响人均预期寿命的主要因素。结果2021年,我国196个城市的人均预期寿命为(79.96±2.44)岁。多元逐步线性回归分析结果显示,居民健康素养水平(Β=0.156)、国家卫生县城(乡镇)占比(Β=0.017)、人均地区生产总值(Β=0.054)、15岁以上人群吸烟率(Β=-0.066)、严重精神障碍患者规范管理率(Β=0.074)、经常参加体育锻炼人口比例(Β=0.042)、甲乙类传染病发病率(Β=-0.003)是影响人均预期寿命的主要因素(P<0.05)。结论人均预期寿命受多方面因素影响,未来应通过提升居民健康素养,重视居民心理健康和精神卫生,加强国家卫生城镇创建和健康城镇健康细胞建设,积极应对人口老龄化等措施,提高人均预期寿命。

电网电压不平衡工况下MMC的降频模型预测控制

模块化多电平换流器在电网电压不平衡时存在三相电流不对称、有功和无功功率波动的问题。为此,建立不同控制目标下电网电压不平衡的数学模型,提出一种适用于网压不平衡的降频模型预测控制策略,该策略可以实现对正、负序电流的精确追踪;同时,引入降频因子,有效降低开关频率以减少模块化多电平换流器的开关损耗;计算开关频率时提出一种改进移动平均值算法,有效减少开关频率计算所占用内存和计算量。通过在Matlab/Simulink中搭建仿真模型,验证所提控制策略的有效性。